423 F.2d 613 | 4th Cir. | 1970
Lead Opinion
The question presented by this school case is whether Iredell County has established a unitary school system. We think that a unitary system has been substantially achieved, and affirm the decision of the district court.
The situation in the Iredell County school system is as follows: There are 18 schools in the system. All of these schools, except Unity Elementary School, are fully integrated at present. There are 9,647 students in the system of which 1,802 (23 percent) are black and 7,845 (77 percent) are white. The system
There is only one flaw in the unitary system adopted and already implemented by the school board: Unity School remains all black with 285 students.
The district judge found that the closing of Unity was not racially motivated but was instead based on these considerations: (1) Unity is only 200 yards from the Statesville city limits, is adjacent to a scrap metal salvage yard, and is located on an inadequately small site (12 acres); (2) six of the 26 rooms at Unity are of obsolete wooden construction and are not fireproof; (3) Unity is not well situated relative to major thoroughfares; (4) a new school is needed to serve an expanding suburban pop* ulation growth. It is urged upon us that the finding of the district judge is clearly erroneous. Appellants allege that the decision to close Unity was racially motivated because it arose out of a disinclination to put white pupils into a previously all-black school. This contention is not persuasive in light of the fact that the school board has already integrated Amity School, which was previously all-black and is now two-thirds white. There appears to have been no pattern of simply closing black schools because they have been black.
More difficult to justify than the closing of Unity is .the failure of the Board of Education to “pair” it with Cool Springs, Ebenezer and Wayside Schools for the 1969-70 school year. Again the district judge credited the noninvidious explanation of the board. Unity was not allowed to remain all black during the last year of its operation in order to perpetuate one or more all-white schools. Wayside and Cool Springs are “racially balanced,” i. e., the racial ratio among their students approximates that among all the students in the system, and Ebenezer has about half as many blacks as would be necessary for racial “balance.” Ebenezer and Wayside are overcrowded and could not accommodate students from Unity. Although Cool Springs is operating at less than full capacity, it is located ten miles from Unity and almost that far from Ebenezer and Wayside. Moving white students from these schools to Unity, as suggested by appellants, could result in more racial mixing, but not necessarily in proportion to the racial mix in the entire school population. Unity’s physical shortcomings have been described. Whether the Board of Education was motivated by valid educational considerations or by racial bias was an inference to be drawn from the facts by the district judge. In the context of the obvious good faith of the board and its effectiveness in otherwise completely disestablishing the former dual school system, we cannot say his decision was clearly erroneous.
It is true that absent reasonable effectiveness in disestablishing a segregated school system good intentions are of no avail. But here, in contrast to other cases we distinguish below, a remarkable degree of integration is now an accomplished fact. In all of the following cases, the challenge to the proposed plan of desegregation was directed to the inefficacy of freedom of choice.
We think it also significant that in none of the cases that hate previously come before, us has there been an HEW approved terminal plan for integration actually implemented and put into operation. Furthermore, Iredell’s terminal plan was adopted without prodding from the courts. That the Iredell County Board of Education has been responsible and conscientious in its efforts to achieve a unitary system is made plain by a letter inserted in the record from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office for Civil Rights, set out in the margin.
We decline to order the integration of Unity School now, refuse to enjoin the construction of East Elementary School, and find no basis for issuance of an injunction against discriminatory hiring and administrative practices.
Affirmed.
