17 N.Y. 507 | NY | 1858
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *509
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *510 Among the numerous points raised upon the trial of this cause, there are several which, in the view I take of the case, it will be found unnecessary to consider. It is insisted, on the part of the defendants, that the note upon which the action is brought was invalid in the hands of the Columbus Insurance Company, because it was given for a subscription to the stock of the company, without a compliance with the provisions of section two of the charter; which requires, among other things, that at the time of subscribing there should be paid upon each share $5, and that the balance should be secured by indorsed notes, payable on demand, or by other property or stocks to be approved, c. *511
These provisions being applicable only to an original subscription for stock, it becomes necessary to see whether the note in question was given upon such a subscription. To ascertain this, it is unnecessary to notice the history of the company prior to 1842. In that year, the company then being in full operation with a capital of $300,000, the amount authorized by its charter, the board of directors met and resolved that any stockholder, indebted to the company on stock notes, might have the privilege of paying any part or all of such indebtedness in the capital stock of the company, at a rate specified in the resolution. Under this authority, stock was surrendered or transferred to the company, in payment of notes, to the amount of $133,000. There seems to be no ground for questioning the validity of this transaction. I am not aware of any common law principle which forbids it, nor is it shown to have been in contravention of any provision of the charter of the company, or any other of the statutes of Ohio. In the case of Taylor v.The Miami Exporting Company (6 Ohio, 83), it was held that a bank might receive its own stock in payment of a debt, and might hold it as it did its other corporate property.
The subsequent resolutions of the board of directors of the insurance company, viz., that of May 22d 1849, by which it was resolved to increase the capital stock of the company in the sum of $50,000, and to receive subscriptions for that amount, and that of August 13th, 1849, authorizing similar subscriptions to the amount of $90,000, are to be construed with reference to the circumstances under which they were adopted. As previous to the transfer of the $133,000 of stock to the company, in payment of stock notes, the full amount of stock authorized by the charter had been issued, neither the directors nor stockholders of the company had power to add to that amount. The directors may have supposed that the stock transferred under the resolution of 1842 became ipso facto extinguished, *512 and that the capital of the company was thereby pro tanto diminished; but I do not regard that as the necessary consequence of the transfer. It might or might not have that effect, at the option of the company, and would require, I think, some manifestation of such an intent to produce that result. As nothing of this kind was shown, it follows that there was no authority for the issue of any new stock. I see nothing, however, to prevent the reissue and sale by the company of the stock so transferred; and, in the absence of any proof to the contrary, the presumption is, that the directors intended to act within the scope of their powers by selling the stock on hand, instead of issuing new stock, which they had no power to create. The terms used in the resolution are by no means conclusive as to the intent of the directors. They may have adopted the form of a subscription as the best mode of obtaining purchasers for the stock transferred to and held by the company, and there is no positive evidence to conflict with such an inference. All the stock issued to the new subscribers, therefore, should, I think, be deemed a part of the stock so held. This conclusion disposes of several of the points raised by the defendants' counsel. It shows that the requirements of the charter in reference to the original subscriptions have no application to the case. The directors needed no special authority to enable them to transfer the stock. It was clearly within the scope of their powers as the managing officers of the company. There was, therefore, a sufficient consideration for the note.
Another branch of the defence, set up in the answer and relied upon at the trial, was, that the Columbus Insurance Company was insolvent at the time the note was given, and that the note was obtained by the false representations of the agents of the company in relation to its condition. It appears by the bill of exceptions that the defendants gave evidence tending to show that the company was insolvent, and that this was known to its officers and agents. This, however, was clearly insufficient, without evidence of some *513 misrepresentation or concealment on that subject. To establish this, each of the defendants was offered as a witness by his co-defendant and rejected by the court. It is insisted by the defendants' counsel that, under section 397 of the Code, either defendant was a competent witness to prove that the signature of his co-defendant was obtained by misrepresentation and fraud, and hence that the ruling of the court in this respect was erroneous.
