The Europe

190 F. 475 | 9th Cir. | 1911

HANFORD, District Judge

(after stating the facts as above). By the record it appears that the learned district judge before whom this case was tried made a painstaking and exhaustive analysis of the evidence upon which the case was submitted, from which he evolved the following conclusions:

“Finally, I conclude that the Europe was not anchored in an improper place, but was so anchored as to require of her great .care in protecting other, navigating vessels against collision; that she carried two lights, of requisite size and dimensions, so placed, and without substantial obstruction, that they could be seen for a distance of two miles or more; that the forward light was not carried to the proper height, by 2% feet, required by the statutory inland rules for a vessel at anchor of the class of the Europe; that the aft light was not hung at a point 15 feet below the forward light, nor more than 8 feet lower; that the Europe had a watchman on board at the lime of the collision, but not in a position just then to discover the approach of the Annie Comings; that the navigators on the Annie Comings either saw or ought to have seen the lights on the Europe and distinguished them as riding lights upon a vessel at anchor, and that they were grossly negligent in allowing their boat to come into collision with the latter vessel; (hat the position of the lights on the Europe contrary to the regulations of law manifestly could not have contributed as a cause to the collision; and that the Europe was supplied with a competent and proper watch, and, if not upon the forecastle at the time, the fault, if it be a fault, could not in all reasonable probability have contributed to the cause of the accident. I therefore find the Annie Comings liable, and the Europe free from fault.”

In making these conclusions, consideration was given to the testimony of witnesses in connection with knowledge of the general physical geography surrounding the place of the collision, derived from examination of a purported blue print, copy of a government chart, confirmed, no doubt, by the local knowledge which the judge in common with all intelligent inhabitants of his state necessarily possesses. Thp general direction in which the river flows and its.width and depth were matters proper to be considered. We deem the criticism of the decision on the ground that exact accuracy of the map was not proved to be unmerited, and after a careful study of all the evidence we find the quoted conclusions, as to all questions of fact, to be true and accurate.

The appellant urges for a reversal or modification of the decree on the following grounds:

(1) At the time of the collision the Europe was lying at anchor in the deep channel of the Willamette river between the city of Portland and the town of Einnton.

(2) The rules for the prevention of collisions applicable to harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States (30 U. S. Stat. 98; 2 F. S. A. 176; Pierce’s Fed. Code, § 2026 [U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 2879]), prescribes that vessels of 150 feet or more in length, to which class the Europe belongs, when anchored at night shall carry in the forward part of the vessel at a height of not less than 20 feet, and not exceeding 40 feet above the hull, a white light so constructed as to show a clear uniform and unbroken light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile, and another such light at or near the stern of the vessel, at such a height that it shall not be less than 15 feet lower than the forward light, which requirement was not complied with on the part of the Europe, for that her forward light was hung at an elevation not greater than 17 feet and 6 inches above her hull, and her stern light was not more than 8 feet lower; and said forward light was obscured by the forestay to which it was suspended and by the jib boom on which sails were furled and which extended upwards so that its tip end was on a level with said' light.

(3) The watchman on board the Europe on duty at the time of the collision was on the main deck,'in which position he could not observe the approach oí vessels coming down the river, and he failed to do anything to give warning of her presence, or to attempt any maneuver which might possibly have prevented the collision.

(4) The District Court included in its decree as part of the taxable costs a large and unusual item of expense incurred in obtaining a bond to release the Europe from attachment.

[1, 2] The argument based upon the first and third grounds, as stated above, is completely refuted by the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of The Oregon, 158 U. S. 186.¹ On the authority of that case, we hold the law to be settled that an ocean-going vessel may lawfully lie at anchor in the nighttime in the deep channel of a navigable river, if not so placed as to prevent or obstruct the passage of other vessels, in violation of the act of Congress prohibiting such obstruction. 30 U. S. Stat. 1152; U. S- Compiled Stat. 1901, 3543; 6 F. S. A. 817; Pierce’s Fed. Code, § 11105. We also hold that the words “prevent or obstruct,” in this statute, are positive words indicative of limited restraint and of legislative intent to not interfere with the right use of waterways by imposing an absolute or unreasonable prohibition; and that it is not a fault constituting a legal ground of liability for the watchman on a ship at anchor to fail to give warning by sounds or signals to an approaching vessel, when the weather is clear. It -would have been impracticable for. the watchman on duty in a position to observe the approach of the steamer towards the bow end of the Europe to have operated her rudder so that the current of the river would change her position; and he would not have been justified in paying out the anchor chain so as to change the position of the ship in order to get out of the way of the approaching steamer tmtil it was clearly apparent that she was about to ram his vessel; and, as the on-coming vessel was going under steam at full speed and with a strong current, the discovery of danger by an alert watchman would necessarily have been too late to avert a collision by lengthening the anchor chain, and, inasmuch as failure on the part of the watchman to do any of the things suggested cannot be charged as a fault, we cannot regard his absence from the position best adapted for efficient service as a contributing cause of the accident.

