Lead Opinion
*115 OPINION OF THE COURT BY
The three felony cases above entitled were by agreement consolidated for trial and were tried together in the circuit court resulting in the conviction of the defendant of the crime charged in each indictment. The trial was by the court without a jury in circumstances hereinafter set forth. Each case is before us upon writ of error. In this court the three were argued and submitted together. *116 The assignments of error, nineteen in number, are the same in eaeh case. Each assignment sets forth an alleged error in the court’s order denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. None is based upon objections or exceptions nоted during the trial. The motion for a new trial is based upon fifteen grounds. In the briefs of counsel the assignments of error are grouped under eight divisions. For convenience the assignments relied on will be considered here under the same grouping.
(1) Defendant’s point one is “that the cause should be reversed and a new trial directed by reason of the serious prejudice suffered by defendant in having had no reasonable opportunity to prepare for trial. (Assignments of Errors Nos. 1, 2 and 4.) ” Upon this point briefly summarized the record shows that the defendant Avas indicted November 9, 1933, and arraigned the folloAving day, at Avhich last named time and in the procеedings Avhich follOAved he was represented by counsel. Upon arraignment of defendant the latter’s counsel asked for one week in AAdiich to plead. This motion Avas opposed by the prosecuting attorney Avho asked that the plea be set for the folloAVing Tuesday, November 14,1933, Avith notice that he Avould then ask that the case be set for trial on Monday, November 20, 1933. Counsel for defendant then announced in effect that in aIcav of his daily professional engagements he Avould require more time than that to study the case and prepare for trial. Quoting from the transcript: “The court. The case is set next Tuesday at 9 o’clоck, for plea and Ave will take up the matter further at that time if more time is necessary.” When the case was called on the folloAving Tuesday morning counsel for defendant announced, “We are ready to enter a plea” and a plea of not guilty was entered in each case. The prosecuting attorney then, asked that the cases be set down for trial on the
*117
following Monday, November 20, 1933. Counsel for defendant again asked for more time, saying: “We have one week more. It is a very serious charge, upon which I had no way of ascertaining these 3 prosecuting witnesses and learn something of them. Defendant sаys he does not know who they may be.” The case was then set for trial at nine o’clock on the next Monday morning. At nine o’clock Monday, November 20, 1933, when the case was called for trial defendant’s counsel responded, “Ready for the defense.” The trial then proceeded to conviction. The record thus discloses that the only reasons stated to the court in support of counsel’s request for postponement were, on November 10, that counsel wanted time to study the case and to obtain evidence and that he had a case every day for the following week; and, on November 14, that he had no way оf ascertaining the three prosecuting witnesses and of learning something of them. Notwithstanding the court’s prior announcement (on November 10) that the matter of granting further time would be taken up at the time of plea, the excuse of prior engagements of counsel was not repeated, no other grounds for delay Avere advanced, no formal application or shoAving for continuance avus made, no exception was saved to the court’s ruling; and six days thereafter counsel responded “ready” as above set forth. In this jurisdiction no person prosecuted is entitled as of right to postpone the trial of аny indictment preferred against him; provided always that if the court before Avhich any person is indicted shall, upon the application of the person or otherwise, be of the opinion that he ought to he alloAved a further time to prepare for his defense the court may grant further time. This is specifically provided, among other things, by section 4069, R. L. 1925. As has been heretofore held by this court “the granting or refusal of a motion to continue a
*118
case is largely within the legal discretion of the trial court. Unless this discretion is abused, no reversible error can be predicated on its exercise.”
Irwin
v.
Lyman,
In the circumstances above rеcited no abuse of judicial discretion appears. Furthermore, by answering “ready” when the case was called for trial, counsel abandoned the excuses for delay which he had theretofore presented on two occasions. That response constituted a waiver of grounds theretofore urged for postponement. (See
State
v.
Smith
[Mo.], 59 S. W. [2d] 722;
Reed
v.
State
[Fla.],
No error appearing at the trial in the court’s refusal of a postponement upon the grounds above named, motion for new trial was therefore not sustainable upon the ground of said refusal. “Where the trial court was justified in refusing the application for a continuance, denial of a motion for a new trial because of such refusal is proper.” 4.6 C. J. 83.
