41 La. Ann. 970 | La. | 1889
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Plaintiff’s object is to enforce specific performance of one of the stipulations contained in a contract or agreement executed by the two corporations on tlie 26th of November, 1881, and modified or amended on tlie 18th of February, 1885. The agreement was entered into, on tlie one part by several railroad companies operating in the States of Texas and Louisiana, then controlled, and therein represented by Collis P. Huntington of the city of New York; and on the other part by several similar corporations, also operating in Texas and in Louisiana, then under the control of Jay Gould of the city of New York, and who therein acted in behalf of said companies.
The expressed object of the contract was to adjust certain differences existing between tlie companies represented by Huntington and those represented by Gould, and to put at an end to existing litigation growing out of such differences and difficulties.
Hence tlie instrument signed by the parties, and the amendment thereto subsequently made, contained numerous stipulations intended to carry out tlie object proposed; and ail have apparently been executed, save one, which is tlie subject matter of this controversy. That feature of tlie contract is in the following words :
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“Mutual Agreement to “Pool” New Orleans and Galveston Traffic, and- -not to Discriminate Against Mississippi Termini.
“ It is further mutually agreed, that all unconsigned business, meaning all business whereof tlie route has not been designated in advance, destined for points West of El Paso, received by the said Texas and Pacific Kailway Company, shall be turned over to the Galveston, Harris*974 burg and San Antonio Railway Company at tlie Junction, or to tlie Southern Pacific Railroad Company at El Paso, as the case may be ; and all stick ‘ unconsigned ’ business received by the Southern Pacific Companies and destined to places east of the ‘Junction’ reached by the Texas and Pacific Railway and its connections north of Shreveport, La., and west of the Mississippi River, shall be delivered to the Texas and Pacific Railway Company at the ‘Junction,’ or at El Paso, as the case may be. The gross earnings on all business passing over either of these roads between El Paso,'or the Junction, and New Orleans, shall be divided equally; and tlie gross earnings on all business passing over either of these roads between El Paso or the Junction, and Galveston, shall bo divided on the basis of two-tliirds thereof to the Gaveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway Company and its connections, and one-third thereof to the Texas and Pacific Railway Company and its connections; and tlie agents are to divide, as nearly as possible, such business between the two through lines, so that each shall do the proportion of business above allotted.
“ In the event that either of the said companies of the one party, at either of the termini herein mentioned, shall be unable, or shall neglect or refuse, for any cause, to take the business and to perform the said service in the proportions above named, the company or companies of the other party shall be at liberty, so long as such disability continues, to take such business and perform said service, and shall be entitled to receive the compensation therefor.
“ The Texas and Pacific Railway Company, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company, the S't. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company, the International and Great Northern Railroad Company, and the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad Company, shall severally take the through business auy of them may have to do under this agreement, between El Paso and any point on the Mississippi River, without any discrimination as to rate, or otherwise, in favor of auy line, road, or Transportation Company, and with equal dispatch'; and this provision applies to business destined to or coming from any railroad east of the Mississippi River. ' '
“ There shall be no discrimination as to local business by any of the roads of either of the parties as against tiróse of tlie other party; it being understood that the term ‘through business,’ as used in this agreement, applies to traffic carried to and from terminal, common or competitive points; and any point upon the lines of the railways of the parties hereto that may be reached directly or indirectly by any railroad*975 competitive to either of saicl roads, is understood to be a competitive point.”
The amendment of February, 1835, in so far as this section of the contract is effected, provides a different mode of dividing the earnings ; it also extends the traffic covered by the agreement to all the business between New Orleans and El Paso on the one hand, and Galveston and El Paso on the other, whether the traffic originated at these points or not.
