35 Mo. App. 389 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1889
This was an action brought by the plaintiff against the defendant in the circuit court of Pettis county by which the plaintiff sought to recover the sum of three hundred dollars and fifty cents.
The petition alleged that the plaintiff was a resident of the city of St. Louis in this state and that he carries on and conducts the business of grain commission merchant.
And for his cause of action, the plaintiff states that on the twenty-ninth day of June, 1886, he, acting as the agent of J. J. Penquite, the defendant, and in accordance with the instructions, and by the authority conferred on him by defendant, and for account and risk of
That on the seventh day of July, 1886, the plaintiff, acting as the agent of defendant, and according to instructions, and for account of, and at the risk of defendant, did buy in open market, in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, five thousand bushels of wheat, known and graded in the market, as number 2 wheat at eighty-three and one-fourth cents per bushel, amounting to $4,162.50, said wheat according to the terms of said purchaser to be delivered to the defendant, at the seller's option, during the month of August, 1886. That said purchase was made by plaintiff, for the defendant, in good faith, and with the understanding and intention that the wheat so purchased should actually be delivered by seller to the defendant during the time agreed upon for said delivery.
That for said services in selling in June 29, 1886, and buying July 7, 1886, so rendered by plaintiff, for defendant, the defendant became justly indebted to plaintiff in the sum of $6.25 for his commissions.
That the amount of said purchase, to-wit: $4,162.50, made on July 7, 1886, by plaintiff, for defendant, exceeded the amount of said sale, to-wit: $3,743.75, made on the twenty-ninth day of June, 1886, by plaintiff, for defendant, by the sum of $418.75, which sum of $418.75 was paid out by plaintiff, for the defendant at
The answer admitted the difference in the amounts, alleged to have been received and paid for wheat, was the sum of $418.75 and that the defendant had paid plaintiff $124.50 which was “purely voluntary” and denied every other allegation of the petition. It further set forth some other matters, which need not be stated here, and then alleged that said sale and purchase were only shams and that the mutual understanding and intention of plaintiff and defendant and plaintiff and said unknown vendee and vendor, at the time, was that the said transactions were to be closed by the settlement of differences, according to the fluctuations of the market, and that none of said pretended contracts of sale and purchase were made in good faith with the intention and understanding that the actual grain should be delivered, but on the contrary, it was well understood by all parties that no grain was to be delivered, but that a settlement should be made as aforesaid and that said alleged contracts were mere wagering contracts as to the future value of grain at the said pretended time of the delivery, that the said money so alleged to have been
At the trial which was by the court, a jury having been dispensed with, the defendant objected to the introduction of any evidence for the reason that the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The evidence disclosed about this state of facts: That the plaintiff was a grain dealer and commission merchant in the city of St. Louis, engaged in the business of buying and selling grain, and that the defendant had for several years dealt in grain at La Monte, Missouri; that on June 29, 1886 the plaintiff at the request of defendant sold for him five thousand bushels of wheat at seventy-four and seven-eighths cents per bushel, to.be delivered in the month of August to W. T. Anderson & Co., of St. Louis; that afterwards on July 7, 1886 the plaintiff at the request of defendant bought for him five thousand bushels of wheat from Gholson, Farley & Co. at eighty-three and one-fourth cents per bushel to close and settle up said contract theretofore made with W. T. Anderson & Co.; that the plaintiff in making these two transactions of purchase and sale of wheat incurred a loss of $418.75 which he paid out for defendant.
There was evidence tending to show that the plaintiff by letter kept the defendant freely advised of the facts and circumstances connected with the transactions just mentioned.
The evidence nowhere showed that the parties to said contracts of sale and purchase did not intend to deliver the subject-matter of the same, nor that said contracts were not made in good faith. The defendant himself testified that he “ordered” the plaintiff to sell
The letters in evidence showed pretty clearly that the plaintiff made the sale and purchase of the wheat under the direction of the defendant.
There was no evidence of an agreement contemporaneous with the contracts of purchase and sale that they were severally to be discharged, not by actual delivery of the wheat but by the payment of differences. While it is true that the defendant testified that it was his understanding that no wheat was to be delivered under the contracts, and that he thought that such was the understanding of the other parties, the concurrent testimony of all the other parties to the contracts contradict the defendant and state that the contracts were made in good faith with no understanding of the kind stated by defendant. It seems that defendant was not present at any of these grain transactions, the same being had with persons, as he states in his answer, “to him unknown.” We have stated quite enough of the evidence to subserve our present purpose.
The court, at the instance of the plaintiff, declared the law of the case to be as follows :
(1) On the part of plaintiff the court, declares the law to be that a mere intent or purpose of the defendant not to receive or deliver any wheat in the transactions mentioned in the evidence, but to settle by differences only, does not make the transactions, alleged in the petition, bets or wagers on the price of wheat, but that to make said transactions, bets or wagers on the price of wheat, there must have been a mutual understanding betweenjbot h the buyer and the seller, in said transactions, that no wheat was to be delivered, and that there was to be a settlement by differences only.
(3) The court declares the law to be, that although the defendant may have intended to gamble in the price of wheat, yet to render the contract of sale, as alleged in the petition, void, it must be proved by the evidence in the case that the purchaser, with whom the plaintiff contracted the sale for defendant, also intended to gamble on the price of wheat, and that plaintiff at the making of said contract had knowledge of said gambling intent of the parties thereto.
