Case Information
*1 Before K ANNE , S YKES , and H AMILTON , Circuit Judges . S YKES , Circuit Judge
. Terry Davis, an Indiana prisoner, sued two prison guards alleging that they punched him repeatedly, put him in a chokehold, and placed a plastic bag over his head—all gratuitously and thus in violation of his rights under the Eighth Amendment. A district judge en- tered summary judgment for the defendants, holding that Davis had not exhausted his administrative remedies as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). We vacate and remand for further proceedings. The evidence in the summary-judgment record does not clearly show that Davis failed to exhaust available adminis- trative remedies.
I. Background
Grievances by Indiana prisoners proceed in three steps. The inmate must (1) attempt informal resolution; (2) file a formal grievance; and (3) file an administrative appeal. I ND . D EP ’ T OF C ORR ., M ANUAL OF P OLICIES & P ROCEDURES (“IDOC ANUAL OF P OLICIES & P ROCEDURES ”), No. 00-02-301, §§ V, XIII, XIV (July 2012), http://www.in.gov/idoc/files/00 -02- 301__Grievance_Procedure_1-01-10.pdf. [1]
The first step requires the inmate to raise his complaint with an appropriate staff member as defined in the written policy. Id. § XIII(A). If the matter cannot be resolved infor- mally, the inmate must submit a formal grievance. A griev- ance may be returned unprocessed if it does not comply with certain criteria in the written policy , including a rule against using the regular grievance process to avoid special- ized procedures for disputing disciplinary sanctions or “ ” decisions like facility transfers, bed assign- ments, and changes in security levels. See id. §§ V(B)(5–6), XIV(A), (B)(5–6). If a grievance is returned unprocessed, however, the inmate must be told “why the form was re- turned and how it may be corrected.” Id. § XIV(B). The prisoner then has five working days to correct the identified deficiencies and resubmit the form. Id. As relevant here, the grievance policy makes no mention of a requirement to notify Internal Affairs and does not authoriz e an administra- tive appeal of a refusal to process a grievance.
Davis filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that two corrections officers —David Mason and Blake Thrasher—assaulted him, unprovoked, on January 5, 2014, leaving him with two black eyes, broken teeth, and possibly a broken nose. In the days immediately following the alleged assault, Davis tried several times to submit grievances complaining about this incident, but none were processed. He filed the first one on January 10, five days after the incident. The grievance coordinator received this filing on January 15 and that same day sent Davis a “Return of Griev- ance” form saying that she would not process it. The return form contains a list of boilerplate reasons for refusing to process a grievance. The coordinator checked two boxes: (1) the grievance could not be processed because it raised a “[c] lassification … issue or action” and (2) was “not com- pletel y filled out. ” The grievance coordinator did not identi- fy the “ classification ” issue or explain what was missing from Davis’s filing . Rather, she instructed Davis “to contact Internal Affairs in this matt er.”
Davis promptly resubmitted his grievance, but o n January 23 the coordinator again sent him a Return of Griev- ance form. This time she did not check the box rejecting the grievance as incomplete. As before, however, she checked the box indicating that the grievance concerned an unidenti- fied “ ” issue. And she again wrote that Davis needed to contact Internal Affairs “for an investigation.” Finally, the coordinator cryptically instructed him to contact his “unit team for the separate[] issue.”
On March 7 Davis tried a third time to submit a formal grievance regarding the assault. The grievance coordinator sent him another Return of Grievance form, this one indicat- ing that the grievance was “too late” and again asserting that Davis needed to contact Internal Affairs. Davis resubmitte d the grievance a few days later with the same outcome, except this time the return form omitted the instruction to contact Internal Affairs . Instead, the coordinator indicated that although she was returning Davis’s latest grievance because he “failed to file it in a timely manner, ” she would forward a copy to Inter nal Affairs “because of the serious- ness of your complaint.”
The administrative trail ends there. Davis thereafter filed suit against Mason, Thrasher, and 12 other corrections officials . The judge screened the complaint and dismissed the claims against the other 12 defendants, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, and Davis does not challenge that decision. Mason and Thrasher answered the complaint, asserting (among other defenses) that Davis failed to exhaust administrative remedies. At the judge’s invitation, they moved for summary judgment on the exhaustion defense. They did not object to Davis’s failure to seek an informal resolution before sub- mitting his formal grievanc es. Nor did they assert that Davis could have, but did not, pursue an administrative appeal after the grievance coordinator refused to process each of his grievances. Rather, they argued that Davis did not file a proper grievance and, when given the chance, did not remedy the shortcomings in his submissions.
As evidentiary support the officers submitted the Return of Grievance forms and a declaration from the grievance coordinator. The coordinator’s declaration sheds no further light on what was missing from Davis’s grievances. Nor does it identify the “ ” issue or explain why talking to Internal Affairs was a precondition to having a grievance processed. The officers did not introduce Davis’s four grievances to give context to the coordinator’s return forms, and they have not contradicted Davis’s contention that his grievances—his only copies, he says—were not sent back to him with the return forms.
