Terrell v. City of Washington

158 N.C. 281 | N.C. | 1912

"WALKER, J.,

after stating the ease: The court, in addition to the instructions we have taken from the charge, told the jury that if the defendant set a pole in the ground which was unsound or unfit for use, or the defectiveness of which it could have ascertained at the time by the exercise of ordinary care, and also failed to brace or guy the pole, if the jury found that persons qf ordinary prudence used the guy or brace under such circumstances, they would answer the first issue, as to the defendant’s negligence, in the affirmative, provided they also found that the pole fell with the plaintiff, and its fall was caused directly and immediately by its unsoundness and the failure of defendant to brace the same, and that guys or braces were appliances which were approved and in general use for securing a pole like this one in a safe position. It is evident that the jury found, under the evidence and the instructions of the court, that the pole was originally defective, either to the actual or constructive knowledge of the defendant, and was not such a one as should have been used for the purpose to which it was applied.

We emphasize the foregoing instruction of the court and the fact found by the jury to distinguish this case in limine from those cited by the defendant’s counsel as authorities for his contention that the duty of inspection rested upon the plaintiff and not upon the defendant. We believe that they all hold that this principle does not apply if the pole was originally unsound and unfit for use, and that it is the duty of a telegraph or telephone or electric light company, when it selects a pole for use in its line, to inspect it for the purpose of ascertaining if it is sound and fit. By parity of reason the same is the duty and obligation of a city to its employees when it constructs and operates an electric light plant of its own, for it is not a public or governmental function, but a private and corporate duty, in the discharge of which the municipality will be held to the same degree of liability as an individual in like circumstances. Fisher v. New Bern, 140 N. C., 506.

But we are of the opinion that a city does not perform its whole duty by merely selecting a sound and safe pole in the beginning, but it must, by proper and reasonable inspection, keep it sound and safe for the use of its employees and the protection of the public, and in this respect we can perceive no valid reason why its duty should be less strict than is generally required of a master to exercise reasonable precaution for the safety of his servant. This general duty has been thoroughly settled by the authorities. The master personally owes to his servants the duty of using ordinary care and diligence to provide for their use reasonably safe instrumentalities of service. Among these are a reasonably safe place in which to do their work or to stay while waiting orders, reasonably safe ways of entrance ~and departure, an adequate supply of sound and safe materials, implements and accommodations, with such other appliances as may reasonably be required to insure their safety while at their work or passing’ over his premises to or from work. These things must, moreover, be adapted to the work in hand. It is not enough that they should be good, under ordinary conditions. They must be suitable for the work to which they are applied by the master, and properly adjusted to each other. If, therefore,- the master knows or would have known if he had used ordinary care to ascertain the facts, that the buildings, ways, machinery, tools, or materials which he provides for the use of his. servants are unsafe, and a servant, without contributory fault, suffers injury thereby, the master is liable therefor, although he is not thus liable, in the absence of actual or constructive notice.

Thp master is not entitled to time to discover defects in things which are defective when put in use. He should examine them before putting them in use. He cannot evade his responsibility in these respects by simply giving general orders that servants shall examine for themselves, before using the place, material, etc., furnished by him. The fact that a servant could, by care and caution, so operate a defective and dangerous machine as not to produce injury to his fellow-servants does not exempt the master from his liability for an omission to exercise reasonable care and prudence in furnishing safe and suitable appliances. The master fails to supply a “safe place” for work if he allows work to be conducted there habitually in a manner needlessly dangerous to, servants. The master is also personally bound, from time to time, to inspect and examine all instru-mentalities furnished by him, and to use ordinary care, diligence, and skill to keep them in good and safe condition. The duty of inspection is affirmative and must be continuously fulfilled and positively performed. Such duty is not discharged by giving directions for its performance, or by promulgating rules requiring it to be performed, or by employing competent and careful persons for that purpose. The master is not responsible for the want of repairs when he has neither actual nor constructive notice off tbeir need; and this notice is not presumed, but must be proved by tbe servant. And it must be proved that he was chargeable with notice of the particular defect complained of. But he is chargeable with constructive notice of whatever, by the use of ordinary care and diligence, he might have discovered and thereby avoided the danger incident thereto. He is entitled to reasonable time, after notice of a defect, within which to make- repairs, and if, during that period or while he is repairing, an injury occurs to a servant, the question of a master’s negligence depends upon his diligence under all the circumstances. This statement of the law has been adopted in Sh. and Redf. on Negligence (5 Ed.), sec. 194, and in the main is sustained by our own decisions. Cotton v. R. R., 149 N. C., 227, and cases cited; Leak v. R. R., 124 N. C., 455.

