74 Ind. 29 | Ind. | 1881
The appellees, who were the plaintiffs below, in their complaint say, that for fifteen years last past they have been and still are the owners of lots 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in square 92, in the city of Indianapolis ; that said lots are contiguous to, and, on the south-east side thereof, for the distance of 600 feet, abut upon, Kentucky avenue, a public street in said city, and that, as the owners of said
They further say, that on the-day of-, 187-, the White River Iron Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Indiana, without right, and without first causing damages to be assessed and tendered to the plaintiffs, and without their consent, entered upon, and laid a railroad track upon,that portion of said Kentucky avenue described as belonging to them. They further say, that the White River Iron Company was succeeded by the Capital City Iron Company ; that the appellant, the railroad company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Indiana, procured an assignment and transfer to it, from said Capital City Iron Company, of said railroad track; that said appellant still maintains said railroad track, and still uses the same, and has for fifteen years used the same for the passage of locomotives and cars ; that the occupancy of said street by the defendants and each of them, for railroad purposes, has always been without the consent of the plaintiffs.
The plaintiffs say they have been damaged by the unlawful use of said street by the appellant, in the sum of $20,000. They ask an injunction, and all other proper relief.
The appellant demurred to the complaint. The demurrer was overruled, and it excepted.
The second paragraph of the answer admits that the appellees are the owners of the lots as alleged, but avers that the lots are, and have been, within the limits of the town and city of Indianapolis ever since the 5th day of February, 1836-; that, prior thereto, said lots were a part of .the territory selected and laid off as a town, and site for the permanent seat of government for the State, under an act for the appointment of commissioners to select and locate the seat, of government for the State, approved January 11th, 1820, an act appointing commissioners to lay off a town on the site selected, approved January 6th, 1821, and an act authorizing the agent of the State to lay off the lands belonging to the State into lots, and offer the same for sale, approved February 9th, 1831; that said commissioners laid out the town, made two copies of its plans, locating and marking thereon Kentucky avenue, and the lines, form and dimensions of said lots as the same were when the appelleespurchased them; that Kentucky avenue was marked and designated on said plan as a street of said town ; that two. plans of the town were duly made, certified and disposed of as the law required, one being deposited with the Secretary of State, and the other with the agent of State for said town ; that, under the act of February 9th, 1831, the agent of' State of the town of Indianapolis made two complete maps, of the town, designating the names and width of the streets, and alleys, and the number and size of the several squares, thereon, the number and size of in-lots and out-lots, and the forms, courses and distances of their boundaries, the contents and numbers of the several lots, which maps were disposed of by the agent as provided by law; that, in all respects, these maps were made, filed, endorsed, etc., as required by law; that, upon said maps, the width and courses of Kentucky avenue, Louisiana street and West street were
It is then averred that on the 25th day of February, 1867, the common council of Indianapolis passed an ordinance, which has ever since been in force, authorizing the Indianapolis Furnace Company to lay a railroad track on said Kentucky avenue, which was subsequently amended so as to give the same privileges to its assignee ; that this company constructed the railroad track complained of, and that appellant, as its successor and assignee, became the owner of said track on the 28th day of November, 1873, and has since remained such owner.
It is then averred that the appellant is a railroad company, organized under certain acts of the State of Indiana, to wit: An act to incorporate the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad Company, approved January 26th, 1847 ; an act amendatory thereof, approved February 16th, 1848, and an act further amendatory thereof, approved January 13th, 1849. That the appellant accepted the act of January 13th, 1849, on the 12th day of February, 1849. It is further averred that on the 28th day of February, 1873, the appellant acquired, by assignment from the Capital City Rolling Mill Company, the successor and assignee of the Indianapolis Furnace Company, all the rights of the latter company, under said ordinance, to said railroad track, and then appropriated to its own use the ground upon which said track was built, and ever since has
The third paragraph of the answer admits the plaintiffs’ ownership of said lots, and the north half of Kentucky avenue, as stated in the complaint; but it avers that the appellant is a corporation, existing under the laws of the State ; that said track was laid, and has been maintained, level and even with the grade of said avenue; that said avenue is a public street in the city of Indianapolis, a municipal corporation, existing under the general laws of the State, during the time mentioned in the complaint; that the plaintiffs’ estate in said street, and during all said time has been, subject in all things to the right of use thereof as a public highway and street of the city for all the uses'of a street; that said track was laid, and has been maintained, by the appellant as a part of its main line of railroad from Indianapolis to Terre Haute, for the transportation of freight and passengers by the appellant as a common carrier, without in any manner obstructing said avenue, or in any way inconsistent with the proper use of said track for transportation by means of cars drawn by steam engines, etc.
