159 N.C. 63
N.C.
1912
Hoke, J.

Tbe plaintiff instituted suit against P. B. Beard and four others, and for her cause of action alleged “that, during tbe period referred to, defendants were tbe duly qualified and acting Commissioners of Rowan County, N. 0. That on tbe . day of May, 1909, tbe public road leading east from Mount Ulla, in Rowan County, was and bad been for several months past in a dangerous and unsafe condition at tbe point where it crosses Back Creek, and was a menace to tbe imb-lic passing over said road because of tbe great need of a bridge across said creek, which fact was well known to defendants above named and was negligently, carelessly, and wantonly, without due regard to tbe safety of tbe public, allowed by them to remain in said/ dangerous condition. That tbe defendants above named well knew tbe dangerous condition of tbe road and tbe need of a bridge at that place and had assumed the responsibility therefor, and bad agreed to build a 'bridge at that place and bad let tbe contract for tbe building of said bridge, but carelessly, negligently, and recklessly failed to have said bridge built for a long period of time after tbe contract for same bad been let, to wit, for the period of about six months, well knowing that tbe safety of tbe public was imperiled by this long delay. That on or about tbe . day of May, 1909, Miss Vennie Templeton, while attempting to cross tbe said creek at tbe point above named, drove her horse into tbe said ford, when her horse, on account of tbe dangerous condition of tbe aforesaid ford, lost bis life and tbe said plaintiff in this action was greatly damaged, to wit, in tbe sum of $300.”

*65 On these facts alleged in the complaint and made the basis of plaintiff’s demand, the county of Rowan is not liable, on the principle declared and approved in the well-considered case of White v. Commissioners, 90 N. C., 437, and many others of like purport. Nor will the action lie against the members of the board as individuals, because there is no averment that defendants acted or failed to act “corruptly or of malice.” The ease presented is one involving the exercise of discretionary powers conferred upon the board for the public benefit, and it is very generally recognized in such case that in the absence of statutory provision even ministerial officers, acting on questions arising properly within their jurisdiction, are not liable to suit by individuals without an averment of that kind. In such cases the officers are sometimes termed “quasi-judicial,” and the general principle applicable is stated by Mechem on Public Officers as follows: “The same reasons of private interest and public policy which operate to render the judicial officer exempt from civil liability for his judicial acts within his jurisdiction apply to the quasi-judicial officer as well, and it is well settled that the quasi-judicial officer cannot be balled upon to respond in damages to the private individual for the honest exercise of his judgment within his jurisdiction, however erroneous or misguided his judgment may be. The name applied to the office or the officer is immaterial. The question depends in each case upon the character of the act. If it be judicial or quasi-judicial in its nature, the officer acts judicially and is exempt. Neither is it material that the officer usually or often acts ministerially. In those cases in which he does act judicially he is, nevertheless, exempt. A statement approved in numerous decisions here and elsewhere. Hudson v. McArthur, 152 N. C., 107; Raysford v. Phelps, 43 Mich., 342; Baker v. State, 27 Ind., 485; 28 Cyc., 466. Section 3590 of the Revisal enacts: “If any county commissioner shall neglect to perforin any duty required of him by law as a member of the board, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall also be liable to a penalty of $200 for each offense, to be paid to any person who shall sue for the same.” And it may be that unless barred by the statute of limitation, the plaintiff on the facts *66 stated in tlie complaint might be allowed to recover against each commissioner the penalty of $200 as provided by the statute. Staton v. Wimberly, supra; Bray v. Barnard, 109 N. C., 44; Bray v. Creekmore, 109 N. C., 49. But under our authorities, an action of this character is held to be one ex contractu, and original jurisdiction for such a claim is within the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and the position is therefore not open to plaintiff on this record. Katzenstein v. R. R., 84 N. C., 688.

There is no error, and the judgment sustaining the demurrer must be affirmed.

Affirmed.