. 1969-70 1969-70 TEACHERS STUDENTS 1970-71 STUDENTS
SCHOOL GRADES N W N W TOTAL CAPACITY TOTAL N W
Amity 1-6 3 7 101 168 269 450 250 120 130
Brawley 1-6 j 1 5 16 140 156 210 155 10 145
Celeste-1-8 2 19 70 508 578 650 572 70 502
Henkel Central 1-8 14 48 373 421 575 445 45 400
Cool 1-8 15 70 397 467 700 307 70 237
Springs East 1-6 760 285 475
Ebenezer 1-6 9 20 239 259 270 260 14 246
Harmony 1-8 20 206 547 753 700 630 210 420
Monticello 1-8 22 74 584 658 600 630 50 580
Mt. Mourne 1-6 9 30 245 275 300 250 23 227
North 9-12 48 245 1055 1300 1200 1295 260 1035
Iredell Scotts 1-8 9 50 272 322 550 330 48 282
Sharon 1-6 7 15 210 225 240 211 18 193
Shepard 1-6 8 62 213 275 240 300 86 214
South 9-12 52 213 1203 1416 1300 1335 208 1127
Iredell Troutman 1-8 36 189 1010 1199 1400 1150 163 987
Union 1 — 8 13 28 351 379 650 388 26 362
Grove Unity 1-8 4 285 0 285 780 CLOSED
Wayside 1-6 12 80 333 413 330 235 72 163
. This fact leads appellants to contend that the question before us is not whether a unitary system has been effected but whether we may permit delay in achieving it until September 1970. So framed, the answer is obvious. We have read Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19, 90 S.Ct. 29, 24 L.Ed.2d 19 (1969), and Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, 396 U.S. 290, 90 S.Ct. 608, 24 L.Ed.2d 477 (1970), to mean that we no longer have authority to permit, regardless of the circumstances, delay in implementing a unitary system. Whittenberg v. School District of Greenwille County, 424 F.2d 195 (4th Cir., Jan. 26, 1970) (Petition for rehearing denied); Stanley v. Darlington County School District, 424 F.2d 195 (4th Cir., Jan. 26, 1970); Nesbit v. Statesville City Board of Education, 418 F.2d 1040 (4th Cir., Dec. 2, 1969).
. In some instances, e. g., Statesville and Durham County, zoning had accomplished integration for part of the system but freedom of choice remained ineffective as to the rest.
. “Jan. 28, 1970
“Mr. T. Ray Gibbs
Superintendent
Iredell County Schools
Box 709
Statesville, North Carolina 28677
“Dear Mr. Gibbs:
“Thank you for the cooperation extended to Mr. N. E. King of my staff during his visit to your administrative unit on January 22, 1970.
“His report indicates that the schools of Iredell County are currently being desegregated in accordance with the plan for desegregation submitted by you to the Office for Civil Rights on August 8, 1969, and approved on August 19, 1969, by Dr. I/loyd R. Headers on, Education Branch Chief, Office for Civil Rights in Washington. The plan commits your administrative unit to total desegregation of its schools by the opening of the 1970-71 school term and to certain interim desegregation measures during the 1969-70 school term.
“Mr. King reports that the administrative unit remains committed to the terminal date of 1970 and has met its responsibilities for carrying out the specified interim measures. You, your school board, and your staff are to be commended for the leadership you have shown in meeting the provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
“Mr. King also reports that the future status of the principal at Unity School is uncertain when Unity is merged into the new elementary school now being built. Please be advised that you must weigh the qualifications of all of your principals objectively as to education, experience, professional competence, and seniority when one is to be selected for a new school. Race may not be considered in promotion, demotion, or reduction in staff. The same standards apply to teachers when a school is phased out.
“If you encounter any problems which will affect the terminal date, please bring them to our attention promptly.
“Sincerely yours,
“Eloise Severinson, Ph. D.
“Regional Civil Rights Director”
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting):
In refusing to order the integration of Unity School the majority’s thesis is essentially that, since defendant has achieved substantial realization of a unitary school system, it should be rewarded for its good faith efforts to date by not requiring it now to do that which is presently feasible and presently required to bring it into greater compliance with the decisions of the Supreme Court and of this Court. This reasoning we emphatically reject. We dissent from each link in its chain.
Defendant’s legal obligation to achieve a unitary system arose in 1954 with the decision in Brown I (Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873), and its duty to proceed to that goal arose in 1955 with the advent of Brown II (Brown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294, 75 S.Ct. 753, 99 L.Ed. 1083). It did not begin to meet this obligation until 1964, when it instituted a freedom of choice plan. The majority concludes that, as a result of its efforts to date, Iredell County’s school system presently has “only one flaw in the unitary system adopted and already implemented.” The facts do not bear this out. Of the total school population of 9,647 students no less than 1,424— the 285 in Unity and 1,139 in Cool Springs, Ebenezer and Wayside — are attending grossly segregated schools. The black pupils are in totally black Unity School and a vastly disproportionate number of whites are in the three schools which the plaintiffs asked the Board to pair with Unity.
