85 N.E.2d 379 | Ohio | 1949
Lead Opinion
The sole question presented is whether, under the facts above stated, machinery, equipment and supplies, purchased by the appellant for the performance of its contract with the power company and upon which purchases the taxes in question were assessed, were used or consumed directly in the production for sale of coal by mining, as the word, "sale," is used and defined in Section 5546-1, General Code.
If appellant produced coal for sale by mining, within the meaning of the Sales and Use Tax Acts, then there is no sales or use tax assessable on the purchase of the machinery, equipment and supplies used and consumed by appellant directly in so producing and mining such coal because, in such case, the tax statutes expressly except from taxation the purchase of such machinery, equipment and supplies.
Section 5546-1, General Code, defines the term, "retail sale," and sets forth the tax exception claimed in this case. The excepting portion of the statute is as follows:
" 'Retail sale' and 'sales at retail' include all salesexcepting those in which the purpose of the consumer is * * *to use or consume the thing transferred directly *240 in the production of tangible personal property for sale by * ** mining including * * * the extraction from the earth of all substances which are classed geologically as minerals * * *." (Italics supplied.)
Since a similar provision in Section 5546-25, General Code, excepts like transactions from use-tax assessments, it will not be necessary, in this opinion, to further refer to that tax.
The crux of the controversy in this case is the interpretation to be given to the term, "sale," as used in the sales-tax statute and as applied to the delivery to the power company of the coal produced by mining. If the transaction does not constitute a "sale" of the coal as defined by the statute, there is no exception from the tax on the purchase of the machinery, equipment and supplies used and consumed in the production and delivery of the coal to the power company. Whether the appellant was engaged in mining coal for sale depends upon the language of a part of Section 5546-1, General Code, and its proper interpretation. The pertinent part of the section defining a sale is as follows:
" 'Sale' and 'selling' include all transactions whereby title or possession, or both, of tangible personal property, is or is to be transferred * * * for a consideration in anymanner, whether absolutely or conditionally, * * * and by any means whatsoever; and includes the production or fabrication oftangible personal property for a consideration for consumerswho furnish * * * the materials used in the production or fabrication work * * *." (Italics supplied.)
The Board of Tax Appeals affirmed the assessments and found that there was no exception from taxes on the grounds that the transactions involving the purchase of the machinery, equipment and supplies which were used and consumed in the mining and delivery of the power company's own coal to it, did not transfer *241 any title to the power company; that the appellant was not given such possession of the coal as is contemplated by the statute; and that the transactions therefore did not constitute a "sale" under the terms of the statute. The appellant admits that the coal produced and prepared by it was not sold to the power company in a manner within the usually accepted meaning of the word, "sale," where title passes to the transferee, but contends that the definition of the term, "sale," clearly includes the transactions of appellant in mining and delivering possession of the coal to the power company for a price, in connection with which the tax in this case was assessed on the purchase of machinery, equipment and supplies used and consumed in the mining and the production of the coal; and that the decision of the Board of Tax Appeals was unlawful.
It is a well settled principle of law that where a statute defines terms used therein, which are applicable to the subject matter affected by the legislation, such definition controls in the application of the statute. 59 Corpus Juris, 1040, Section 617. See Wray's Pharmacy, Inc., v. Lee,
Therefore, under the statute, a "sale" to be subject to tax does not necessarily require a transfer of title from a seller to a purchaser, but includes all transactions whereby possession of tangible personal property is transferred for a consideration in any manner and by any means whatsoever and includes (after the production for a price or consideration of tangible personal property) the delivery of possession of such property by the producer to a consumer thereof, even *242 though such consumer has, in the first instance, furnished to the producer either directly or indirectly the materials necessary for such production.
This construction of the statute is in harmony with the construction given it by the Department of Taxation as reflected in Rule 38 adopted by the department, which rule relates to "production and fabrication." As applicable in the instant case, the rule reads as follows:
"The definition of 'sale' and 'selling' includes the production or fabrication of tangible personal property * * * for a consideration. Any change in the form or substance of tangible personal property so as to create a new article of tangible personal property, or any substantial alteration of the form or shape of an existing article of tangible personal property, wherein the material is furnished by either party, shall constitute a production or fabrication under the provisions of this rule. Such production or fabrication charges are sales and are subject to the tax. * * *
"Examples of charges on which the tax is based are: A printing charge by a printer for the printing of printed matter, whether the stock or other material is furnished by the consumer or by the printer; a tailoring charge for the tailoring of a suit, whether the cloth is furnished by the tailor or the consumer; a charge for the fabrication of steel, regardless of who furnishes the steel to be fabricated * * *."
