172 F. 368 | 2d Cir. | 1909
This action was brought by the assignee of two through bills of lading to recover damages for the alleged loss of bristles out of cases shipped from Tientsin, China, to Shanghai on certain steamers and there transhipped to the steamship Gházee for transportation to Boston..'
It is admitted that all .the cases in question were delivered to the Ghazee and were carried by .her to Boston, and the testimony is un-contradicted that part of their contents, amounting in all to 830 pounds and valued at $1,500, were missing from the cases when they were
The defenses of the Ghazee were: (1) That she delivered the goods in the same condition in which she received them; (2) that there was no proof that the missing bristles had been delivered on board her, and, consequently, no maritime lien was established; (3) that she was relieved from liability by the following exceptions in the bill of lading:
‘•The acts of God, * * * robbers or thieves by land or sea, on board in craft, or on shore, whether in the service of the shipowner or not. * * *
“Merchandise on wharf in craft or elsewhere awaiting shipment or delivery is absolutely at shipper’s or consignee’s risk.”
It is well settled by the authorities that:
“A connecting carrier who has completed the transportation and delivered the goods to the consignee in a damaged condition or deficient in quantity will be held liable in an action for the damage or deficiency without proof that ii: was occasioned by his fault, unless he can show that he received them in the condition in which they were delivered.” 3 Hutchinson on Carriers, § 1384, and cases cited.
Or, as stated by the claimant in its brief in speaking of the proof required of such a carrier:
“lie has merely to show that the cargo was not damaged while in his custody, and that he delivered it in the same condition in which he received it.”
This rule is, manifestly, as applicable to carriers by sea as to land carriers, and, in our opinion, is unaffected in its operation by the principle that in order to maintain a proceeding in rem delivery of the cargo upon the vessel must be shown. When it appears that goods delivered by the last carrier to the consignee are deficient in quantity, the presumption is that the missing goods were delivered to such carrier; and the prima facie case made out is not only one in which a carrier’s liability is shown, but in which a maritime lien against the ship is established. Presumptively the missing bristles were delivered on board the Ghazee. Unless she sustained the burden of proof that they were not so delivered, she was liable in this action.
Now the burden was upon the Ghazee to establish a negative — that the goods were not lost or stolen while in her custody. She attempted to do this by showing: That her officers watched the cases as they came over the ship’s side and were being stowed in the hold and saw nothing wrong; that the cases went into a part of the hold where it would have been very difficult to broach them; that on several occasions the hold was inspected, and no change in the condition of the cases was seen; and that no bristles were found on the deck. This testimony went far to show that the cases were not opened while upon the ship, but did not go far enough. The chain of negative proof required was incomplete. The proof left several hypotheses consistent with the loss of the bristles upon the ship and with her liability therefor. Thus, for example, it appears that the ship lay eight days at fihangliai, and that two quartermasters were on duty at night. These men were not called as witnesses. In the absence of any proof it can
Of course we are not expressing an opinion that the bristles were stolen in the manner suggested. We merely point out that they might have been so taken to show that the ship failed to remove the presumption against her. She assumed a difficult task — to establish a negative. But the difficulty in establishing it in no way relieved her from the burden of doing so if she were to escape liability, and, as we have seen, the vessel has not sustained this burden. She has merely presented evidence from which inferences both ways may be drawn. She has failed to fulfill the obligation of showing the fact that the loss did not occur while the goods were in her custody.
The decree of the District Court is reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded, with instructions to enter a decree for the libelant for its damages — to be ascertained in the usual way — and costs.