We think the principle applies to the case in hand. The question in one form was presented in Harton v. Telephone Co., 146 N. C., 429, and we then said: “The duty of reasonably careful' construction is followed by like care in maintenance and inspection. Joyce Elec. Law, 605. The duty of inspection, in regard to its frequency, cannot be made definite, but regard must be had to the character of the soil, the condition of the weather, the season of the year, and such other conditions as may affect the security of the poles and the safety of the traveling public.”

It is contended, however, by the defendant that the duty of inspection belonged to the plaintiff, and his failure to discover the defect in the pole was his own and not its fault. 'The proof is that the unsoundness of the pole was not apparent to the naked eye. It was below the ground and would not be discovered except by digging around the pole and removing the earth which concealed it.

We cannot yield assent to the argument, at least under the circumstances of this case, that such a duty was imposed upon the plaintiff in caring for his own safety, and we discover nothing in the evidence to indicate that the jdaintiff was guilty of any contributory negligence. In Barkley v. Waste Co., 147 N. C., 585, Justice Brown, in discussing the liability of the defendant for injuries to one of its employees wbo, while performing his work, fell from a defective scaffold and was injured, said: “The defendant owed to its employees, who were directed to work on the scaffold, the duty to exercise due care in selecting materials reasonably suitable and safe for its construction. 2 Labatt, sec. 614; Bushwell on Personal Injuries, secs. 193, 391, 392; Brewing Co. v. Wood, 87 S. W., 774; 4 Thompson Neg., sec. 3957, note 30; Starwick v. Butler, 67 N. W., 723; Phœnix Bridge Co. v. Castleberry, 131 Fed., 181. If defendant delegated the performance of this duty to Michael, it is responsible for the manner in which he discharged it. Tanner v. Lumber Co., 140 N. C., 475; Avery v. Lumber Co., 146 N. C., 592; McCarthy v. Clafin, 59 Stl., 290 (Maine). The evidence of witness Wooten is to the effect that the scaffold was built of old material that was scorched in the fire when the building was burned. There is also evidence that the wood was knotty, and that the piece which gave way broke at a knot. These facts, if true, do not per se constitute negligence, but we think they are some evidence to be considered by the jury as bearing upon the inquiry as to whether the defendant exercised reasonable care in selecting material suitable for the construction of a lofty scaffold upon which its servants were required to work. We fail to see any evidence of contributory negligence. The plaintiff took no part in selecting .the material or in erecting the scaffold, and knew nothing of the character of the material out of which it was constructed. The scaffold was a completed instrument and supposed to be safe when plaintiff was directed to work upon it. The fact that he made only a casual examination does not make plaintiff culpable. He had a right to rely upon the assurance of the foreman that the scaffold was safe, as he was unacquainted with either the character of the construction or the quality of the material. Liedke v. Moran, 86 Pac., 646; Ingram v. Railway Co., 99 S. W., 666 (Ky.); Swanson v. Jenks, 92 N. Y., 382; Standard Oil Co. v. Bowker, 40 N. E., 128.”

There are two propositions stated in the quotation: (1) That the condition of the material, or lumber which entered into the construction of the scaffold was at least evidence of negligence. (2) That the plaintiff was not required, himself, to make more than a casual examination of tbe scaffold, and bis failure to do so was not contributory negligence, as be bad tbe right to rely on tbe assurance of tbe foreman tbat tbe scaffold was “all right,” tbat is, a safe one. There is no substantial or practical difference between tbe two cases. We do not see why a master should be excused for setting an unsound and unsafe pole or for permitting it to become and remain so, when be would not be, under similar circumstances, for erecting a scaffold, both having been constructed for tbe use of bis servant.

There is one difference between tbe two cases, for in tbe case of tbe scaffold tbe servant was expressly told tbat it was safe, while in tbe case of tbe pole be was given an implied assurance tbat it was sound and safe, when be was ordered to climb it for tbe purpose of removing or adjusting tbe wires; but this is a difference in form and not in substance.

It is a general rule that tbe servant, in tbe absence of any warning from bis master, or knowledge of a defect, has a right to rely upon tbe safety of the instruments and appliances which he is required to use in tbe service, because it may fairly be presumed tbat tbe master has performed bis primary duty, tbat is, care in tbe original selection and subsequent inspection of such instrumentalities.