Among other stipulations, which have no bearing on the issues herein involved, the amendment contained the following modification :
“ It is a part of the agreement of the parties hereto that in consideration of the premises, the said party of the second part and his associates, and the companies on whose behalf he executed the said agreement of November 26th, 1881, release the said party of the first part and Ids associates, and the companies on whose behalf he executed such agreement, from all claims down to November 1st, 1884, arising under Article VI of said agreement.”
Plaintiff’s demand is based exclusively on the section herein above transcribed, and embraces three separate claims growing therefrom. Its object is to recover the excess of earnings realized by the defendant company from the first of November, 1884, to March 31,1887, alleged to amount, as shown by defendant’s reports made from month to month during that space of time, to the sum of $350,717 78; a similar excess alleged to amount to $200,000, from March 31, 1887, to January, 1888 ; during which time the defendant made no report, the defendant having ceased and refused to further report or account after March, 1887 ; and it urges an additional claim of $5859 49 for an excess of earnings in its favor in the operation of certain lines of railroads in New Mexico and Arizona, thus footing up the claims at the aggregate sum of’$556,577 27. And plaintiff’s demand finally covers such additional claims growing out of the contract in suit, as may be discovered and ascertained on trial.
For defence the following exceptions were pleaded :
1st. That the contract sued upon, being a railway pool, between competing railroad companies to divide between them their earnings from competition traffic, is illegal for the reason that it is injurious to public interests and contrary to public policy; and hence it cannot be enforced by a court of justice.
2d. That the contract was forbidden by the provisions of the constitution of the State of Texas, in force at the time that it was entered into.
3d. That if ever valid, the contract was terminated by the provisions of an act of the Congress of the United States, approved February 4,
The judgment below was in favor of defendant and plaintiff appeals.
A point, which overshadows the discussion of all three of the exceptions, is made by plaintiff's counsel, who contend that the agreement between the parties haying been sanctioned by a decree of the courts in which the litigation adjusted between the railroad companies, was pending, it has now acquired the force and effect of the thing adjudged, and hence it cannot be attacked collaterally.
As a general proposition of law the contention is unquestionably correct. Civil Code, Art. 3078; Adle vs. Prudhomme, 16 Ann. 343; Raburn vs. Pierson, 23 Ann. 696; Oglesby vs. Attrill, 105 U. S. Reports. But from the very nature of the principle, as shown by the authorities cited, it appears clearly that those matters only which were covered.by, and included in, the compromise or agreement, are affected as things adjudged, as a result of the adjustment, even when the same is subsequently sanctioned or confirmed by the judgment of a competent court.
The rule invoked applies to matters of pre-existing differences which are settled and compromised, and not to agreements or covenants for future action and execution.
Undoubtedly the attempt of either party to the “Gould-Huutington” agreement to avoid collaterally the effect of the adjustment of any contentious matter, or of any litigious rights involved in litigation hitherto pending and which had been in terms settled by the compromise, would have been defeated by the simple application of the principle now under consideration. But the subject-matter of Article 6 of the agreement which is now in suit was not a subject of contention between the par ties, either as a difference or in the shape of any pending litigation, at the time that the agreement was entered into. In fact it had no existence before, and was only brought into being or life by the contract of November 26, 1881, and it had no reference to the past, but its whole operation or effect was intended exclusively for the future.
This was manifestly the understanding of all the parties at the time; it shaped the action of their counsel who thereafter invoked judicial confirmation of the adjustment; and it was the sole guide of the court when it rendered the decree now set up as res adjudieata, touching all matters and stipulations contained in the “Gould-IIuntington” agreement.
