after stating .the case, delivered the opinion of the court.
The question involved in this case is, whether the owners of a vessel, who have let it out upon charter party and agreed to pay “for the insurance on the vessel,” are liable, as between themselves and the chаrterers, for damage done to ■ another vessel by a .collision resulting from the negligence of the officers and crew, who- are appointed and paid by the charterers.
1. It was within the power of the court, under general Ad *467 miralty Rule 59, to entertain the petition of the Turret Steam-shipping Company, owner and claimant of the Barnstable, and to call in the charterer to show cause why it should not be condemned for the damage resulting from this collision. The Alert, 40 Fed. Rep. 836. Such proceeding, though not within the words, is clearly within the spirit of the rule; and the case, as between the Turret Company and the Fruit Company, therеafter proceeded substantially as an independent cause, in which the original libellants had no substantial interest, their claim being adequately protected by the decree against the Barnsta-ble. The position of the Turret Company was in no manner affected by the failure of the libellants to appeal from their own decree. , .
2. Whatever may be the English rule with respect to the liability of a vessel for damages occasioned by the neglect of the charterer, as to which there appears to be some doubt,
The
Ticonderoga, Swabey, 215;
The
Lemington, 2 Asp. Mar. Law Ca. 475;
The Ruby
Queen, Lush. 266;
The Tasmania,
13 P. D. 110;
The Parlement
Belge, 5 P. D. 197;
The
Castlegate, (1893) App. Ca. 38, 52;
The Utopia,
(1893) App. Cas. 492, the law in this country is еntirely well settled, that the ship itself is to be treated in some sense as a principal, and as personally liable for' the negligence of any one who is lawfully In possession of her, whether as owner or charterer.
The Little
Charles,
Indeed, the liability of the vessel for the negligence of the charterers is now fixed by statute in this country. Rev. Stat. sec. 4286. “ The charterer of any vessel, in case he shall man, victual and navigate such vessel at his own expense, or by his own procurement, shall be deemed the owner of such vessel within the meaning of the provisions of this title relating to 'the limitation of the liability of owners of vessels; and such vessel, when so chartered, shall be liable in the same manner as if navigated by the owner thereof.”
As the charterers hired the Barnstable for a definite periоd, and agreed to select their own officers and crew, and pay all the running current expenses of the vessel, including the expense of loading and discharging cargoes — the owners only assuming to deliver the vessel to the charterers in good order and condition, and to maintain her in an efficient state during the existence of the charter party, there can be no doubt that, irrespective of any special provision to the contrary, the charterers would be liable for the consequences of negligence in her navigation, and would be bound to rеturn the steamer to her owners free from any lien of their own contracting, or caused by their own fault.
Thorp
v.
Hammond,
This, indeed, is but the application to charter parties of the ordinary law of bailment, which requires that the bailee return the property to the owner in the condition in which it was reсeived, less the ordinary results of wear and tear, and such in
*469
juries as are caused by a peril of the sea, or inevitable accident..
Coupé Co.
v.
Maddick,
(1891) 2 Q. B. 413;
Sturm
v.
Boker,
If, then, the owners be liable for the negligence of tjie charterers, such liability must arise from the particular stipulation in the charter party that “ thе owners shall pay for the insurance on the vessel.” The language of the clause is peculiar and significant. It is not an agreement to insure, or to procure or provide insurance, but tb pay for such insurance as the owner should see fit to take out — and perhaps inferentially to apply such insurance toward the extinguishment of any liability of the charterers for losses covered by the policy. It is entirely clear that, under this stipulation, the owners could not charge the charterers with the expense of insurance, that is, the premiums, whatever form of policy the owner might select, though insurance be in fact a part of the running expenses of the vessel, and perhaps, in the absence of a special clause, covered by the stipulation that “ the charterers shall provide and pay for all the coals and fuel, port charges, pilotages, agencies, commissions, and dll other charges whatsoever, excеpt for painting and repairs to hull and machinery, and anything appertaining to keeping the ship in proper working order.”
It may be conceded, however, that for any damage to the vessel coverable by an ordinary' policy of insurance “ on the vessel” the owners must loоk to the companies, at least for the insured proportion of such damage, -and not to the charterers. It may also be conceded that the owner might have selected a form of policy containing a special running-down clause that would have covered damages done to another vessel, though the rule in this- court is, following the English case of
De Vaux
v.