In Electric Co. v. Kelly, 57 N. J. L., 100, tbe company was held not to be liable for injuries to tbe plaintiff, Kelly, produced by tbe falling of a pole, but for tbe reason that tbe fall was caused by a weakness in tbe pole, brought about by a previous fall or by a defect which the evidence showed was not discovered by “tbe most rigid scrutiny.” But in deciding tbat case tbe Court, by Justice Magie, said very much tbat is applicable to our case: “There was no pretense in this case tbat tbe company had been guilty of any willful wrong to Kelly. His claim was, and is, tbat tbe injury he received was tbe result of a breach of a duty which tbe company owed him. Tbe better view of a master’s duty to a servant is tbat which, taking into consideration tbe well-settled doctrine that a servant, by accepting employment, consents to take tbe risk of all dangers obviously or naturally incident to such employment, imposes on the master a positive duty to take reasonable care and precaution not to subject tbe servant to other or greater dangers. Tbe rule tbus formulated is of wide application, but, witb reference to such cases' as that now under consideration, may be tbus stated: Tbe master must take reasonable care to have tbe tools and appliances witb which, and tbe places on or about which, tbe servant is to be employed, reasonably safe for tbe work tbe latter is employed to do. Shear, and Red. Negl., secs. 92, 93; Smith M. and S., 236; Harrison v. Central R. R. Co., 2 Vroom, 293; Hutchinson v. R. R., 5 Exch., 343. Applying tbe rule tbus stated to tbe ease before us, it is obvious that, to justify tbe submission to tbe jury of tbe liability of tbe company to Kelly, tbe facts established must have warranted tbe inference that tbe breaking of tbe pole, which was tbe cause of bis injury, resulted from a breach of tbe company’s duty to him in respect to that pole. Tbe company did not guarantee tbe safety of tbe pole, nor was it tbe duty to provide a sufficient pole, as was erroneously held below. Its duty was less extensive and would have been satisfied if it bad taken reasonable care to provide a pole of sufficient strength to bear tbe strain of tbe wires and tbe weight of the servant employed thereon to do what was required to fit them for tbe service of tbe company.”

While there is no evidence in this case upon tbe question whether tbe company made any inspection or not, tbe court virtually told tbe jury that it was not its duty to do so, if plaintiff was an experienced lineman (of which there was no doubt), and tbe duty of inspection was bis, provided the' pole was not originally defective. This instruction was, in our view, favorable to tbe defendant, because it made its duty “less extensive” than in law it really was. Tbe city was required to inspect its poles at reasonable intervals of time, for tbe safety of its employees and tbe public, as we have shown, and its failure to do so was negligence, and nothing appears in tbe evidence to show that it was not tbe proximate cause of tbe injury. If it bad made tbe proper inspection, tbe rottenness of tbe pole below tbe surface of tbe ground could easily have been discovered, for tbe wood was so badly decayed that it would crumble in tbe band under tbe slightest pressure. Edison Co. v. Street Railway Co., 17 Texas Civil App., was a ease in which it appeared that one Dixon, the appellee, who was a lineman or repairer, was injured by the falling of a pole belonging' to another company, but used, with its permission, by the defendant, appellant. The pole proved to be rotten near its base and broke in two and Dixon fell with it to the ground and was injured. In an elaborate opinion, the Court reviews the facts and the law, and comes to this conclusion: “Where the defect in the materials or resources of the work are obvious and known to the servant, or he had the same opportunities of knowing that the master had, and he is injured by reason of such defects, he cannot recover, for the reason that he assumed the risk in undertaking the work. But where, as in this case, the master could, by the use of ordinary care in testing the condition or strength of the pole, have ascertained its defect,, and its defect was not known to appellee, and was obvious to him, the master is guilty of a breach of duty to his servant, and is liable for the consequences of it.” The following facts, among others, were found by the lower court in that case: “On 28 December, 1895, appellee, J. W. Dixon, with other hands, was employed by appellant to take down and remove a feed wire from the poles on the west side of Pine Street, and put the same in a new position on its poles on the east side of that street. It was necessary for the appellee, in the pursuance of his employment, to climb the poles for .the purpose of detaching the feed wire from the brackets to which it was attached, and for that purpose he climbed one of the poles on the west side of Pine Street, and while engaged in loosening the feed wire from the brackets at the top of the pole, it broke near its lower end, and appellee was thereby with great force and violence thrown upon the ground and seriously injured. The place where the pole broke was rotten at and from its center near to 'its circumference, the unsound part at that place being surrounded only by a thin shell of sound wood, through which hacks had been cut before the pole was erected. On account of its rottenness, the pole was unfit and unsafe for the purpose for which it was used, and too weak to sustain appellee’s weight in the performance of his duty in taking down the wire. Its defective condition was not obvious or patent to the eye, 'and appellee was unaware of it. By the exercise of ordinary care and inspection) which it was appellant’s duty to appellee to perforin, it conld, by testing the pole in the ordinary manner, have ascertained its defects and known the danger to any one in discharging the duty it had employed the appellee to perform.” The Court held that “In failing to discharge its duty in inspecting and ascertaining the defect in the pole, which it could have done by the use of ordinary care, it was negligent, and this negligence was the proximate cause of appellee’s injury. The appellee was guilty of no negligence contributing in any way to the accident.” This judgment, as we have seen, was affirmed on appeal.