The majority frankly recognizes that the Board’s failure to pair Unity with Cool Springs, Ebenezer and Wayside Schools is “more difficult to justify than * * * [its] closing,” yet attempts to justify this failure by advancing the theory that “moving white students of these three schools to Unity, as suggested by appellants, could result in more racial mixing, but not necessarily in proportion to the racial mix in the entire school population.” This is an astounding line of reasoning.
Ebenezer’s ratio of white students to black is approximately 12 to 1, Wayside's is 4 to 1, and Cool Springs’ 5.7 to 1, while the ratio for the entire system is 3 white to 1 black. It seems to us plain enough that moving white students from these schools to Unity, which is being used below its capacity, would achieve a better
Despite the factors adverse to the retention of Unity as a permanent part of the system, the record shows that it has available, acceptable, unused capacity. Instead of desegregating Unity, as it was constitutionally obligated to do, the Board has taken extreme affirmative steps to avoid assigning white students to Unity, an all black school in a black neighborhood. White students are actually being bussed past the undercapacity Unity School a distance of four miles to the overcrowded Wayside School.
The Board’s insistence upon retention of Unity as an all black school for this year is prompted by nothing we perceive except reluctance to desegregate,
All of this leads us to conclude that the mandate “to eliminate dual school systems at once and to operate now and hereafter unitary schools” (emphasis supplied), announced in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19, 90 S.Ct. 29, 24 L.Ed.2d 19 (1969), reaffirmed in Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, 396 U.S. 290, 90 S.Ct. 608, 24 L.Ed.2d 477 (1970), and heretofore applied by us in Nesbit v. Statesville City Board of Education, 418 F.2d 1040 (4 Cir. 1969), and Stanley v. Darlington County School District, 424 F.2d 195 (4 Cir. 1970), is being violated. “Now” and “at once” are untempered by consideration of good faith. Those directions make the degree of accomplishment irrelevant. The only issue is what has not been done and what can be done now.
Finally, we dissent from the majority’s denial of relief with regard to discrimination in teacher employment. The majority declares that “there is no proof in the record of any discrimination in teacher employment.” On the contrary, although the HEW-approved plan of compliance provided that all employment and assignment of teachers was to be made without consideration of race, there was no faculty desegregation in 1965-66 and 1966-67. Some non-racial assignments were made in the ensuing years. However, the School Superintendent revealed that before the opening of the present school year, HEW determined the Board to be in non-compliance because it “had not adequately desegregated [the] faculty” and directed
. While the relief asked in the present suit focuses upon Unity School, it is important to note the racial imbalance that will persist in the system. In Brawley the Board projects for next year 10 black and 145 white; in Celeste Henkel 70 black and 502 white; in Central 45 black and 400 white; in Ebenezer 14 black and 246 white; in Monticello 50 black and 580 white; in Mt. Mourne 23 black and 227 white; in Sootts 48 black and 282 white; in Sharon 18 black and 193 white; and Union Chrove 26 black and 362 white. These figures eloquently attest the Board’s racial orientation, both past and present.
. We were advised at oral argument that in order to accommodate the Wayside overflow the Board went to the expense of acquiring mobile classrooms, which had recently been put into operation.
. Indeed, Board member Brown testified frankly that, in his opinion, Unity will be closed under the plan for the future because “it’s in a black community.” This bald statement also makes it most difficult to accept the district judge’s conclusion, now blessed by the majority, that the retention of Unity for 1969-70 and its closing thereafter were not racially motivated.
. While the majority pays lip service to Alexander v. Holmes, 396 U.S. 19, 90 S.Ct. 29 (1969), and Carter v. West Feliciana, 396 U.S. 290, 90 S.Ct. 608, 24 L.Ed.2d 477 (1970), and purportedly recognizes its lack of authority to delay implementing a unitary system “regardless of the circumstances,” it nevertheless sanctions the delay until next fall allowed by the district judge last November after the Supreme Court’s decision in Alexander.