The defendant asked four instructions, the first, third and fourth of which were given and the second being refused and which was as follows:
(2) The court, sitting as a jury, declares that there is no evidence in this case of any contract of agency, giving plaintiff power to buy for defendant five thousand bushels of wheat, at the price alleged, or to pay, to any unknown person, the sum of money alleged in the petition.
The finding and judgment of the court was for the plaintiff. After unsuccessful motions for a new trial and in arrest of the judgment, the defendant prosecuted his appeal here.
It is true that the requirements of the code is that ' facts constituting the cause of action must be stated and it may be difficult to see why the statute of frauds is a new matter of defense and why the general denial does not sufficiently raise the question, since the plaintiff in proving his contract must show it to be one not enforceable at law. The common law rule that one, who would avail himself of the statute of frauds, must especially insist upon it in pleading or be deemed to have waived the benefit of its provisions, is in force in this state. Donaldson et al. v. Newman, 6 Mo. App. 235; Sherwood et al. v. Saxton, 63 Mo. 78; Gardner v. Armstrong, 31 Mo. 535.
There being no such defense especially interposed by defendant’s answer, the only question is whether the contracts set up in the petition are good at common law. The fact, that a party to a contract does not have on hand the commodity which he undertakes to sell for future delivery, at the time he makes the sale, and that he does not expect to have it on hand until the time arrives for delivery, but that he expects then to go upon the market and purchase it for delivery under his contract, does not render such contract invalid. And what he may do by himself in this respect, he may do by an agent. He may employ a broker to make the contract for him and to execute it for him in any manner which it would be lawful for him to make it and execute it if acting for himself in person. He may lawfully employ a broker on exchange to sell wheat for him for delivery
Again the petition alleges that the plaintiff ’ s said claim arose out of, and in respect to, contracts and transactions already executed, and which we have shown are
The petition possibly might have been more specific in its allegations, but as no demurrer, other than that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, was interposed thereto, the objection on account of defective statement of the several matters, suggested by defendant in his brief; is not available after verdict. The statute provides that when a verdict has been rendered in any cause the judgment thereon shall not be reversed for want of any allegation or averment, on account of which omission, a demurrer could have been maintained, nor for omitting any allegation br averment witheut the proving of which the triers of the issue might not have given such verdict. Revised Statutes, section 3582. The case upon the petition, it seems to us, to be simply this : That the plaintiff, acting as defendant’s agent, made for him certain lawful contracts, and executed and discharged them in a lawful manner, and by so doing the defendant incurred an indebtedness to the plaintiff which he seeks to enforce by an action at' law. The petition we think is not obnoxious to the objections which the defendant has lodged against it.
II. We cannot review the ruling of the trial court upon the defendant’s demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence, for the reason that he introduced evidence in his own behalf and the evidence as a whole entitled the plaintiff to go to the court sitting as a jury. Bowen v. Railroad, 95 Mo. 268,
III, It is not believed that the court committed error, or if so, that the same was prejudicial to the rights of defendant in permitting the plaintiff to state in his testimony the facts and circumstances upon which his claims against defendant were based, since the defendant’s own testimony, with the letters in evidence,
IV. The defendant’s third point, in relation to the statute of frauds, is disposed of by what has been said in the first paragraph of this opinion.
V. The general rule is that witnesses must state facts and not opinions, except in those cases where experts are allowed to state opinions. The witnesses testified that it was the understanding that the wheat sold and purchased was to be delivered.
This must be construed to mean that the contracting parties agreed that the wheat was to be delivered. And while it was not proper for the witness to state what the intention of the parties was, still in view of the whole evidence and especially of the fact that defendant introduced like evidence, we do not think that this was prejudicial to the defendant, or that the ruling of the court in respect thereto constitutes reversible error in this case.
The defendant’s fourth point is ruled against him.
VI. The defendant further contends that there is a variance between the allegation in th# petition and the proof in that the petition alleges that the wheat was purchased and sold by the plaintiff as agent, while the proof was that he purchased and sold for himself.
This, we think, is a misconception of the evidence, but, however this may be, the objection is not available
VII. The plaintiff’s instructions, we think, in the light of the adjudged cases, which we have cited, already embodied correct principles of law as applicable to the case. It is deemed unnecessary to enter into an extended discussion of the doctrine of these instructions.
It is believed that the plaintiff’s instructions are in consonance with the law as it has been repeatedly declared by the appellate courts of this state, and for that reason we content ourselves by a reference to these cases.
VIII. The court properly refused the defendant’s second instruction. There was at least some evidence of a contract of agency between the plaintiff and defendant. And at any rate this was a question of fact passed upon by the court and it is, therefore, conclusive and incontrovertible here. This court has only the power to review the law declared by the circuit court, and as that court was invested with both facts and law, we must assume the facts to be as that court found them. Gaines v. Fender, 82 Mo. 509; Hamilton v. Boggess, 63 Mo. 233. Besides the defendant’s refused instruction asserts no principle of law, but simply requests the court to declare that there was no evidence of the existence of an alleged fact.
IX. While there is a lurking suspicion in our own mind that the transactions between plaintiff, defendant and the other parties to the same, are contra bonos mores, still there seems not enough in the record to
the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.