In S. W. Telegraph and Telephone Co. v. Wonghter, 19 S. W., 575 (56 Ark., 206), the Court held, upon a state of facts much like these in this ease, that it was the duty of the defendant (plaintiff in error) to have used reasonable care and diligence by an inspection to discover latent defects, and if ascertained to exist, then to warn its employee of the probable danger in ascending the pole. These are the words of the Court: “While he does not insure the safety of his servants, yet he is bound to take heed that he does not, through his own want of care and prudence, expose them to unreasonable risks or dangers, either from, the character of the tools with which he supplies them. or the place in which he requires them to operate. He is in duty bound not to expose them to danger of which he knows or has reason to know they are not aware. Before ordering them to perform any service, he should warn them fully of the latent dangers incident thereto, if there be any, of which he knows, or in the exercise of proper diligence ought to know; and this duty 'extends even to patent dangers when he knows the servant, by reason either of his youth or his inexperience,, is not aware of the danger to which he is exposed, or . . . which are unknown to the servant from any cause, and which cannot readily be ascertained except by a person possessed of peculiar knowledge, which he has no reason to suppose the servant possesses,’ ” citing many authorities. The appellate Court awarded a new'trial in that case, because the instruction of the lower court made it the absolute duty of the company to discover the defect, without any regard to the question of care or diligence in attempting to do. so.

Unless we bold that the duty of seeing that this pole was in proper condition rested upon tbe plaintiff Terrell (and we have shown that the contrary is the true rule), the case of Ward v. A. and P. Telegraph Co., 71 N. Y., is in point, and is to this effect: “The defendant had the right to place its line in the street, and hence it can be made responsible for the accident only by proof of culpable negligence on its part, either in the construction of the line or its maintenance. If the post which broke and fell was originally not reasonably sufficient, or if it was permitted carelessly to become and be insufficient by decay, then responsibility attaches to the defendant for the accident.”

Applying the law to facts similar to those in this case, the Court in McGuire v. Bell Telephone Co., 167 N. Y., 208, said: “If the pole had injured a passer-by, it would be no answer for the defendant to say that it did not own the pole. It was bound, both as to third parties and as to its own workmen, to erect and maintain a reasonably safe structure, and it had no right to use for that purpose an unsafe appliance, whether its own or that of a third party. By using the pole as part of its line, it adopted it as its own. As it would have been liable had the pole when first used been decayed and insufficient • for the purpose of carrying its wires and supporting its linemen, it was equally liable when the pole subsequently became unsafe from decay, which reasonable inspection would have discovered. The duty of the defendant was just as great to safely maintain as to safely construct, and that duty cannot be delegated so as to exempt the master from liability.” As said by the Court in the case just cited, “If each lineman was to dig around and test every pole before he ascended it, a large part of his time would be taken up by this work alone, and repeated tests would soon impair the stability of the pole itself”; and from this consideration it was deduced by the Court that the advantage to the company in undertaking itself to make the inspection is plain.

There are authorities in other jurisdictions which hold that it is the lineman’s duty to make the inspection, but the ruling in most of them if not all of them was influenced by facts or considerations not applicable to the case at bar. The uneon-troverted proof shows conclusively, we think, that the pole was not originally sound, and consequently not safe. In fact, we do not see why a casual inspection in the beginning would not have discovered its defective condition, for it had scarcely survived one-sixth of its allotted span of life, and when it was broken, it had become decayed and rotten 'almost entirely through its base. The lineman had no reason whatever to suspect its bad condition and was not required by his contract or any custom or usage to inspect the pole before he climbed it to adjust the wires, but had every right to rely upon the original careful selection and inspection of his employer. Clairain v. Telegraph Co., 3 So. Rep. (La.), 625; McDonald v. Telegraph Co., 22 R. I., 131.