This leads us first to consider whether there was a production of tangible personal property by appellant frommaterials furnished by the power company. Clearly there was a production of coal by mining. Section 5546-1, General Code, refers to and recognizes the "production" of coal by mining. However, the Tax Commissioner contends that the power company did! not furnish the "materials used" in such production, within the meaning of the statute; that it did not furnish *243 "tangible personal property" but real estate in the nature of coal in place; and that real estate cannot be regarded as "materials used."
We think that such interpretation lacks rationality and reasonableness and is too limited for practical application.
Although the power company owned the land upon which the coal was located, the contract between the power company and the appellant to mine, crush and load the coal on cars provided for a severance of the coal from the land or real estate and, to all intents and purposes, effected a constructive severance from the real estate.
Although land and minerals in place upon or beneath the land are real property even though separately owned, the minerals become personal property immediately upon severance. Ross,Aud., v. Short Creek Coal Co.,
The word, "materials," is not defined by the statute. It is defined by Webster as "the substance * * * of which anything is composed or may be made." It is defined by the Century dictionary as "consisting of matter; of a physical nature; component or contributory matter or substance; that of or with which any corporeal thing is or may be constituted, made, or done; as, the materials of the soil or of disintegrated rocks."
The "materials" from which tangible personal property is produced depends upon the character of the personal property so produced. In other words, the only "materials" from which crushed coal can be produced *244 is the raw material represented by coal in place. The basis for the contention of the Tax Commissioner would be eliminated if the coal had been simply loosened from its position, even though it still lay in the pit. It seems to the court that this claimed difference is fictitious and unworthy of consideration as affecting the rights of the parties or as affecting the taxing power of the state. To hold that "materials" may not arise from earth-formed substances would be to say that standing trees which are cut and from which lumber is sawed are not "materials" from which tangible personal property in the form of lumber can be produced; or that raw petroleum taken from the earth is not "materials" from which tangible personal property in the form of petroleum products can be produced by refining; or that iron ore in place is not "materials" from which tangible personal property in the form of iron and steel can be produced; or that clay mined from the ground is not "materials" from which tangible personal property in the form of bricks or building materials can be produced. The very fact that the same statute which defines a "sale" for tax purposes excepts from such tax a sale of articles used and consumed in the "production of tangible personal property for sale by * * * mining including * * * the extraction from the earth of all substances which are classed geologically as minerals" is constructive evidence of a legislative intent to include minerals in place as materials from which such production of tangible personal property for sale may be made.
In the second place, the Tax Commissioner contends that there was no such transfer of possession of the coal from the appellant to the power company, as is contemplated by the statute, in order to satisfy the statutory definition of "sale." This contention is based largely on the fact that the ownership of the *245 coal was at all times in the power company. However, when materials are placed by the owner in the hands of another to produce or fabricate a new and different product for the owner, all the transfer of possession necessary as an element of "sale" under the statute is the return of the property in its new form enhanced by increment and in value and made suitable for the purposes of the owner. The adequacy of such a transfer of possession was recognized by the Department of Taxation in the illustrations appended to Rule 38 and hereinbefore quoted.
The Board of Tax Appeals cited and relied upon the case ofPiper v. Glander, Tax Commr.,
In the opinion of this court the transactions between the power company and the appellant constituted a "sale" of tangible personal property, under the statute, subject to the sales tax to the extent of the increment *246 or enhanced value of the coal by the operations of the appellant, unless otherwise excepted, and since the transactions constitute a "sale," the purchase of the machinery, equipment and supplies used and consumed by the appellant in the production of the coal by mining is excepted from the sales and use taxes.
