162 F. 56 | S.D.N.Y. | 1908
(after stating the facts as above). If the Jason stranded through negligent navigation, or by reason'Of the defects of construction, equipment, or fitting alleged in the cross libel and the answer to the original suit, the shipowners’ action must be dismissed. There is, I think, no evidence justifying the belief that the ship’s compass was so defective as to be the proximate cause of disaster, or that the master was incompetent, or that the ship herself was unsea-worthy. The question then remains whether the stranding was due to negligent or careless navigation.
The fact that she did go ashore in calm weather, and on a frequented route which she had already traveled several times under the same command, puts on the original libelants the burden of showing sufficient of the attending circumstances to warrant the inference that she stranded without fault. The Nicanor (C. C.) 44 Fed. 509. That burden I do not think the original libelants have successfully borne. The chart by which their master navigated bore on its face a warning oí unreliability, and was at once a suggestion to careful mariners of extreme caution while using it, and of the necessity of getting better charts if by inquiry they could be obtained. Four months before this accident a better chart was obtainable, but no inquiry was made, while a comparison of the courses steered by the Jason on leaving Cienfuegos on previous occasions shows a variation of method ir-reconcileable with care. In January and ‘April, 1904, she had gone, according to her own testimony, much further south before turning west, yet varied her westerly course without any apparent reason. In June, 1904, she pursued, according to her master, a course which would have taken her directly over Dry Shingle, yet nothing happened, and the reef was not even observed. This last course could not have been steered as testified to, but its statement casts serious doubt on
The cross-libel is filed on the theory that the decision just cited intended to and did leave the law of general average unaffected by the Harter act. Act Feb. 13, 1893, c. 105, 27 Stat. 445, § 3 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2496). The court did recognize the Harter act as relieving the shipowner (under certain circumstances) from “liability for the negligence of his servants,” but denied that it conferred upon him any new or affirmative right of recovery in general average or otherwise against the owners of cargo lost or damaged by such negligence. The statute was declared to be a shield against one particular form of attack by shippers; i. e., a claim in tort for negligence, or in contract for breach of the agreement for safe carriage. But the Supreme Court did not hold that the fault or tort or negligence was extinguished by the statute. On the contrary, it approved the words of Jessel, M. R., in a case involving the same train of thought — “it [the statute] does not make [the shipowners’] acts right if they were previously wrongful” — and expressly disapproved the language of this court in saying (82 Fed. 474-477):
“In such cases (i. e., where due diligence has been observed) faults in the navigation or management of tbe ship are no longer by construction of law faults of the owner, and the ship and her owner are now no more liable to the cargo owner for damages therefrom than the latter is liable 1;o tbo shipowner for the resulting damages to the ship. Both are alike strangers to the fault.”
Cross-libelants’ interpretation, therefore, of this leading case leaves •a cargo owner to do just what he cottld have done before the Harter act — i. e., seek contribution in general average even from a- tort-feasor
An examination, however, of the original record in The Strathdon (D. C.) 94 Fed. 206, affirmed 101 Fed. 603, 41 C. C. A. 515, shows that this view of the statute was advanced in that case and supported by the same arguments adduced here. The District Court in the case cited clearly held that in an action substantially like the one at bar any recovery by way of general average would, like complete restitution by action for negligence, be based on “a nonexistent legal wrong” (page 210 of 94 Fed.); i. e., nonexistent' because extinguished by the Harter act. That court held that, because the Harter act had extinguished the tort and disabled a cargo owner to assert the same as the cause of action, the same extinguishment had enabled the shipowner to have his claim considered in general average. I find it difficult to perceive any difference between this statement and that of this court (above quoted) that shipowner and cargo owner since the Harter act “are alike strangers to the fault.” Yet the Circuit Court of Appeals, although deciding the Strathdon on the ground that there was no fault whatever in the shipowner, expressly approved the reasoning of the District Court in words too plain to be disregarded, even though such approval was not necessary to the decision of the case as finally disposed of. It must therefore be held here, not only that the cross-libelants can maintain their suit' for a general average contribution, but that the principle of adjustment must be the same as if the Jason’s stranding had been due solely to vis major and the ship free from any fault at all; or, in other words, the effect of the decision in the Strathdon is to blot out the fact of negligence when the action. is promoted by an innocent libelant and leave it as a bar to any suit begun by the tort-feasor. The figures revealed by the pleadings seem to show that if the salvage payments made by the owners of the Jason and Arbuckle Bros., respectively, be regarded as expenditures for common benefit and allowable in general average, the adjustment will re-