(2) Defendant’s second point is “that the fact of defendant’s illness during the time intervening between indictment and trial and at the time of the trial, rendering the proper presentment of a defense impossible, should alone require a new trial. (Assignment of Error No. 3.) ” No showing of defendant’s illness, either mental or physical, either before or during the trial, was brought to the attention of the coiirt prior to the motion for a new trial filed November 29, 1933, and such illness was not made one of the grounds of defendant’s application for postponement. No error, therefore, was committed by the trial court in this respect prior to or during the course of the *119 trial. The physician’s affidavit in support of defendant’s motion for a new trial sets forth that the affiant examined the defendant on November 20 and found him to be “in a condition of extreme nervous collapse and hysteria” and affiant further expressed the opinion “that said Van Dalden would have been in no proper condition either to give evidence in a matter of importance to himself or another, or to effectively cooperate with an attorney in the matter of preparing for trial of any important case at any time when his condition might have been such as, or similar to, the condition in which affiant found him on November 2.0, 1933, as aforesaid.” Defendant’s attorney, in support of said motion for a new trial, deposed among other things that “in the short time intervening between the time of his employment and the trial of said cause, owing to the nervous excitement of the defendant, and to other causes, it was impossible for him to even interview said defendant relative to the merits of said cause, except on one occasion, on the Sunday immediately preceding the Monday on which said cause was tried, and that even at said time it was impracticable to adequately go over the matters and things involved with the defendant preparatory for said trial.” Defendant deposed to the same general effect. It is unnecessary to set forth more specifically the averments of the motion and affidavits. Except as to alleged newly discovered evidence, hereinafter discussed, the matters therein sought to be brought to the attention of the court on November 29 were known to the defendant on November 20, and were in effect then waived by him as grounds for a postponement as set forth in our foregoing discussion of point one, by his failure to make thеm a basis of his application for postponement and by his counsel’s response of “ready” as hereinabove related. For the reasons above stated no error appears in the refusal of *120 the trial court to grant a new trial on the ground set forth in defendant’s point two.
(3) Defendant’s point three is “that there should he a reversal and new trial for the purpose of receiving newly discovered evidence. (Assignments of Errors Nos. 10 and’ 11.) ” The newly discovered evidence alleged as above is that of Mrs. P. E. Cummings, referred to in paragraph XI of the motion for a new trial and in the affidavit of Mrs. P. E. Cummings in support thereof. Paragraph XI of the motion is as follows: “That there is newly discovered evidence which had not been discovered, and could not, with reasonable diligence have been discovered in the short time available for the preparation for the trial heretofore held herein, which evidence is relevant and material and will be available in the event a new trial is granted herein, and that in this connection there has been discovered since the trial heretofore had herein, and will be available in the event of a new trial, the evidence of a Mrs. P. E. Cummings, who will testify to the effect that her home is on Huene Street in Honolulu, and is dirеctly opposite the home of defendant herein, where the criminal act alleged in the indictment herein is claimed to have taken place on the night of October 15, 1933; that she was at her home throughout the day and night of October 15, 1933, and early morning hours of October IGth; that she was in a position to know, and does know, that the defendant left his home in the morning of said October 15, 1933; that he was absent therefrom throughout the entire day and throughout the hours of the night of October 15th, and that he did not return to his said home until approximately one o’clock in the early morning of October 16, 1933, and that he was not there at all, on’ or about midnight, and was nоt there at the time that witnesses for the prosecution have testified and that they came to his said *121 home and found him there; that said witness will further testify to the effect that she was in position to know, and does know, that aside from the defendant himself, returning to his home in the early hours of October 16, 1933, as aforesaid, no person or persons came to the home of said defendant in a taxi or in an automobile throughout that entire night, either before or after defendant’s return to his said home as aforesaid, contrary to the testimony of witnesses produced for the prosecution in the trial heretofore had herein, from which, togethеr with other evidence which will be available in the event of a new trial, it will appear that defendant was not, and could not have been, present at the time and place either alleged in the indictment herein, or shown by the evidence of the prosecution herein as the time and place at which the crime charged herein is alleged to have been committed, and that he did not, and could not have committed said crime, and that said witness will otherwise testify to matters and things corroborative of testimony which will be given by defendant himself and by others in the event a new trial is granted herein, showing defendant to be not guilty of the crime charged herein, and defendant asks that a new trial be granted herein so that newly discovered evidence may be received and considered. Defendant further asks leave to shoAv this court other newly discovered evidence Avhich Avill be available in the event of a neAV trial at the hearing to be had on this motion.”
At the trial the case Avas submitted at the close of the prosecution’s testimony. Three Avitnesses testified directly and positively to the commission by the defendant of the crimes charged. No eA'idence of alibi or any other defense Avas offered by the defendant nor Avas any. further time then asked in Avhich to obtain such evidence. No shoAving of due diligence to obtain such evidence Avas made
*122
in defendant’s affidavit in support of Ms motion for a new trial, defendant contenting Mmself in this respect with the above-quoted statement in his motion for a new trial to the effect that reasonable diligence in the circumstances set forth would have been unavailing, and his counsel’s affidavit: “In this connection, affiant alleges that although he used all reasonable diligence endeavoring to discover all available evidence prior to said trial, he did not discover or learn of, and is now for the first time learning of the evidence which will now bе available on defendant’s behalf from Mrs. P. E. Cummings, elsewhere referred to in the motion for new trial in support of which this affidavit is presented.” As was said by this court upon a similar showing in
Republic of Hawaii
v.