In formulating its decree, the court was careful to enumerate in detail all the litigious matters which were in suit between the several railroad
“The aforesaid decree is made to carry out the provisions in this behalf of said agreement, dated November 26, 1881, which is hereby made a part of this decree, and by consent of the parties, and upon consideration by the court, is hereby ordered and decreed to be binding upon each and all of the parties hereto in all its stipulations and agreements, as therein shown, and said decree does not otherwise affect or interfere with the provisions of said agreement.'' (Italics are ours.) Hence we conclude and we hold that the stipulations of Article 6 of the “ Gould-Huntington agreement” have not the force-and.effect of the thing adjudged, and that they are lawfully liable toattack in the mode and manner herein adopted by the defendent corporation. This conclusion is of course mainly predicated on the theory fairly deducible from the record itself, that the agreement in its entirety does not evidence a single and connected contract, depending on all its .parts and stipulations for a proper execution as an effect flowing from the'unity of the contract; but that the instrument in its shape was used as a means to facilitate the execution by two representatives of numerous obligors and distinct obligees of a series of varied and distinct contracts. As controlling and representing the varied interests of a cluster of railroad companies, Huntington acted in behalf of the following corporations: “ the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of California, the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of New Mexico and the Southern Pacific Railroad Company of Arizona, the Galveston, Harrisburg and San .Antonio Railway Company, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad Company and the Louisiana Western Railroad Company.” And Gould, clothed with corresponding authority from his system of roads, stipulated in behalf and in the name of the following companies: “ The Texas and Pacific Railway Company, the International and Great Northern Railroad Company, the Missouri Pacific Railway Company, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company, and the St. Louis Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad Company.”
In this connection, the record shows to our entire satisfaction that the parties themselves did not understand that the instrument was intended
“ The foregoing agreement shall be submitted by the respective parties thereto to tlie several Boards of Directors which they respectively represent, and tlie same shall be accepted, adopted, ratified, confirmed, made and declared by said several Boards of Directors to be the act and contract of their respective corporations, so far as the same affects them reapectively; ”
And the same understanding appears in yet bolder relief from the language used iu the following clause :
“ It is understood that either or any of the said several railroad companies, parties to this agreement, may maintain any action, either at law or in equity, against, either, any or all of the other companies, parties to this agreement, to protect any right secured by this agreement, to specifically enforce the same, or to recover damages for the breach of any stipulation in this agreement affecting its interests, and that no objection shall be had or taken to any sacii action by reason of the nonjoinder of parties as plaintiffs; and all clauses in this agreement, contained are to be so construed as to secure this right.” The parties have thus construed their own contract, and have themselves qualified their agreement in a manner which completely refutes tlie argument of plaintiff’s counsel in tlie present case.
Tt'is true that by the act of incorporation, in 1881, which created the defendant company in its present autonomy, all tlie corporations which were then represented by Huntington, with the exception of the Southern Pacific Railroad Companies of California, of Arizona, and of New Mexico, have all been fused into, and were made parts of, tlie same system known as tlie “ Southern Pacific Company.” But this does not alter the nature and legal effect of the original contract as executed and understood by the original parties to tlie agreement.
That it was so understood is made manifest by a clause inserted in the amendment of the agreement under date of February 18, 1885, which stipulates, as was done in the original contract, that the modifications then made were to be submitted for adoption'and ratification, to the respective boards of directors of the companies represented respectively by Huntington and by Could.
We feel, therefore, fully warranted to treat and discuss article 6, now in suit as a complete and independent contract, with a sole consideration, which was the mutual advantage to he derived therefrom by tlie companies to he affected thereby. The clause or contract as shaped, lias reference to no other ijortiou of the agreement, which is complete for
We shall now discuss the real nature and the legal effect of the contract evidenced by Article 6 of the^Gould-Huntington ’’ agreement.
It appears from the record, including evidence taken on the trial of the exceptions, that the systems of railroad companies made parties respectively to the jn’oposed arrangement, had each a through and complete line of communication, absolutely independent of each other, except as hereafter stated, from El Paso to Galveston, and from El Paso to New Orleans, the points of traffic for which the earnings of the contracting parties were to be divided. Prom El Paso to New Orleans the Texas and Pacific, plaintiff herein, liada continuous line of communication of itself, and from El Paso to Galveston, its means of communication were by its own line from El Paso to Minóla, and thence by the International and Groat Northern Railroad Company, connecting with the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railway Company, two of the companies controlled and represented by Jay Gould.