Whether salvage shall be considered in general average under the exact circumstances here shown is confessedly a new question, The average bond produced requires that the losses and expenses shall be stated and apportioned “in accordance with the established usages and laws in similar cases,” but this does not much advance the discussion,, for neither in reported cases nor in the evidence of the experts produced is there found any identical instance. It is, however, shown by the testimony that the long-established custom of American adjusters is to treat the expense of a continuous salvage operation as a charge distributable over the several interests. The language of the witnesses leaves no doubt of the principle as understood by them, but their instances, gleaned from long and varied experience, show no closer application of it than a redistribution of one award over interests whose values had been more accurately ascertained by the adjusters than had been done in the legal proceedings wherein the award was given. The work of Mr. Dixon on Marine Insurance and Salvage, published in 1862, may, I think, be relied on as showing the established practice of New York adjusters, and he lays it down as a general principle (page 102) that, “where ship and cargo are saved together, the total salvage is apportioned upon the ship and cargo according to their respective values.” This usage is in accordance with the law; for, “when a vessel is accidentally stranded in the course of her voyage and by labor and expense she is set afloat and completes her voyage with the cargo aboard, the expense incurred for that voyage, as it produced benefit for all, so it shall be a charge upon all according to the rates apportioning general average” (McAndrews v. Thatcher, 3 Wall. 347, 18 L. Ed. 155), expressly approving Bedford Commercial Assurance Co. v. Parker, 2 Pick. (Mass.) 7, 13 Am. Dec. 388, and Phillips on Insurance, § 1310, which are to the same effect. Cf. The Congress, 1 Biss. 42, Fed. Cas. No. 3,099. The nature of salvage in this regard is compendiously stated by Brown, D. J., in International Navigation Co. v. Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co. (D. C.) 100 Fed. 312, affirmed 108 Fed. 987, 48 C. C. A. 181, certiorari denied 181 U. S. 623, 21 Sup. Ct. 926, 45 L. Ed. 1033:
“Whatever the ship or owner is obliged to pay under such a decree [for salvage] * * * being a charge and lien upon the ship, is as much an appropriation of the ship pro tanto to the common safety, to her hurt, detriment, and damage, as the cutting away of her masts would be, or a jettison of goods for the same purpose.”
There can be no doubt that from the time the Premier went to work until the Jason arrived under convoy at New York with her salved cargo on board there went on a continuous service of the kind ordinarily called salvage, and such successful service benefited both hull and cargo. . If the result of this operation had been a suit affecting all interested, and one decree had been entered awarding the same percentage of recovery against, the several values found or agreed upon in the action, there can be no doubt but that such award would by
But it is urged here that the payments made should all be excluded because (1) they (or at least the moneys paid by the hull owners) are not properly salvage — i. e., amounts recoverable under the maritime law for services rendered voluntarily and not under contract — or because (2) the parties in interest having made their own several bargains (a) at different rates, and (b) at different times, there was no sacrifice for common interest and no' equitable reason exists for opening or changing each man’s bargain made in self-interest alone. It is suggested in Carver on Carriage by Sea (4th Ed.) § 394, that salvage “in the strict sense” as above defined is not within the principle of general average. This I believe to be contrary to the American decisions, but the present argument varies the claim to meet our law, and insists that private contracts will not support a true salvage recovery. The argument which makes a distinction between salvage and services in the nature thereof is very artificial at best; but to assert that salvage depends for its existence on the nature of the agreement, whether express or implied, on land or at sea, by virtue of which the work is entered on, is too refined to be sound. The nature of the service, its recognition by maritime law, and the remedies for its enforcement are identical whether or not there be any agreement other than that implied by going to the assistance of the ship in peril, provided only that the reward be dependent on success and obtainable only out of the-rescued property. See a “salvage contract” considered in The Alert (D. C.) 56 Fed. 721, where, if any distinction such as here suggested had existed, it would most appropriately have been made. The service to the Jason and her cargo was salvage as that term is used in the American cases cited and many others.
It is, however, true that not “all salvage charges are to be deemed a general average.” Peters v. Warren Ins. Co., 1 Story, 463, Fed. Cas. No. 11,034. It is only when the expense is incurred for the benefit of all concerned that such is the case, and the contention of the cargo owners accordingly is that neither what they paid the Merritt Company nor what the owners of the Jason so paid was for common benefit. On this point the time of payment or agreement must be immaterial. Whether several persons pay or promise to pay at one time or another is of itself no evidence to show or disprove a community of interest.
As to the remaining part of cross-libelants’ argument, I am convinced that the fact of the shippers having after the peril made a settlement better than the -owners could make a bargain beforehand is a point rather specious than sound. If the owners’ agent had made an entire contract with the salvors to rescue both cargo and ship for a definite sum, then in so far as that contract was reasonable such reasonable “disbursement (thereunder) in so far as it was a disbursement for the salvation of the whole adventure from a common imminent peril may properly be charged to general average.” Ocean S. S. Co. v. Anderson, L. R. 10 App. Cas. 107. The contract the ship’s agent did make was really this: The Merritt Company was to get 40 per
Both dismissals will be without costs.