Carvalho,
Furthermore except as above stated no showing and no allegation whatever, either of diligence or of effort of any kind to secure evidence of an alibi other than that above referred to, appears in the record. “Where the unsuccessful party might, with reasonable diligence, have produced other testimony at the trial of the same character and to the same point as that alleged fo have been *123 newly discovered, a new trial should be refused.” 46 C. J. 245.
In denying defendant’s motion for a new trial the trial court said, with reference to the newly discovered evidence of Mrs. Cummings, above referred to: “Even if this testimony were before the court I do not believe it Avould change the result of the trial.” Quoting from
Commonwealth
v.
Dascalakis
(Mass.),
*124
(4) Defendant’s fourth point is “that there should be a reversal and new trial by reason of the prejudice suffered through the variance between indictment and proof. (Assignment of Error No. 5.)” The indictments charged the commission of offenses on October 15, 1933, and the proof was that they were committed after midnight of that day in the early morning hours of October 16. Defendant admits that time is not of the essence of the crimes charged but contends that the variance deprived defendаnt of properly presenting his defense by directing his attention to one time in the indictment and then proceeding with proof of the offense at another time on trial. That the variance Avas not inherently fatal, see
Territory
v.
Chung Nung,
(5) Defendant’s fifth point is “that there should be a reversal and neAV trial directed by this court by reason of the obvious and fatal prejudice suffered by defendant because of all of the circumstances" operating to his prejudice, and because of the combination of reasons indicating denials of right and infliction of prejudice, even though any one circumstance, ground or reason might alone be considered insufficient. (All Assignments of Errors.)” The circumstances referred to in this section have been considered seriatim in the foregoing discussion of the defendant’s points one to four inclusive. Repetí *125 tion Avould serve no useful end. No error there appearing this court is unable to say that prejudice appears because of the combination of circumstances therein set forth. Section 2536, R. L. 1925, as amended by Act 43, L. 1931, applies: “* * * no order, judgment or sentence shall be reversed or modified unless the court is of the opinion that error was committed which injuriously affected the substantial rights of the plaintiff in error.”
(6) Defendant’s points six, seven and eight are concerned Avith questions, (a) as to the procedure required by Act 36, L. 1931, to effect a Avaiver of jury in felony cases, (b) as to the validity or invаlidity of said Act 36, under section 83 of the Organic Act of this Territory and (c) as to the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of said Act 36. These points are here discussed in reverse order according to their more logical sequence in the brief of the Territory. Defendant’s eighth point is “that the judgments and sentences should be set aside in that defendant Avas denied his right to trial by jury, contrary to the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, and that Act 36 of the Session LaAvs of Hawaii for 1931, purporting to authorize a Avaiver of said right, is Afiolative of said provisions of the Constitution of the United States and is unconstitutional and void. (Assignments of Errors Nos. 16, 17 and 18.)”
The crime chаrged in each of the three indictments in the cases hoav under consideration is that denounced by section 4446, R. L. 1925, the penalty for Avhieh, provided by said last named section, is a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars and imprisonment at hard labor not more than twenty years. Section 4028, R. L. 1925, as amended by Act 36, L. 1931, provides as folloAVs: “The defendant in any criminal case other than a case in Avhieh the death penalty may be imposed may, Avith the consent *126 of the court, waive the right to a trial by jury either by written consent filed in court or by oral consent in open court entered on the minutes. Any case in which a trial by jury is waived as aforesaid may be tried by the court without a jury both as to the facts and the law, and when the trial shall have been had there shall be no further trial upon the facts, except upon the granting of a new trial according to law.”
Defendant claims that Act 36 above quoted is violative of Article III, section 2, clause 3 and of the sixth amendment of the Federal Constitution. The clause of Article III above referred to provides in part and so far as applicable as follows: “The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury * * *.” The sixth • amendment provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy thе right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.” Whatever doubt may have once existed as to the validity of a waiver by the defendant in a criminal case of the “right” referred to in the.sixth amendment or of trial by jury provided in Article III above quoted, is now dispеlled by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, dated April 14, 1930, in
Patton
v.