The communication of the Southern Pacific, defendant herein, between El Paso and Galveston was by means of the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway Company and the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railway Company, and its means of communication between El Paso and New Orleans were through the lines of the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio, the Texas and New Orleans, the Louisiana. Western and the Morgan’s Louisiana and Texas Railway Companies, all then controlled by Huntington and now parts of the Southern Pacific system . The only parcels or portions of the through lines between either of the three points of traffic, used in common by the two systems, are a line of ninety miles east of El Paso and a short line between Galveston and Houston, and the rights of the parties to the use of these two lines were secured in the agreement of November, 1881, in two separate and distinct stipulations outside, and entirely and safely independent of Article 6, now under discussion. There is no contention here as to the free exercise of that right.
Now, as at certain points, both in Texas and in Louisiana, it appears that the respective lines of the plaintiff’s and of the defendant’s systems
It cannot be doubted that shippers who desired, without the existence of the agreement contained in Article 6, to consign goods either from El Paso to New Orleans, or the reverse, or from Galveston to El Paso, or the reverse, had the option to select either of the two lines in accordance with the most favorable terms which he could obtain from either. He would then have had the advantage of the natural competition existing between the two rival S3stems. But under the effect of the arrangement now under discussion, the shipper could desire no advantage as a result of his choice between the two, as the terms would be the same with either or both.
It is, therefore, too clear for further argument or illustration that the first, the lasting and the inevitable result of the agreement to the public was to stifle competition, and as competition is the life of trade, the effect of the contract must necessarily and inevitably have been injurious to public interests, and hence it was contrary to public policy.
We have been at great pains, and have devoted long and tedious labor to examine all the authorities, consisting mainly of opinions rendered on this point by courts of last resort in this country, which were submitted to us by counsel in this case, and we reach the conclusion that American jurisprudence has firmly settled the doctrine that all contracts which have a palpable tendency to stifle competition, either in the market value of commodities or in the carriage or transportation of such commodities, are contrary to public policy, and are, therefore, incapable of conferring upon the parties thereto any rights which a court of justice can recognize or enforce. A reference to some of the leading and most pointed authorities on the subject may not be out-place in this opinion, noth withstanding its already formidable length.
In the case of Hooker vs. Vandewater, 4 Denio, p. 349, the court had to consider a contract between the proprietors of several lines of canal boats, who had agreed to establish fixed rates of freight and passage for a certain season and to divide the net earning's among themselves according to fixed rules. The attempt of one of the contracting parties to enforce the agreement against a recalcitrant member of the combination was discountenanced. True, the contract fell under the ban of a special statute of the State; but the court, nevertheless, took occasion to sane
• “It is a general proposition that an agreement to do an unlawful act cannot he supported at law — that no right of action can spring out of an illegal contract; and this rule applies not only when the contract is expressly illegal, hut whenever it is opposed to public policy, or founded on an in.nuual consideration — the maxim being evrturpi cansa non oritur actio.”
In the case of Stanton vs. Allen, 5 Denio, p. 434, the court refused its aid to enforce the payment of a promissory note growing out of transactions predicated on a similar contract, on the ground that such a contract cannot receive judicial sanction. We cull the following' language from that opinion : “Though the branch of the law relating to public policy is liable to bo misunderstood and extended beyond its proper dimensions, still it must not on that account be neglected or disparaged. The rule that contracts and agreements are void when contrary to public policy, when properly understood and applied, is one of the great preservative principles of a State.”
And referring to the case herein previously quoted,- the court said: “That decision being conclusive on the main point in the present case, I might have rested upon that authority alone, if I had not supposed that the occasion called for an opinion as to the legality of such an association upon the principles of the common law.”