[3] One of the contested points in the case is in the question whether the rule requiring the forward light to be at an elevation not less than 20 feet above the hull requires in a vessel constructed like the Europe that the elevation shall be not less than 20 feet above the forecastle deck, or whether the measurement shall be from the main deck. This court approves the interpretation of the rule given by the district judge; that is, that the word “hull” includes the forecastle deck, and that, to strictly comply with the requirements of the rule, the light should be elevated not: less than 2^/> feet higher than the light' of the Europe was at the time of the collision, and the stern light should be at least 15 feet lower than that elevation. This fault in the detail of placing the forward and stem lights respectively at the prescribed elevations is the only important circumstance distinguishing this case from the case of the Oregon, supra. The difference between the two cases even in this particular cannot be very great, for in its opinion in that case the Supreme Court said :

.-“The International Code. (Iter. Stat. § 4233 [TJ. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 28951), in force at tills time, provided (rule 10) that ‘all vessels, whether steam vessels or sail vessels, when at anchor in roadsteads or fairways, shall, between sunset and sunrise, exhibit, where it can best be seen, hut at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light in a globular lantern of eight inches in diameter, and so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light, visible all round the horizon, and at a distance of at least one mile.’ This rule was substantially, if not literally, complied, with. The light was of the regulation size, and, if it were hung a little over 20 feet above the hull, the difference was entirely immaterial, as it is found to have been seen by the pilot of the Oregon, though mistaken for the Coffin Rock light.”

Conceding that a fault on the part of the Europe has been' shown, the vital question to be decided in this case is:, Was that fault a contributing cause of the injury? In his testimony the pilot of the libel-ant’s steamboat stoutly maintained that he did not see lights on the Europe until he climbed upon her forecastle after the collision, but, if her lights were visible so as to have been seen by him at a distance of one mile, they were sufficient to indicate the presence of the Europe, and the failure of the steamboat to avoid her was inexcusable. The attempt to account for the failure of both the pilot and the steamer’s lookout to see both or either of' the lights on the Europe upon the theory that the forward light was obscured by the forestay to which it was suspended and the wrapping upon it, and by the jib boom with the furled sails thereon, is a complete failure. To accept that theory, it is necessary to assume that while the steamer was traversing a distance of one mile or more her pilot and lookout were both constantly in positions where, looking ahead, their eyes were in direct line with the keel of the Europe so that the tip end of her jib boom constituted a screen between their eyes and the light. That assumption necessarily involves the rejection of the pilot’s testimony with respect to the course on which the steamer was running. The Europe was anchored so that the current of the river kept her jib boom pointing, up stream, and, if it caused her to swing, her jib boom would not constitute a screen unless observers on the steamer constantly varied their positions in exact correspondence with the swinging of the ship. Of course, it would be impossible for two men to step in exact unison with the movements of an invisible object. The course of the steamer was at an angle with the ship’s keel, for the steamer was on an oblique course from a point on the east side of the river towards 'the lights of Linnton on the west side. Therefore it is certain that the jib boom of the Europe and her forward light could not both be in range with the keel of the steamer and- the Linnton lights towards which she was pointing, the light being 65 feet abaft-'the end of the jib boom. It seems to be hardly necessary to comment upon the argument based on the forestay and the chafing stuff wrapped upon it. The thickness or width of the stay was not sufficient to make a screen, and the wrapper was above the light, so that it could not affect the vision of a person on a lower level. The fact appears by the testimony of both of them that the pilot and the lookout were immediately prior to discovering the Europe intent in looking for and trying to avoid drift timber floating in the water. From Lhis and the facts that the collision occurred and that they deny having seen the lights, which certainly were upon the Europe, there arises a necessary inference that they were negligent in not looking forward far enough and sweeping a space wide enough and high enough to see a light hung 17 feet and 6 inches above the forecastle deck of the Europe. The New York, 175 U. S. 204, 20 Sup. Ct. 67, 44 L. Ed. 126.

