49 F.2d 207 | 3rd Cir. | 1931
The Schooner “Josephine,” having sailed from Port Arthur, Texas, arrived at Pernambuco, Brazil, her port of destination, long overdue with her cargo damaged by water taken aboard during heavy weather. The Texas Company, the ostensible owner of the cargo and party to the charter, filed a libel in rem for damages. Although The Texas Company (South America) Limited, an affiliated corporation, .intervened as the real party injured, we shall, for convenience, speak of the cargo owner as the libellant.
The case was tried on an issue of law arising from the owner’s warranty of the schooner’s seaworthiness and on a corresponding issue of fact. The District Court, finding her seaworthy, entered a decree dismissing the libel. The libellant appealed.
Before coming to the facts we pausé to make certain the issue raised by the pleadings and briefly to examine the applicable law.
The cargo owner avers in its libel that in December 1917 it entered into a charter party whereby the shipowner agreed to let and the libellant agreed to hire the schooner for transportation of petroleum products on a voyage between the ports stated; that early
Thus it is clear from the pleadings that the libellant relies for its law upon the owner’s express warranty in the charter party as to seaworthiness, namely, that the schooner was “tight, staunch, strong, and in every way fitted for the voyage.” The Edwin I. Morrison, 153 U. S. 199, 14 S. Ct. 823, 825, 38 L. Ed. 688; The Caledonia, 157 U. S. 124, 15 S. Ct. 537, 39 L. Ed. 644; The Lockport (D. C.) 197 F. 213. The owner however pleads the Harter Act (27 Stat. 445 [46 USCA §§ 190-195]) which makes no change in his duty under the warranty to furnish a seaworthy vessel, The Carib Prince, 170 U. S. 655, 18 S. Ct. 753, 42 L. Ed. 1181; The Cornelia (D. C.) 15 F.(2d) 245, but does modify liability to the extent that if he used diligence to see that the vessel was seaworthy he and his vessel are exempt from liability for loss arising from various causes — among them perils Of the sea. The Fort Gaines (D. C.) 21 F.(2d) 865; Id. (D. C.) 24 F.(2d) 849, affirmed Federal Forwarding Co. v. Lanasa (C. C. A.) 32 F.(2d) 154; The Agwimoon (D. C.) 24 F.(2d) 864; affirmed Atlantic Gulf & West Indies S. S. Lines v. Interocean Oil Co. (C. C. A.) 31 F.(2d) 1006, distinguished. The distinction between due diligence imposed upon an owner by the Harter Act and his relief from liability on the one hand and the owner’s duty and liability under his general warranty of seaworthiness on the other hand need not be discussed in this case because the evi denee bears equally upon the question of due diligence and the question of seaworthiness. And so evidently thought the proctors for the opposing parties, for both looked upon the schooner’s seaworthiness as the center of the ease and each voluntarily, and at once, assumed the burden of proving the opposite of the issue, respectively. This, however, does not relieve the respondent owner of his burden of proving the seaworthiness of his schooner, or of proving the exercise of due diligence in making her seaworthy as a prerequisite to availing himself of the liberality of the Harter Act, by showing that damage to the cargo arose from one of the exceptions in the charter party, The Folmina, 212 U. S. 354, 29 S. Ct. 363, 53 L. Ed. 546, 15 Ann. Cas. 748, which, as pleaded in this ease, is perils of the sea. The Cornelia, supra. Therefore the first question, (and, it may be, the only one), is that of the schooner’s seaworthiness under the warranty. In considering this question we shall follow the voyage through the evidence in order to determine the schooner’s condition at the start and her condition at sea in view of the perils she encountered.
As a warranty of seaworthiness must be construed as requiring the vessel to be seaworthy when she sails, Federal Forwarding Co. v. Lanasa (The Fort Gaines) 32 F.(2d) 154 (C. C. A.); Luckenbach v. McCahan Sugar Co., 248 U. S. 139, 150, 39 S. Ct. 53, 63 L. Ed. 170,1 A. L. R. 1522, the first question of fact bears on the condition of the schooner when she put to sea.
The “Josephine” was a wooden craft of about 940 gross tons, originally built with barkentine rigging but later changed to a four mast schooner. She was launched in 1896. Advancing in age, she was in 1916 stiffened by placing heavy top sister keelsons along her entire length and heavy tumbuckle rods athwartship. Nevertheless she was in 1917 hogged to the extent of fourteen inches.
From December 1915 to March 1918, a period of twenty-eight months, the “Josephine” was repaired four times at a cost of $17,500, of which $1,742 was expended upon her late in 1917. These facts and figures were used by the libellant as proof of the schooner’s bad condition and were relied upon by the owner as evidence of her good condition and of his diligence in making and keeping her seaworthy. To fortify its interpretation of these figures the libellant produced two witnesses who had surveyed the schooner in-1919 — nine months after she had sailed from Texas on the voyage in question and two
True, the schooner was old, but age alone is not evidence of unseaworthiness. A wooden ship may be old and still be fit.