In Ohio an association of salt manufacturers entered into a combination for the purpose of selling and transporting that commodity. The court refused its aid to enforce its conditions, saying among other things:
“ The clear tendency of such an agreement is to establish a monopoly, and to destroy competition in trade, and for that reason, on grounds of public policy, courts will not aid in its enforcement. It is no answer to say that competition in the salt trade was not in fact destroyed, or that the price of the commodity was not unreasonably advanced. Courts will not stop to inquire as to the degree of injury inflicted upon the public ; it is enough to know that the inevitable tendency of such contracts is injurious to the public.” Salt Company vs. Guthrie, 35 Ohio, 666.
The doctrine finds additional support and sanction from the following authorities:
Gibbs vs. Baltimore, 130 U. S., p. 408, in which the court took occasion to set down a rule peculiarly applicable to pooling arrangements between competing railroad companies, which are universally recognized and treated in jurisprudence as quasi public corporations. The
“Hence, while it is justly urged that those rules which say that a given contract is against public policy should not be arbitrarily extended so as to interfere with the freedom of contract * * *, yet in the instance of business of such character that it presumably cannot be restrained to any extent whatever without prejudice to the public interest, courts decline to enforce or sustain contracts imposing such restraint, however partial, because in contravention of public policy.”
See also: Woodstock Co. vs. Extension Co., 129 U. S., 644; Morris vs. Barclay, 68 Pa. State, 173; Arnot et al. vs. Canal Co., 68 N. Y., 558; Craft vs. McConoughty, 79 Ill., 346 (22 Am. Reports, 71); Morrill vs. R. R. Co., 55 N. H., 537; Jackson vs. McLean, 36 Federal Reporter, 213; Santa Clara vs. Hayes et al., 18 Pacific Reporter, 392; Hamilton’s note, 15 Federal Reporter, p. 667.
We are referred by plaintiff’s counsel to several authorities which are quoted as antagonizing the views which we have adopted in this opinion. But we have not found any decisions emanating from American courts of last resort which have enforced or recognized any rights flowing from a contract which had a tendency to stifle competition in trade, or in the business of common carriers, or which were for other or similar reasons contrary to public policy. The adjudications which have sustained contracts assailed on similar grounds are predicated on facts which removed each particular case from the operation of the rule, for the simple reason that “cases must be judged according to their circumstances, and can only be rightly judged when the reason and grounds of the rule are carefully considered.” 20 Wal., 64, 68.
Under our own system, the doctrine is not only sanctioned by judicial authority, but it has been specially incorporated in our code, in its wide range of remedies for wrongs and enforcement of rights.
Article 1893 reads: “An obligation without a cause, or with a false or unlawful cause, can have no effect.”
Article 1895 provides: “ The cause is unlawful when it is forbidden by law, when it is contra bonos mores (contrary to moral conduct) or to public order.”
In the case of Firemen’s Association vs. Berghans, 13 Ann., 209, the principle was formulated thus: “When a contract belongs to a class which is reprobated by public policy, it will be declared void, although in that particular instance no injury to the public may have resulted.”
The case of the India Bagging Co. vs. Kock, 14 Ann., 168, involved an attempt to judicially enforce one of the conditions of an association
“ This is a case which ought never to have come before us. The agreement between the parties was palpably and unequivocally a combination in restraint of trade, and to enhance the price in the market of an article of prime necessity to cotton planters. Such combinations are contrary to public order, and cannot he enforced in courts of justice.”
See also: Glasscock vs. Wells, 23 Ann. 517; Cummings vs. Saux, 30 Ann. 207.
Our ruling on this point is fortified in a double panoply, furnished by civil as well as common law authorities.
Plaintiff’s counsel, however, make the point that were they to concede, for the sake of argument that the contract sued on might he against public policy, yet in so far as it has been executed, plaiutiffs are entitled to recover.