[4] This court concurs with the District Court in the conclusion that the lights on the Europe were sufficient to indicate her position, and -that the insufficient elevation of her forward light was not a contributing cause of the collision. A harmless fault, even when a positive mandate of a statute has been disobeyed, cannot be made a basis for the recovery of damages in a civil suit, nor palliate the fault of another which does inflict an injury. On this point the Supreme Court in the case of The Blue Jacket, 144 U. S. 390, 12 Sup. Ct. 718, 36 L. Ed. 469, said:

“The provision of article 24 of the act of March 3, 1885, is that a vessel is not to be exonerated from the consequences of any neglect to keep a proper lockout. It does not say that a vessel shall, because of not keeping a proper lookout, be visited with the consequences of a collision. If the collision does not result as a consequence of neglecting to keep a proper lookout, the vessel is not thereby made responsible for the consequences of the collision. * * *”

[5] Referring to the fourth of the appellant’s contentions, we deem the decision of the District Court allowing the expense of obtaining a bond to release the Europe from custody to be in strict accordance with the demands of justice. It is a serious matter to detain a ship by judicial process in a cause not founded upon a just claim, although prosecuted in good faith and, therefore, lawful. The cost of the bond was high, but necessarily so. The Europe is a foreign ship, and the amount of the bond was necessarily large because the libelant sued for a large amount. Eorty-one thousand dollars was the amount of the security required. By competent evidence it was proved that the claimant was diligent in endeavoring to obtain a bond promptly and at a minimum of expense, and that the amount allowed, $1,269, was actually expended. In that sum there is included the premium paid to a bonding company and the expenses incurred in arranging with bankers in France and in New York to furnish the indemnity which the bonding company exacted. To these additional expenses objections are specially urged. It is said that such expenses are unusual and unnecessary, and that the District Court improperly received proof of the expenditure by a deposition taken after the trial to which letters were appended without authenticating evidence of their genuineness. The answer to these strictures is that it has always been usual for courts to mulct the defeated party in a lawsuit for the costs of the litigation, including the necessary disbursements of his adversary. Formerly, when security or bail was exacted, the litigant was obliged to importune his friends to become sureties, but, since the coming of corporations organized and capitalized to furnish security for compensation, it has become unnecessary for individuals to assume obligations for the accommodation of friends, and the instances are rare in which an individual can be prevailed upon-to jeopardize his fortune by becoming a surety for a large amount. Hence the necessity of paying cash to obtain a "bond to release a ship from legal custody. And payment of the premium is not the only burden which necessity imposes. Bonding corporations are not like insurance companies. They sell their credit only; they do not assume obligations without being fully indemnified. In this case the expense of providing indemnity was as necessary as payment of the premium. The deposition taken in France after the trial was in response to a request from the judge for additional information with respect to the contested additional expenses. The persistence of the opposition justified the request for more light. The deposition was given under oath and it authenticates the letters annexed to it, which deponent produced in compliance with demands therefor in the appellant’s cross-interrogatories, as well as in the direct interrogatories. That is to say, he identified them as the papers which he was required to produce.

[6] From consideration of the best evidence obtainable the District Court included in its decree, as part of the damages, demurrage at the rate of $101.99 per day for 18 days. The reasonableness of the estimate made for the purpose of fixing the demurrage is apparent, having in mind the size of the Europe and her class, and it has not been seriously questioned, but the appellant complains because a deposition setting forth statements of voyages made during, a period of five years showing her earning capacity was received and considered. There.was no better method of estimating the loss to her owner by detention for the particular days during which the damages caused by the collision were being repaired than the calculation which the court made, based on proof of daily expenses and estimated average daily earnings for the preceding five years. The Tremont (D. C.) 160 Fed. 1016, affirmed by this court in 161 Fed. 1, 88 C. C. A. 304. The deposition was competent proof for the purpose.

The Decree of the District Court is affirmed.

1 16 Sup. Ct. 804, 39 L. Efl. 943.