Salvador,
4 Ad. & El. 420, that an ordinary policy against perils of the sea does not cover damage done to another vessel by collision.
Gen. Mutual Ins. Co.
v.
Sherwood,
But, whatever be the obligation as between the insured and his underwriters, the clause in the charter party should bе construed in consonance with its other provisions, and with the obvious intention ol the. parties that the.- duty of the owner is discharged by keeping the vessel in good order and condition, and that the charterers assumed and agreed to pay all her running expenses. Conceding that damages done to another vessel are neither the one nor the other, they are incident rather to the navigation than to the preservation of the vessel, although the cost of the premiums may be referable to the preservation of the ship, inasmuch as the owner obtains the benefit of them in case of damages or loss, for which, as between him and the char *471 terer, he is chargeable. If the responsibility for an extraordinary class of damages that is done to another vessel be thus shifted from the charterer, by whose agents the damage is done, and to whom its reimbursement properly belongs, to the owners, it should be evidenced by some definite undertaking to that effect, and not be inferred from an obscure provision of the charter party, which seems to have been designed for a different purpose. It is scarcely credible that the owners could have intended t<3 assume a liability for the acts of men not chosen by themselves and entirely beyond their control, which in this.case equalled the hire of the ship for eight months, and might, had the Fortuna been of greater value, have exceeded the whole amount of rent рayable by the charterers.
There is undoubtedly weight to be given to the proposition that, unless we hold the owners liable for everything a policy of insurance could have covered, the clause is of little value, since the charterers would not in any event be liable for damаges resulting from the perils of the sea or other risks ordinarily covered by insurance upon the vessel. But this argument loses much of its force in view of the ruling of this court that an ordinary policy of insurance on a vessel does not cover damages done to another vessel; and as there seems to be a difference in practice, some charters providing that the insurance shall be paid by the charterer,
Latson
v.
Sturm,
The evidence of a parol understanding as to the meaning of the insurance clause in this connection, is entitled to no weight whatever. In аnswer to a question put to the broker who negotiated the charter, upon cross examination, he testified as follows-:
*472 “ Q. You have bad no experience, I understand you, of the actual working out of this clause in. any particular cases ?
“ A. I have had considerable experience in various insurance claims — so much so that I clearly expressed to the owner that he would have to pay for all insurance on the vessel in any way, shape or manner against stranding, collision and everything, as is usually done in all vessels, unless he wanted to take the risk and not insure.
“ Q. Tell us what experience you have actually had of these insurance clauses, or the working out of them.
“ A. I have never known an owner to insure a charter for damage by collision before. He has always taken that risk.”
Several answers may be made as to any inference derivable from this testimony. In the first place, the answer to the first question was not responsive to the question at all. In the second place, it was not the testimony of an expert as to the meaning of this clause among underwriters, and their customers, in which case it might properly have been admissible, but an attempt in respect to the particular charter, to introduce the antecedent understanding of the parties, and thereby to explain, control and qualify, the language of the charter. This was obviously impossible.
Seitz
v.
Brewer's Refrigerating Machine
Co.,
' The statement of the witness, too, differs from his testimony upon direct examination, which was as follows:
“ Q. Hid you have any conversation with Mr.' Graggs (the then owner of the vessel) with regard to that clause ?
“A. I did; several.
“ Q. Please state the substance of that conversation.
“ A. I told him that he would havе to insure for his vessel the same, as the charter party stated.
“ Q. Did he make any reply ?
“ A. Of course, I told him if he did not want to insure, he could take that risk. But his intention was to insure.”
In addition to this, however, the testimony was quite inadmissible as against the Turret Steamshipping Company, the
*473
purchaser of the vessel and tbe assignee of the charter party, since it was not shown to have had any notice of the conversation, and therefore, in taking over the charter, was only bound by the obligations imported by the words of the insurance clause in their ordinary commercial sense.
Paige
v.
Cagwin,
In conclusion, we are of opinion that,- if anything more were intended by the insurance clause than to impose on the owners the duty of paying the premiums, it was fully satisfied by an ordinary policy of insurance against perils of the sea; that such policy would not cover damage done to another vessel by a сollision with the vessel insured, and that the primary liability for such damage rested upon the charterers and not upon the owners. We express no opinion as to the effect of any payment that may have been actually made by the underwriters upon this loss.
The decrees of both courts must therefore be reversed, and the case remanded to the District Court for the District of Massachusetts, for further praceedmgs not inconsistent with this opinion.