The construction of the section of the Code in question has been settled by a series of decisions in this court, by which it may now be regarded as established that, in all actions exdelicto, any defendant may call and examine his co-defendant as a witness, except where several defendants, without denying any material allegation of the complaint, have united in a defence which is in its nature joint. In actions ex contractu, also, whenever the issues are such that judgment may pass against one or more of the defendants and in favor of others, any defendant may be sworn as a witness for his co-defendant, unless, from the avowed purpose for which he is called, it appears in advance that if sworn he could not be permitted to testify. The examination of a co-defendant is, by the express terms of the section, limited to matters in respect to which the witness is not jointly interested with the party calling him. It is plain, therefore, that if the issues are such that the judgment to be given must necessarily be joint, or, when the issues are both joint and several, if it appear that the witness, when sworn, is only to be examined as to some matter in which he is jointly interested with the party by whom he is called he may be rejected without being sworn.
In the present case there were, no doubt, issues upon the record upon which several judgments might have been given in favor of one defendant and against the other; but the bill of exceptions states the precise object for which each of the defendants was called, viz., to prove that the signature of his co-defendant to the note was obtained by *514 the fraudulent representations set up in the answer. The averment in the answer is, that the Columbus Insurance Company, by its duly authorized agent, applied to the defendants to subscribe for stock, and, as an inducement to them to make such subscription, represented that the company was solvent and in good condition, and that upon the faith of these representations they were induced to subscribe for two hundred and fifty shares of the stock, in payment for which they executed the note in question.
It is quite impossible that this branch of the defence should be sustained as to one of the defendants and not as to the other. The subscription was the joint act of the defendants, and they united in executing the note. If there was any fraud in obtaining the subscription, this must necessarily vitiate the whole transaction. It is of no importance whether the false representation was made to both the defendants, or to one of them only. A joint contract to pay money by two individuals, obtained by a fraud practiced upon one of them, is void as to both. Even where the contract, as in this case, is several as well as joint, still, if one is compelled to pay the whole, he has his remedy against the other for contribution, and, if deprived of this remedy through the fraud of the opposite party, he cannot be holden. It follows that each of the defendants was interested in the question, whether the signature of his co-defendant to the note was obtained by fraud, as, if established, it would constitute a good defence to both. The ruling of the judge, therefore, upon this point, was in strict accordance with the previous decisions of this court.
The only remaining questions which I deem it necessary to consider, relate to the validity of the plaintiff's title to the note. It is insisted that such title is invalid, because the note was indorsed in blank, instead of being made payable to the bank in terms, according to section 64 of the act under which it was incorporated, which provides that `All notes, bills and other evidences of debt, excepting *515 bills of exchange, discounted by any banking company, shall be made, by the terms thereof, or by special indorsement, payable solely to the company."
I am not prepared to sustain this position. The note having been transferred for a full consideration, can no longer be enforced by the Columbus Insurance Company. The defendants have paid nothing upon it, and, unless the plaintiff has the title, there is no one to whom the defendants are responsible. As the provision in question was not designed for the benefit or protection of the parties to the securities, but rests upon general grounds of public policy, there seems to be no good reason why such parties should be allowed to avail themselves of it, to evade their just responsibilities. I am inclined to think that the section should be considered as directory merely, and that a non-compliance with its provisions should not be regarded as affecting the title of the bank, even to those securities to which it clearly applies.
But it is at least doubtful whether the note in suit here comes at all within the terms of the section in question, which relates solely to notes, c., "discounted" by the bank. This note, together with another note for $5,000, was held by one Sheldon as collateral security for a debt of $5,000 against the Columbus Insurance Company, the general property being in said company. The plaintiff having a claim against the insurance company, paid the debt to Sheldon and took both notes, crediting the balance, over and above the amount due Sheldon, to the insurance company. This cannot, I think, be properly regarded as a discounting of the note, within the meaning of the section in question. As that section relates solely to banking companies, its terms should of course be interpreted according to their ordinary use in the business of banking. The "discounting" of a note by a bank is understood to consist in the lending of money upon it, and deducting the interest or premium in advance. (Webster'sDictionary, c.) *516
The taking of this note by the plaintiff bears no analogy to such a transaction. No money was loaned upon the note, nor was anything deducted from or taken in advance upon it. The section referred to, therefore, has, I think, no application to the case; and for this reason, as well as that before given, the title of the plaintiff to the note should be sustained.
This conclusion renders it unnecessary to pass upon the question whether the fact that there was no indorsement upon the note at the time of the transfer, showing that the installments of interest then due had been paid, operated as a sufficient notice of the dishonor of the note to prevent the plaintiff from being regarded as a bona fide holder, and I refrain from expressing any opinion upon that subject.
The judgment should be affirmed.
All the judges concurring,
Judgment affirmed.