The argument is predicated mainly on the fact that from month' to month, between November, 1884, and March, 1887, the defendant liad executed its obligation under the contract by submitting reports of its earnings, by which it appeared that it was indebted to plaintiff in the sum of $350,717 78, and that by pleading a peremptory exception, the defendant admitted an additional indebtedness on the same basis, of $200,000.
A proper understanding of the considerations which underlie our conclusions herein previously announced affords a ready answer to this con tent-ion.
The rule is that no effect can ho given to a contract reprobated by law, or contrary to public policy — and hence courts cannot lend their aid even to secure an otherwise fair division of the results of an illegal contract between tlie parties thereto.
In cases like the present, in refusing to enforce the stipulations of a contract which has the palpable tendency to stifle competition, or to create or foster a monopoly, courts •will not go to the extent of decreeing the nullity of the contract sued on, but they simply abstain from dealing with it, or from discussing any of its effects as between the parties. On ascertaining that the building is infested with the disease of illegality, the judge simply refuses to enter its portals,-and he retires without incurring contact with any of. its inmates, and without attempting to examine into, or to rectify, any rights or wrongs which may exist between the inmates of the polluted household. ITe leaves them quietly
It is on this principle that hy far the greater number of the decisions here in above quoted were grounded.
In the case of Gibbs vs. Baltimore Gas Co., 130th U. S., p. 396, the court refused its aid to a party who claimed a stipulated commission for having negotiated a favorable contract for the gas company, on the ground that the contract was illegal.
The court expounded the general principle as follows : “ The rule of law is of universal operation, that none shall, by the aid of a court of justice, obtain the fruits of an unlawful contract.”
There is no conflict between the law of that case, and the legal conclusions announced in the case of Brooks vs. Martin, 2 Wallace, p. 70, on which plaintiff’s counsel mainly ground their hopes of success on this point.
Brooks and Martin li ad forailed a partnership for speculation in soldiers land warrants, which had been forbidden by an Act of Congress. Brooks who had the exclusive management of the firm’s business, acting as the agent of his co-partner, subsequent^ bought out the latter’s interest in the concern. To a suit brought by Martin to avoid the sale on the ground of fraud on the part of Brooks, the illegality of the original dealings of the firm was pleaded. But the court held that the illegality of the original contract was not a bar to Martin’s recovery, as his claim did not involve the nature of said contract. The following clear distinction between a cause of action on the original contract, and that on the rescission of a sale tainted with fraud, is a fair answer to plaintiff's reliance on that case.
“We have no doubt that the traffic was illegal. Undoubtedly the main object of the act of February 11, 1847,'was to protect the soldier against improvident contracts of the, precise character of those developed in this record. * * * If a soldier who had thus sold his claim to Brooks, Field & Co. had refused to perform his contract, or to do any act which was necessary to give them the full benefit of their purchase, no court would have compelled him to do it, or given them any relief against him. And if they had, by any such means, got possession of the land warrant or scrip of a soldier, no court would have refused, in a proper suit, to compel them to deliver up such land warrant or scrip to the soldier. Or if Brooks, after signing these articles of partnership had said to Martin, “ I refuse to x>roceed with this partnership, because the purpose of it is illegal,” Martin would have been entirely without remedy. If, on the other hand, he had said to Martin, “■ I have bought
This is precisely the legal attitude occupied by the parties in this controversy.
In an illegal contract, the defendant herein had agreed and covenanted to pay over to plaintiff any pool balance to which the latter was entitled under the arrangement to divide their joint earnings in the traffic between El Paso and Galveston, and that between New Orleans and El Paso. It has acknowledged the existence of such a balance; hut when called on to deliver the same, it refuses, and sets up the illigality of the contract under which it was obtained. The answer of the court must he that plaintiff, urging a claim based exclusively on an illegal contract, is without remedy.
Having concluded that the contract sued on was illegal as 'contrary to public policy, we see no necessity to discuss the two other grounds of exception set up by the defendant.
Judgment affirmed.