We conclude, therefore, that the motion of the defendant to nonsuit the plaintiff was properly overruled, and that there was no error in refusing the peremptory instructions it requested, to find for the defendant. There was evidence that the pole had not been inspected by defendant; that it fell three years after it was first set in the ground, when it should have lasted from six to sixteen or twenty years; that its condition, on inspection after it fell, was found to be very bad, it being rotten to the core; that the strain on it was apparently not sufficient to have broken a sound pole. These and other facts and circumstances, of which there was some evidence, were sufficient to carry the case to the jury, it being a primary and nondelegable duty of the master to see that hi's servants are not subjected to unnecessary risk or hazard by any failure on his part, in the exercise of due and proper care, to furnish a plant with instrumentalities adapted to the performance of the work, and reasonably sound, safe, at least in original structure; and this the defendant failed to do.

One other question calls for notice.' The defendant alleged that -the claim of the plaintiff had not been presented within the time fixed by its charter. But the jury have found, under proper instructions, that by reason of his injuries, which affected him both mentally and physically, the plaintiff was unable, during that period, to transact ordinary business or to present his claim, and that he did so within a reasonable time after he was

restored sufficiently to do so. This, we think, excused the delay. The general rule in such cases seems to be that in order to excuse a strict compliance with the provision, it must be shown that there is such physical or mental incapacity as to make it impossible for the injured person, by any ordinary means at his command, to procure service of the notice or a filing of the claim, whichever is required, and if there is an actual incapacity, it can make no practical difference in reason whether it is mental or physical in its nature. Born v. Spokane, 27 Wash., 719; Barclay v. Boslin, 167 Mass., 597. It may very properly be said that it would, in truth, shock the sense of justice and right if this xirovision was construed so as to hold the notice of the plaintiff’s claim insufficient under the circumstances. It is an accepted maxim that the law does not seek to compel that to be done which is impossible. It cannot reasonably be presumed that the intention of the Legislature in enacting this charter would lead to any such unjust conclusion,. and it is a fundamental canon of interpretation that a thing which is within the letter of a statute is not within the statute itself, unless it is within the intention of the makers. Walden v. City of Jamestown, 178 N. Y., 213. Speaking of a similar statute, the Court said in Forsyth v. City of Oswego, 191 N. Y., 441: “In the absence of any explanation of plaintiff’s delay in this respect, the direction of the statute would have been conclusive and final. There was an explanation, however, and it was for the jury to say whether it was credible and satisfactory. If the plaintiff was, as he claimed, physically and mentally unable to prepare and present his claim, or to give directions for its preparation and presentation during the-whole of the three months within which he was required by the defendant’s charter to present it, then he was entitled to a reasonable additional time in which to comply with the charter in that regard. This is because the law does not seek to compel that which is impossible.” Numerous cases support this-reasonable doctrine. Eberhardt v. Seattle, 33 Wash., 664; Williams v. Port Chester, 89 N. Y. Suppl. (s. c., 97 App. Div., 84 and Aff., 183 N. Y., 550); Webster v. Beaver Dam, 84 Fed. Rep., 280; Hungerford v. Waverly, 109 N. Y. Suppl., 438. The Court in Green v. Port Jervis, 66 N. Y. Suppl., 1042, used strong language upon tbe subject: “Tbe provision of tbe charter requiring preliminary notice of an intention to sue attaches only, as has been said, as a condition precedent to tbe commencement of an action against tbe village (Reining v. City of Buffalo, 102 N. Y., 308, 6 N. E., 792; Curry v. City of Buffalo, 135 N. Y., 366, 32 N. E., 80), and if compliance with tbe condition is rendered temporarily impossible by tbe wrongful act of tbe defendant, it would be monstrous to allow tbe defendant to assert that fact'as a defense to tbe action. Tbe requirement of notice necessarily presupposes tbe existence of an individual capable of giving it, and not one deprived of that power by tbe operation of tbe very wrong to be redressed. That tbe defendant should be permitted to take advantage of its own wrong is clearly not within tbe purview of tbe law.” On this branch of tbe case we decide, upon principles of reason and justice and from high authority, that-under tbe facts as presented tbe defendant cannot rely upon tbe failure to give notice of tbe claim within tbe time limited as a bar to tbe action.

The other assignments of error, we think, are without merit.

No error.