Finding the sehooner seaworthy at the inception of the voyage, the next question is, did she afterward become unseaworthy at a time and under circumstances which rendered the owner by due diligence capable of reconditioning her?
Sailing from Port Arthur, Texas, on April 13 the schooner’s troubles began the very next day when, encountering high winds in the Gulf of Mexico, she began to. lose her sails. The winds increased to hurricane force until by April 19 she had been practically stripped of her sails. She then put about and staggered back to the coast, arriving at Galveston on April 23, where she laid by awaiting new sails. There is no evidence that in this experience the hull of the sehooner had become unseaworthy. Indeed, no one seems to have thought anything about it; at least there is no evidence that she leaked during the gulf storm, or that loose planking or loose caulking was discovered after her return to port or that, except her sails, any repairs were needed or made, or that her cargo had been damaged. So, we find that when starting on her voyage a second time she was seaworthy.
Having received her sails, the sehooner made her second start on May 15 and proceeded through the Gulf without incident. But on June 21, when in the Atlantic Ocean, she encountered another storm rising to the force of a gale or hurricane. Again the schooner lost her sails. During seven days of pounding, she shipped much water, her deck seams and butts opened and let water into the hold, the steam pump refused to work for a time and the hand pumps did not keep the water from "the cargo, with the result that it suffered the damage of which the libellant complains.
Having found from the evidence that the schooner was seaworthy when first she sailed and, from the same evidence confirmed by the fact that she weathered the gulf storm without known strain, that she was staunch and strong when next she put to sea, it is evident the behavior of her hull in the ocean storm arose from something which occurred after she was well on her voyage. There is no evidence that anything had happened before the storm which contributed to the damage to the ship and her cargo. It follows that it must have been the storm to which the hull yielded. Was, therefore, the storm a “peril of the sea” within the exception of the charter party? This is always a troublesome question because a peril of the sea is not susceptible of a satisfactory, or comprehensive, definition. A storm may or may not be such a peril. The test, however, seems to be — at least it is the one we shall apply in this instance — that when a storm is of Such unusual violence that it cannot reasonably be anticipated and avoided or cannot be resisted by ordinary exertions of skill and prudence and when it has caused unusual and unexpected damage to the hull of a seaworthy vessel resulting in damage to her cargo, the loss may fairly be attributed to a peril of the sea and falls within the exception of the charter party. The Warren Adams (C. C. A.) 74 F. 413; Id., 163 U. S. 679, 16 S. Ct. 1199, 41 L. Ed. 316; The Frey (C. C. A.) 106 F. 319; The Folmina, 212 U. S. 354, 29 S. Ct. 363, 53 L. Ed. 546,15 Ann. Cas. 748; The Newport News (D. C.) 199 F. 968; 24 R. C. L. 1314. And such we are constrained to hold was the case in this marine disaster.
But the owner’s warranty of seaworthiness extends to the ship’s equipment and the owner’s duty to make her seaworthy also extends to her equipment. This rule, clearly recognized by the parties, appears in the averments of both the libel and answer. Of her- equipment that did not withstand the ocean storm were her sails. As most of these were new when she encountered that storm we imagine the libellant does not hopefully charge unseaworthiness or negligence in respect to them. It does, however, very earnestly charge unseaworthiness in respeet to the
So, as in case of the hull, we must examine the pump at the inception of the voyage and at the time of the storm.
There is no evidence as to the condition of the steam pump on April 13 when the schooner first put to sea other than the favorable inference from the survey and classification made by the American Bureau of Shipping immediately before and testimony as to her seaworthiness in general. Entries in the ship’s log on four days before and during the gulf storm show “Lights and pumps attended to.” There are no entries or other evidence that the steam pump would not work during the gulf storm or after the schooner returned to port. It is fair to assume that on her second start the pump was in the condition the log seems to have recorded.
On the first day of the ocean storm the log shows: “Steam pump broke down.” It also discloses that on June 22, 23, 24, 27, 28 and 29 the crew worked the hand pumps. The log does not reveal when, if ever, the steam pump was repaired. In the master’s protest, however, there is an entry: “Steam pump failed to work and vessel’s pumps were worked by hand until repairs were made on steam pump.” This contradicts to some extent the libellant’s statement that “At no time on the voyage could the steam pump be made to work.” That statement is also contradicted by the cook who testified that the steam pump “choked and they cleared it.”
“Q. How long did it take to clear it? A. Didn’t take long, about an hour or two, and it was dear.
“Q. Then did your steam pump operate on the voyage after that? A. Yes, sir; our steam pump operates all times. It would be ninety days, God knows where we would have been if the pump wasn’t going.”
Yet, truly, her steam pump did not work for a time. This was because of a defect in equipment which so far as the record shows was not there before the storm. What caused it ? In the absence of evidence indicating any other probable cause we must hold it was the storm. Being violent enough to rip the sails and damage the hull we are constrained to hold that it was, equally in respect to the pump, a peril of the sea within the exception of the charter party.
The decree of the court dismissing the libel is affirmed.
