Engjull THAQI, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Carol JENIFER, District Director, United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, James Ziegler, Commissioner, Immigration and Naturalization Service, and John Ashcroft, United States Attorney General, Respondents-Appellees.
No. 03-1587
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
July 23, 2004
Submitted: June 18, 2004. Decided and Filed: July 23, 2004.
We recognize that other factors may arguably suggest a finding of independent contractor status—e.g., Hill and Blake paid for their own expenses, received no company benefits, and could hire drivers to work for them. However, these factors are insufficient to undermine our conclusion that substantial evidence supports the Board‘s decision.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Board.
Nancy B. Pridgen (briefed), Assistant United States Attorney, Detroit, MI, for Respondents-Appellees.
Before NORRIS, COLE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner Engjull Thaqi appeals from the district court‘s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Thaqi contends that the district court erred in refusing to disturb a determination by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA“) that he was not a candidate for a discretionary waiver of deportation because a provision of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (“AEDPA“) applied retroactively to strip him of eligibility. Because the district court incorrectly concluded that the rationale of the Supreme Court‘s decision in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001), did not apply to Thaqi‘s circumstances, we reverse its judgment.
I.
Thaqi is a legal permanent resident of the United States and a citizen of Yugoslavia. He was convicted of felonious assault in Michigan state court following a jury trial on July 26, 1994. On December 31, 1995, he pleaded guilty in state court to larceny. On March 10, 1997, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS“) commenced deportation proceedings against Thaqi, charging him with being deportable for the commission of two unconnected crimes of moral turpitude under
Following the BIA‘s decision, Thaqi filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in district court, in which he sought declaratory and injunctive relief solely on the ground that the BIA erred in determining that he was ineligible for a discretionary waiver of deportability. The district court denied Thaqi‘s petition, reasoning that the BIA correctly concluded that, because Thaqi had once been convicted following a jury trial, the Supreme Court‘s decision in St. Cyr did not require a determination that he remained eligible for § 212(c) relief.
II.
An alien‘s eligibility for a discretionary waiver of deportation has changed over time. Thaqi became deportable under the immigration laws on December 31, 1995, the date on which his guilty plea resulted in his second criminal conviction. See
By the time that deportation proceedings were initiated against Thaqi on March 10, 1997, however, the standards governing eligibility for a waiver under § 212(c) had changed. By that date, AEDPA had become effective, and had amended
Whether it was appropriate for the BIA to rely upon AEDPA to strip Thaqi of eligibility for the waiver based upon crimes he had committed prior to AEDPA‘s effective date is governed by the Supreme Court‘s decision in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001). In that case, the Court had to determine whether a provision of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104-208, Div. C, 110 Stat. 3009-546 (“IIRIRA“), which repealed § 212(c) entirely, could be applied retroactively.1 St. Cyr was an alien who had become deportable after pleading guilty to a drug crime under Connecticut law. At the time of his conviction on March 8, 1996, he would have been a candidate for a § 212(c) waiver. The INS, however, only initiated proceedings against St. Cyr on April 10, 1997, ten days after IIRIRA became effective, and it sought to use his drug conviction as grounds for deportation. St. Cyr requested § 212(c) relief, but the INS ruled that IIRIRA rendered him ineligible because IIRIRA repealed § 212(c). St. Cyr objected to the INS‘s retroactive application of IIRIRA. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. at 293.
The Court applied a two-step test to determine whether the provision repealing § 212(c) could be applied retroactively. “[T]he first step in determining whether a statute has an impermissible retroactive effect is to ascertain whether Congress has directed with the requisite clarity that the law be applied retrospectively.” Id. at 316 (citations omitted). Having determined that Congress had not clearly stated an intent regarding retroactive application, the Court then turned to the second step, asking whether retroactively applying IIRIRA “produces an impermissible retroactive effect[:]”
The inquiry into whether a statute operates retroactively demands a commonsense, functional judgment about whether the new provision attaches new legal consequences to events completed before its enactment. A statute has retroactive effect when it takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability, in respect to transactions or considerations already past. As we have repeatedly counseled, the judgment whether a particular statute acts retro-
actively should be informed and guided by familiar considerations of fair notice, reasonable reliance, and settled expectations.
IIRIRA‘s elimination of any possibility of § 212(c) relief for people who entered into plea agreements with the expectation that they would be eligible for such relief clearly attaches a new disability, in respect to transactions or considerations already past. Plea agreements involve a quid pro quo between a criminal defendant and the government. In exchange for some perceived benefit, defendants waive several of their constitutional rights (including the right to a trial) and grant the government numerous tangible benefits, such as promptly imposed punishment without the expenditure of prosecutorial resources. There can be little doubt that, as a general matter, alien defendants considering whether to enter into plea agreements are acutely aware of the immigration consequences of the convictions. Given the frequency with which § 212(c) relief was granted in the years leading up to AEDPA and IIRIRA, preserving the possibility of such relief would have been one of the principal benefits sought by defendants deciding whether to accept a plea offer or instead proceed to trial.
The case of Charles Jideonwo, a petitioner in a parallel litigation in the Seventh Circuit, is instructive. Charged in 1994 with violating federal narcotics law, Jideonwo entered into extensive plea negotiations with the Government, the sole purpose of which was to ensure that he got less than five years to avoid what would have been a statutory bar on 212(c) relief. The potential for unfairness in the retroactive application of IIRIRA‘s § 304(b) [which repealed
In deciding Thaqi‘s case, we must apply the reasoning of St. Cyr to determine first whether the language of the statute in question reveals Congress‘s intent regarding retroactivity, and second, whether enforcing the statute against Thaqi would result in an impermissible retroactive effect.
On the first question, we agree with the parties that the language of AEDPA reveals nothing regarding Congress‘s intent. Moving to the second part of the inquiry and applying the reasoning of St. Cyr to Thaqi‘s case, we conclude that enforcing AEDPA against Thaqi would have an impermissible retroactive effect.
In St. Cyr, the conviction that rendered the petitioner ineligible for § 212(c) relief was the result of a guilty plea; in the opinion of the Supreme Court, St. Cyr might well have chosen to contest the charge had he known that, under later legislation, his conviction would render him ineligible for an avenue of relief from deportation. In Thaqi‘s case, the crime that rendered him ineligible for § 212(c) relief was also the result of a guilty plea—it was
The government cites various cases in which courts of appeals have concluded that where petitioners had been convicted following jury trials, the retroactive application of a statute eliminating their eligibility for § 212(c) relief would not have had impermissible retroactive effects. See Rankine v. Reno, 319 F.3d 93, 100-02 (2d Cir.2003); Dias v. INS, 311 F.3d 456, 458 (1st Cir.2002); Chambers v. Reno, 307 F.3d 284, 290-93 (4th Cir.2002); Armendariz-Montoya v. Sonchik, 291 F.3d 1116, 1121-22 (9th Cir.2002). These cases, however, do not apply to Thaqi‘s circumstances. Although Thaqi‘s first conviction resulted from a jury trial, his second, the one which would render him ineligible for § 212(c) relief under AEDPA, resulted from a guilty plea.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is reversed and the case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.