The fourth paragraph states that the lots mentioned in the complaint were part of a tract of land donated by the United States to the State of Indiana as a permanent seat of government ; that it was properly selected and established by the State as the permanent seat of government; that it was, by the proper agents of the State, duly, and in accordance with law, laid out as a town into squares, lots, public streets and alleys, of which square 92 was one, and that said Kentucky avenue was one street, dividing said square ; that two complete maps were made by the proper officers of said town and disposed of as the law required; that the north-west half of said square 92 was sold and ' conveyed by the agents of the State to Dennis White, on the 12th day of December, 1835, by and according to the description of said maps, as
The fifth paragraph of the answer is like the fourth, except that it avers specially, as in the second paragraph of answer, the manner in which the appellant was organized, and that the railroad track was laid on said Kentucky avenue in such manner as not to obstruct the same; that said lots and avenue in complaint mentioned have been at all times within and part of the city of Indianapolis, a city existing under the general laws of the State; that said lots being the private property of the appellees and their grantors, and the said avenue a public street of said city, laid out, graded, etc., by said city, the plaintiffs had, at no time, any right, title or interest in said avenue other than as grantees <of said lots in the complaint mentioned, by derivation thereof from said Dennis White ; that said city, by the general laws of the State, had and exercised exclusive control over the streets of said city, of which said avenue was one, and that before said railroad track was laid, said city granted to the Indianapolis Furnace Company, assignor and predecessor of appellant, a license to construct and maintain said railroad track, as the same was and had been laid and maintained on said avenue by ordinances properly passed by the common council of said city, in February, 1867; that said ordinances have been continuously in force, etc.
The appellees demurred to the second, third, fourth and
The cause was submitted at special term to the court for trial. Findings and judgment for appellees. The appellant moved for a new trial, which motion was overruled and it excepted. The appellant appealed to the general term of said court. The judgment at special term was-affirmed, and the appellant excepted.
The errors assigned by the appellaut, on appeal from the-special to the general term, are :
First. That the court at special term erred in overruling-the appellant’s demurrer to the appellees’ complaint;
Second. That the court erred in sustaining the appellees’' demurrer to the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th paragraphs of the appellant’s answer.
Third. The court erred in overruling the appellant’s motion for a new trial.
The error assigned in this court is, that the court at general term erred in affirming the finding and judgment at special term. The evidence is set out in a bill of exceptions. It is not insisted by the appellant, that the evidence-introduced by the appellees did not sustain their complaint, nor does the appellaut ask that the judgment below should be reversed on the ground that the evidence was not sufficient to support the finding of the court. The appellant in the court below, at the proper time, offered to prove the-facts alleged in the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th paragraphs of its-answer. The appellees objected, not to the form of the-offer thus made, but on the ground that the facts, if proven,, would constitute no answer or defence to the complaint. The court sustained the objection, refused to hear the offered proof, and the appellant excepted.
Counsel for the appellant neither waive nor press objections to the complaint. We think it states a cause of action, and that there was no error in overruling the demurrer to it..
The first question discussed by counsel for the appellant is : Does the purchaser of a lot by its number, abutting upon a public street in a city duly laid out and incorporated, the location and width of its streets and alleys, and the number and size of its squares and lots having been properly marked .and designated on plats and maps made and filed in strict .accordance with the statutes of the State made for that purpose, take, as a part of or as incident to his purchase, the fee, subject to the public use, to the center line of the adjoining public street?
The appellant insists that the purchaser does not so take, but that the fee in the streets is in the city, and held by it in trust for the public use.