United
States,
Continuing, the court said: “But the question remains Avliether the court is empowered to try the case Avithout a jury; that is to say, Avhether Congress has vested jurisdiction to that end.” AnsAvering this latter question in the affirmative the opinion recites that the Constitution vests the judicial poAver of the United States in the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress might establish and that pursuant to this poAver Congress has conferred jurisdiction upon district courts “of all crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States.” Similar provisions exist in this Territory. In section 81 of the Organic Act it is provided “that the judicial poAver of the Territory shall be vested in one supreme court, circuit courts, and. in such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to time establish.” Section 2247, R. L. 1925, provides, among other things: “The several circuit courts shall have jurisdiction, subject to appeal and exceptions to the supreme court according to laAV, as folloAvs: First: Of all criminal offenses cognizable under the laAVS of the Territory, committed Within their respective circuits or transferred to them for trial by change of venue from some other circuit * * *.” Under the foregoing provision of our local laAV it appears that for *129 the reasons recited in the Patton case “a court is fully organized and competent for the transaction of business without the presence of a jury.” Upon reason and authority we conclude that in the circumstances above recited neither trial, jury waived, nor statute permitting the same violates either of the above-quoted provisions of the Constitution of the United States.
(7) Defendant’s seventh point is “that the judgments and sentences should be set aside for the reason that defendant was denied his right to trial by jury guaranteed by the provisions of the Organic Act, and that Act 36 of the Session Laws of Hawaii 1931 is violative of the provisions of said Organic Act and unconstitutional and void. (Assignments of Errors Nos. 14 and 15.)” Part of the claim thus made is merely a repetition of the claim of unconstitutionality made as set forth in the preceding section and therein disposed of. The rest of the claim may be disposed of more briefly. The provision of the Organic Act (§83) above referred to is as follows: “No person shall be convicted in any criminal case except by unanimous verdict of the jury.” Under Hawaiian law prior to annexation conviction in a criminal case was permitted by verdict of nine out of twelve jurors. (See
Republic of Hawaii
v.
Edwards,
(8) Defendant’s sixth point is “that the judgments and sentences of the court should be vacated and set aside by this court for the reason that the court was without jurisdiction in the premises and said judgments and .sentences are invalid, there having been no valid Avaiver of jury. (Assignments of Errors No. 14, 16, 17 and 18.)” The transcript shows that on Tuesday, November 14, 1933, after defendant’s plea of not guilty had been entered and the court had set the cases for trial on the following Monday morning, defendant’s counsel said: “Your honor, at this time we would like to Avaive a jury,” and the court resрonded: “Very well, if counsel desires to Avaive a jury, the court Avill hear the matter. Jury Avaived.” In the minutes of the clerk in this case, under date of November 20, 1933, Ave find the folloAving entry: “Trial. Jury Waived.” The minutes contained no other entry of oral consent in open court to trial without a jury and the record shoAvs no Avritten consent to such trial filed in court.
The question as to whether or not the facts above recited operate as a valid waiver of jury under Act 36, L. 1931, above quoted, is raised for the first time in the opening brief of defendant’s counsel. No objection or exception to the form of the Avaiver Avas noted during the trial of the case, it was not made one of the grounds of defendant’s motion for a new trial, nor was any assignment of error made with respect to it. Under his sixth point counsel for defendant now argues in effect (a) that there was no valid waiver of trial by jury, consent of counsel
*131
aloné being ineffective for that purpose and (b) that the purported absence of an entry of the waiver on the minutes likewise vitiated the waiver so as to deprive the court of jurisdiction. With reference to the contention herein-above restated as “a” the record and transcript read together sufficiently show the presence of the defendant at the timе of the oral waiver of jury by his counsel in open court. No repudiation of the waiver or claim of fraud in connection therewith is shown to have been made by the defendant personally. As was said in similar circumstances by the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts in the leading case of
Commonwealth
v.
Dailey,
The Indiana case, Brown v. State, supra, is differentiated from the present case by the facts. In that case the *132 defendant made affidavit that he was not consulted and did not know that he could object to the act of his attorney.' We are not confronted with similar facts and are not required to rule with reference thereto.
With reference to defendant’s contention “b” as above restated, it is noted that the record shows in fact a waiver of trial by jury consented to in open court, and that following the same an entry was made in the clerk’s minutes of “Trial. Jury Waived.” So far as the recоrd discloses the entry could have referred to no other circumstances than those above related. As nothing to the contrary appears it must be presumed that the clerk’s minute entry above quoted Avas predicated upon defendant’s oral consent through his counsel in open court to trial jury waived, above referred to. (See
Indianapolis Northern Traction Co.
v.
Brennan,
No error appearing in the record the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
QUALIFIED CONCURRING OPINION OF
If the majority opinion, in discussing the minute entry, had gone no further than to decide that it was sufficient to meet the requirements of the statute I would have unreservedly concurred in it. I do not, however, consider it necessary in the instant case to go further than this and decide what would be the effect of an insufficient minute entry. I therefore refrain from expressing my opinion on this latter subject.