Ordinarily and usually, to be excepted from the sales tax, the purchase of tangible personal property used and consumed in the production of other tangible personal property for sale must be of such property used, consumed and incorporated into and made a constituent part of the personal property so produced for sale. However in this case that is not required because of the special exception of the purchase of property used and consumed "directly in the production of tangible personal property for sale by * * * mining including * * * the extraction from the earth of all substances which are classed geologically as minerals * * *." See Section 5546-1 and paragraph 11, Section 5546-2, General Code; Bailey v. Evatt,Tax Commr.,
The decision of the Board of Tax Appeals is reversed, and judgment is entered in favor of the appellant.
Decision reversed.
MATTHIAS, STEWART and TURNER, JJ., concur.
WEYGANDT, C. J., and ZIMMERMAN, J., dissent.
Dissenting Opinion
I concur in the first four paragraphs of the syllabus. I also concur in the fifth paragraph of the syllabus, except to the extent that it recognizes the sale of what would be commonly *247 considered capital equipment as excepted from sales and use taxes.
In addition to the questions discussed in the majority opinion, I believe there is also in this case the question as to whether appellant's purpose was "to use or consume" the various items, for the sale of which tax exception was sought, "directly in the production" within the meaning of the words of the portion of Section 5546-1, General Code, quoted at the beginning of the majority opinion. The problem is one of determining what the General Assembly intended by the language which it used. In making that determination the language should be given its ordinary and usual meaning.
The word "use" standing alone may have a very broad meaning. Property may be used directly in the production of other property even though that is not its only use. The General Assembly probably did not intend to except from sales tax in such an instance. A much more complete use must have been contemplated. If the word "use" is given a meaning analogous to the meaning of "consume" its broad meaning would be greatly limited. For example such a restricted meaning might be given by saying that there must be an exclusive use (See Dye Coal Co.
v. Evatt, Tax Commr.,
Some of the property for the sale of which sales-tax exception is sought in the instant case is what is commonly referred to as capital equipment.
Where certain raw materials are incorporated into a finished product, there is no question that those raw materials are consumed or used up directly in production. As a result their full cost is considered as a part *248 of the cost of that product. On the other hand, capital equipment is not consumed as that word is generally understood. It may be used up in the production of tangible personal property but it takes a relatively long time before it ceases to be usable in such production. As a result its full cost is not usually considered as a part of the cost of producing particular items of tangible personal property. Instead an estimate is made as to the length of the useful life of an item of capital equipment used in such production and only a portion of its total cost is included as a part of the cost of producing such items of tangible personal property.
Under this statute, the "purpose of the consumer" is to determine whether the sales tax shall be collected. Obviously the tax collector, in administering the sales-tax statutes, can be concerned conveniently with that purpose only at the time of sale. At that time it is usually easy to determine for all time whether "the purpose of the consumer is * * * to use or consume" certain raw materials "directly in the production of tangible personal property." On the other hand, the consumer may clearly have such a purpose with regard to capital equipment, but there is no way of knowing whether that purpose will change before its useful life of several years has passed. It may be argued that, if it does change, the tax collector could then seek to collect tile sales tax. However, this requires either constant checks of the buyer's intent or recurrent reports of that intent by the buyer. Furthermore, is the buyer to be liable for the full sales tax if the purpose changes after the useful life of the equipment is practically over?
In view of the meaning often given to the word "direct" in cost accounting practice, it is doubtful whether capital equipment could ever be said to be used or consumed "directly" in production. *249
The obvious purpose of this exception in the definition of "retail sale" was "to avoid a species of double taxation." SeeBailey v. Evatt, Tax Commr.,
If that was the purpose, then it would appear that the General Assembly had in mind property used up in the production of property the sale of which would be taxed. It would be unreasonable to believe the General Assembly had in mind capital equipment which might not be used up for ten or twelve years. The word "directly" lends weight to this conclusion as does the word "consume" even though the latter word is used in the disjunctive with the word "use."
It should be noted that this court in Dye Coal Co. v. Evatt,Tax Commr., supra, France Co. v. Evatt, Tax Commr.,
It is my conclusion that the intention which the General Assembly expressed by the language which it used was an intention to have this exception in the definition of "retail sale" apply only to raw materials and to other property which would be used up or consumed in production in a relatively short time, but not to what is commonly known as capital equipment.
For the foregoing reasons, I believe that the decision of the Board of Tax Appeals was correct so far as it related to items of capital equipment.