The lots described in the complaint were a part of a tract ■of land donated by the United States to the State, as a site for a permanent seat of government for' the State. The town of Indianapolis was laid out by the State as its permanent seat of government, and included within its limits said .lots and the street in dispute. The lots abutting upon Ken-ducky avenue were sold and conveyed by the State, through Its proper agents, to one White, from whom the appellees ■derive title. In laying out the town of Indianapolis, making •■and filing maps as required by law, the State vested in the town for the use of the public such rights to, and interest in, the streets and alleys of the town as would have vested
It is insisted by the appellant, in an exhaustive argument,, that the making and filing of maps of the town, as required! by law, operated as a grant of the fee in the streets to the-town, in trust for the public use. It is claimed that the-language of the second section of the act of 1818 can not be reconciled with any other view; that the words “general warranty,” as used in that section, are without meaning as-, to the donation of streets unless construed as indicating the-quantity of the interest granted ; that, as to streets, the words; are meaningless and purposeless, unless they can have this operation. There is much plausibility and force in this reasoning, but we must regard the question as settled the other-way in Indiana.
The case of Cox v. The Louisville, etc., R. R. Co., 48 Ind. 178, is precisely in point. The decision was made upon, great deliberation, after hearing arguments in a number of cases involving the same point, and the conclusion reached was, that the towns and cities of Indiana, laid out in accordance with the statutes of the State upon the subject, take but an easement in the public streets, and that the fee in the-streets remains in the proprietor and his grantees of the lots-abutting upon such streets. This case has been approved by this court in a number of subsequent cases: Sharpe v. The St. Louis, etc., R. W. Co., 49 Ind. 296; Rosse v. Faust, 54 Ind. 471; Nelson v. Fleming, 56 Ind. 310; The Anderson, etc., R. R. Co. v. Kernodle, 54 Ind. 314; Roelker v. The St. Louis, etc., R W. Co., 50 Ind. 127. And these cases agree with the early case of Conner v. The President, etc., 1 Blackf. 43.
It is said that in the case of Cox v. The Louisville, etc., R. R. Co., supra, the complaint alleged that the plaintiff
It is further said that it was not averred in the complaint that maps of the city of Lafayette had been made and disposed of as required by law. This may be, but in deciding the case the court assumed that the law in this respect had been fully complied with. Judge Downey says: “Conceding that the proprietor of the town complied with this law in every respect, that he made the plat and caused it to be recorded, indicating the location of the street and its width, and writing upon it its name or number, what was the effect or operation upon his ownership of the fee simple' estate which he had in the land over which the street runs ? It is not very clear that the second section of the statute has any reference to streets, lanes, and alleys, but we will concede that it has, and that streets, lanes, and alleys are among the ‘donations or grants’ mentioned in the section.” Streets thus considered, the court say, belong to the owners of abutting lots, subject to the public easement. We approve the conclusion reached in this case.
It is alleged in several paragraphs of the answer, that the appellant took possession of the railroad track mentioned in the complaint fifteen years ago, and that portion of Kentucky avenue occupied by said track, and has used it continuously ever since as a part of its main line of railroad,
The 18th section of the act of 1847, incorporating the appellant, provided that, when the corporation had procured its right of way as therein provided, it should be seized of the land so procured in fee. The 3d section of the act of January 13th, 1849, provides that, “In all cases where the owner or owners of lands, stone, [gravel, wood, or other materials,] necessary for the use and construction of said road, shall refuse to relinquish the same to the corporation, or shall refuse to accept a fair compensation therefor, it shall be lawful for the corporation, by their president, or by any superintendent, agent or engineer employed by them, to enter upon, and take possession and use the same, avoiding in all cases unnecessary damage or injury to the owners or proprietors ; and where the said owner or owners may feel aggrieved or injured in consequence of such use of land, or stone, [or other materials,] the person or persons so feeling aggrieved or injured, shall make written complaint before the nearest justice of the peace within the county where such
We think that section 3, above recited, repeals section 15 of the act of January 26th, 1847. It covers the whole subject embraced by the latter section, and is inconsistent with all its provisions, except so much of it as relates to the refusal of the land-owner to relinquish to the corporation the land required, or to accept compensation therefor, but this portion of it is, in almost the same words, contained hi section 3 of the act of 1849. So much of section 16 of the act of 1847 as provides for notice to infants, insane persons, etc., may not be repealed, nor is section 14, which provides for agreements to purchase the right of way, materials, etc.