Davis countered that the return forms themselves con- firm that he made a good- faith effort to submit a grievance. He also argued that Internal Affairs “refused to take the matter at hand seriously, ” but he did not say when he first contacted Internal Affairs. The judge accepted the officers ’ contention that Davis’s grievances were inadequate and entered judgment in their favor on nonexhaustion grounds. This appeal followed.
II. Discussion
Davis argues that the grievance process was made una- vailable to him by the grievance coordinator’s refusal to process his grievances. He points out that she gave him scant or no explanation of the perceived shortcomings in his grievances, and she did not tell him how to fix them. And she inexplicably insisted that he should talk to Internal Affairs instead.
The officers respond by arguing that Davis waived any claim that the grievance process was made unavailable to him by the mixed or unexplained signals from the grievance coordinator. Waiver aside, they insist that administrative remedies remained available to him. Finally, in a new argu- ment on appeal, the defendants contend that the grievance coordinator’ s instruction to contact Internal Affairs was “simply one step in the administrative grievance process,” i.e., part of the initial step of trying to informally resolve an issue.
To begin, we reject the officers ’ assertion that Davis waived any argument about the unavailability of the griev- ance procedure. It was not Davis’s burden to establish that the grievance process was unavailable; it was the officers ’ burden to show that Davis did not exhaust available reme- dies. See Pyles v. Nwaobasi , 829 F.3d 860, 864 (7th Cir. 2016); King v. McCarty , 781 F.3d 889, 893 (7th Cir. 2015).
T he officers did not meet their burden. First, to the extent that they now argue that contacting Internal Affairs was a normal part of the informal-resolution step, the record shows otherwise. The grievance coordinator never marked the checkbox on the return form identifying a failure to attempt an informal resolution as one of the reasons she returned Davis’s grievance. Nor did she attest in her declara- tion that she rejected Davis’s grievances because he did not try to resolve th e matter informally. So this argument is both new on appeal and lacks evidentiary support.
Moreover, the grievance policy makes no mention of Internal Affairs in describing the informal -resolution pro- cess. It says only that the inmate should discuss the issue with the “ staff member responsible for the situation ”—here, the two officers — or other specifically identified staff mem- bers. See IDOC ANUAL OF P OLICIES & P ROCEDURES , § XIII(A). The procedure also explains that an “Executive Assistant” may “ require the offender to talk to several people to attempt an informal resolution, ” id. , but the grievance coor- dinator has never claimed that she was invoking this author- ity. In fact, she attests that her role was limited to screening grievances at the second step of the grievance process. If her role was broader than she states, or if an authorized executive assistant told Davis to speak with Internal Affairs, the officers made no effort to establish this at summa ry judgment.
Second, the grievance coordinator kept rejecting Davis’s grievances based on his purported noncompliance with unannounced or unexplained requirements. See Hill v. Snyder , 817 F.3d 1037, 1040 (7th Cir. 2016). Administrative remedies may be effectively unavailable if prison officials “erroneously inform an inmate that the remedy does not exist or inaccurately describe the steps he needs to take to pursue it.” Pavey v. Conley , 663 F.3d 899, 906 (7th Cir. 2011) (recognizing that the grievance process may be unavailable if prison authorities mislead a prisoner into believing that participating in an internal- affairs investigation will fulfill the grievance requirement); see also Ross v. Blake , 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1860 & n.3 (2016) (explaining that interference with a prisoner’s use of the proper grievance procedure by mislead- ing a prisoner makes the administrative process unavaila- ble).
As we’ve explained, the evidence at summary judgment does not support a conclusion that the grievance coordinator was authorized to demand that Davis contact Internal Affairs . By doing so, she was imposing on him a completely new rule. Adding to the confusion, her unexplained insist- ence that his grievance involved a classification issue sent mixed signals about which course Davis should take. See Swisher v. Porter C ty. Sheriff ’s Dep’t , 769 F.3d 553, 555 (7th Cir. 2014). Checking the “ ” box might have meant that Davis needed to take another step to fil e a formal griev- ance or that he was using the wrong process. And the griev- ance coordinator did not elaborate on how Davis could fix any of these perceived shortcomings. The grievance policy specifically required her to explain “how [the form] may be corrected.” See IDOC ANUAL OF P OLICIES & P ROCEDURES , § XIV(B).
When the record is viewed in the light most favorable to Davis, a reasonable fact finder could conclude that he did all that was required of him yet was prevented from filing his grievance because of the mixed or improper instructions from the grievance coordinator. It’s worth repeating that he had no way to contest her refusal to process his grievance. The policy specifies that staff should “deny” grievances that concern a “non-grievable” issue. See id. § V(B). Inmates may appeal the denial of a grievance. See id. § XIV(E). But the policy does not provide for an appeal from a refusal to process a grievance. See Hill , 817 F.3d at 1040 (explaining that the Indiana grievance policy does not provide for appeals of unprocessed grievances); see also Small v. Camden County , 728 F.3d 265, 273 (3d Cir. 2013) (exhaustion did not require appealing a “non-decision” where such an appeal was not provided in the prison’s procedures).
Because the record permits the conclusion that Davis did as much as the grievance policy required of him, summary judgment on nonexhaustion grounds was improper. We V ACATE the judgment and R EMAND for further proceedings.
[1] This policy was updated effective April 5, 2015, but the older policy governs this case.