It is claimed by the appellant, that, under section 3 of the act of 1849, it had the right to enter upon and take possession of Kentucky avenue and use and occupy the same, lay its track upon it and run its cars and locomotives over it, without the consent of the appellees, though they had not refused, nor had an opportunity to refuse, to relinquish their right in the street to the appellant, nor refused to accept fair compensation for said street.-
The question is not whether the Legislature could have authorized the appellant thus to take and appropriate theappellees’ property, but whether by this section such authority has been given to the appellant.
That this act, which ripens the possession of the appellant, taken without consulting the owners and, it may be, with
The appellant can only exercise this unusual and extraordinary power in cases where the law expressly confers it. The language of the section seems to be clear: “In all cases where the owner or owners of lands,” etc., shall refuse to relinquish to the corporation, or shall refuse to accept a fair compensation “therefor, it shall be lawful for the corporation, by their president,” etc., “to enter upon and take possession,” etc., is the language of the section. The cases in which the corporation may enter upon and take possession of the land of another are clearly specified. The provisions of the section, though unusual and extraordinary, if limited to the cases specified, will neither be unusually harsh nor palpably unjust. If, under the power conferred, the corporation can only take possession of land which the owner has refused to-relinquish, or for which he has refused to accept fair compensation, he can not, without negligence on his part, lose his rights. In such cases, he could hardly fail to obtain notice of the entry and possession of the corporation.
It can not be inferred, legally or logically, that because-the law authorized the appellant to take possession of so-much of another’s land as might be necessary for the way of its road, on the ground that he had refused to accept fair compensation for it, it is authorized to take the land of others who have not refused, nor had an opportunity to refuse, such compensation.
It will not be pretended that, in the absence of statutory authority, the appellant could enter upon and take possession of the land of another without his consent. Section 3 of the act of 1849, which confers all the power the appellant has in this respect, says that upon the refusal of the owner to accept fair compensation, etc., it may enter. In no other-case does the law authorize such an entry. No such authority can or should be implied. Mills Eminent Domain, sec. 105 ;
In the case of Bonaparte v. The Camden, etc.,R. R. Co., Bald. 205, the question was whether the company had the right to enter and take possession of the complainant’s land, without filing a survey of its road as required by its charter. ‘The company claimed that it had the right, but the court held otherwise — that the filing of the survey was a condition precedent to the right of entry.
In the case of The Indiana Central R. W. Co. v. Oakes, 20 Ind. 9, referred to by the appellant’s counsel.as supporting their views, Judge Davison, on p. 13, says: “It is, however, contended that until the plaintiffs had refused to relinquish their property to the corporation, or to accept a fair compensation therefor, the company had no authority under her charter to possess and use it; and having appropriated it without demanding such relinquishment, or offering such •compensation, she was guilty of trespass. This proposition, when applied to the case before us, seems to be incorrect. The owners of the property being infants, were, for that reason, not of legal capacity to' give a valid relinquishment, or to agree upon a fair compensation. And the defendants were therefore excused from the demand and offer, which, in ordinary cases, are required by her charter.”
By the clearest implication the court holds that, in a case like this, there must be such demand and offer. Whether or not the infancy of the land-owner should be held to enlarge the power of the company, and enable it to enter upon land which, but for such infancy, it would have no right to take, is a question not involved in this case, as the appellees are not •alleged to have been infants at the time the entry was made.
The case of Swinney v. The Ft. Wayne, etc., R. R. Co., 59
Assuming that the entry of the appellant was valid, we are unable to see how the limitation insisted upon could be avoided ; but, holding as we do, that its entry and possession were unauthorized and wrongful, it could thereby secure no-right as against the appellees. Meriam v. Brown, 128 Mass. 391; Daniels v. The Chicago, etc., R. R. Co., 35 Iowa, 129; Doe v. The Manchester, etc., R. W. Co., 14 M. & W. 687; Stacey v. The Vermont, etc., R. R. Co., 27 Vt. 39.
The decision below should be affirmed.
Note. — Elliott, J., having been of counsel in this case, was absent.