653 N.W.2d 625 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2002
Earl TAYLOR, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MODERN ENGINEERING, INC., and DaimlerChrysler, Defendants-Appellees.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*627 Steven Fellows, Southfield, for the plaintiff.
Pilchak & Cohen, P.C. (by William E. Pilchak), Farmington Hills, for Modern Engineering, Inc.
Driggers, Schultz & Herbst, P.C. (by William C. Schaefer), Troy, for DaimlerChrysler.
Before: WHITBECK, C.J., and WILDER and ZAHRA, JJ.
*626 WILDER, J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting defendants' motion for summary disposition in this claim under the Whistleblowers' Protection Act (WPA), M.C.L. § 15.361 et seq. We affirm.
I. Facts and Proceedings
Plaintiff was employed by defendant Modern Engineering, Inc. Under a contract between Modern Engineering and defendant DaimlerChrysler (then Chrysler), plaintiff worked at the Chrysler Jeep Truck Engineering Plant as a wood model maker. Although plaintiff was hired as a wood model maker, at the time he was fired only about five percent of his time was devoted to model making because computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing made hand-made wood models nearly obsolete. Accordingly, much of plaintiff's work consisted of activities he was not originally hired to do, including make-work carpentry and furniture-making tasks that could fill his time. The record established that plaintiff sat idle for about fifty percent of his working hours.
Plaintiff's employment with Modern Engineering began in approximately 1988 and ended on February 26, 1999. On February 22, 1999, a representative of Modern Engineering came to plaintiff's work site and told him that his employment was being terminated because he was no longer qualified to do the work his employer needed him to do.
Plaintiff contends that for approximately two years before he was fired, he had expressed concern on numerous occasions regarding safety conditions in the workplace. Specifically, plaintiff claims he addressed problems with housekeeping, unguarded machines, machines that needed dust-collecting devices, and the presence of carbon monoxide fumes in his work area. Plaintiff alleges that he directed some of these concerns to his attorneys and that he also spoke to his manager at DaimlerChrysler. Plaintiff also asserts that the department safety representative was aware of and remedied some of plaintiff's concerns, and that he had also communicated his complaints to a representative of Modern Engineering, Kelly Davis.
Plaintiff further alleges that he had intended to report these safety concerns to governmental authorities and that he had *628 repeatedly told Davis that this was his intent. According to plaintiff, the last of his conversations with Davis regarding his intent to report his concerns was in early January 1999. Plaintiff never made an official report to any governmental agency, but says that he did contact the Department of Labor to learn the procedures for filing a complaint. Plaintiff did not know exactly when he contacted the Department of Labor, but believed that it was between June and December 1998. Plaintiff claims that the Department of Labor representative instructed him to take pictures of the conditions and gather documents regarding suspected violations, and that his inability to get all the documentation, specifically Material Safety Data Sheets, prevented him from filing his complaint. Sometime in late 1998, and then again in mid-February 1999, plaintiff told his supervisor that he had called the Department of Labor.
Plaintiff filed suit under the WPA, claiming that defendants fired him because he was about to report safety violations to a public body, which is a protected activity under the WPA. Defendants jointly moved for summary disposition on the basis of MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that plaintiff could not prove a prima facie case under the WPA and that he had failed to demonstrate that their legitimate business reason for terminating his employment was a pretext. Defendants asserted that plaintiff's employment was terminated so that DaimlerChrysler's need for a computerized numerical control (CNC) programmer, who knew how to use the computer-aided design program used by DaimlerChrysler, the CATIA program, could be met. The trial court granted defendants' motion, and this appeal ensued.
II. Standard of Review
We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Veenstra v. Washtenaw Country Club, 466 Mich. 155, 159, 645 N.W.2d 643 (2002). A motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the plaintiff's claim. Veenstra, supra at 163, 645 N.W.2d 643. In order to prevent summary disposition, the nonmoving party must show by use of substantively admissible evidence that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Id. We view all the evidence presented in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. at 164, 645 N.W.2d 643. If no genuine issues of material fact exist, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
III. Analysis
Plaintiff argues first that the trial court erred in finding that plaintiff had not established a prima facie case under the WPA. Assuming without deciding that plaintiff is correct, nevertheless, plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence that defendants' stated reasons for firing him were pretextual. Accordingly, the trial court correctly granted summary disposition in favor of defendants.
When considering claims under the WPA, we apply the burden-shifting analysis used in retaliatory discharge claims under the Civil Rights Act, M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq. Roulston v. Tendercare (Michigan), Inc., 239 Mich.App. 270, 280-281, 608 N.W.2d 525 (2000). If the plaintiff has successfully proved a prima facie case under the WPA, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate business reason for the plaintiff's discharge. Id. If the defendant produces evidence establishing the existence of a legitimate reason for the discharge, the plaintiff then has the opportunity to prove that the legitimate reason offered by the defendant was not the true reason, but was only a pretext for the discharge. Id.
*629 Here, defendants offered evidence that they discharged plaintiff because his wood model-making skills were no longer needed, and that they had reorganized the department that plaintiff worked in because they needed to hire someone with CNC skills and experience, not because plaintiff was about to report safety violations to a public body. This evidence satisfies defendants' burden.
Plaintiff argues that this was not the true reason for his dischargethat defendants' departmental reorganization was merely a pretext. In order for plaintiff's claim to survive the motion for summary disposition, plaintiff must "demonstrate that the evidence in the case ... is `sufficient to permit a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that [plaintiff's protected activity] was a motivating factor in the adverse action taken by the employer....'" Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 464 Mich. 456, 465, 628 N.W.2d 515 (2001), quoting Lytle v. Malady (On Rehearing), 458 Mich. 153, 176, 579 N.W.2d 906 (1998). In other words, a plaintiff must "`raise a triable issue that the employer's proffered reason ... was a pretext for [retaliating against plaintiff's protected activity].'" Hazle, supra at 465-466, 628 N.W.2d 515, quoting Lytle, supra at 176, 579 N.W.2d 906. "A plaintiff can prove pretext either directly by persuading the court that a retaliatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence." Roulston, supra at 281, 608 N.W.2d 525, citing Hopkins v. Midland, 158 Mich.App. 361, 380, 404 N.W.2d 744 (1987).
Plaintiff first argues that the evidence shows that the stated reason for the discharge was not legitimate because the reorganization involved only his position. We disagree. A work force reduction can legitimately consist of the elimination of only one employee. Lytle, supra at 177, n. 27, 579 N.W.2d 906. Here, the reorganization of plaintiff's department consisted of the elimination of his position and the hiring of a person with different skills to do different work. We conclude that, as with work force reductions, the number of employees involved in a reorganization does not, by itself, affect whether a reorganization actually took place.
Plaintiff next argues that the proffered reason for the termination of his employment was pretextual because he was not permitted to complete the training necessary to meet his employers' changing needs. However, plaintiff presents no evidence to establish that defendants prevented him from receiving the training he needed to meet his employers' requirements. Instead, the evidence showed that while other employees worked at their own initiative to obtain the training needed to meet their employers' evolving needs, plaintiff did not take sufficient steps to develop the necessary qualifications to operate the computer aided equipment in the required timeframe.
Finally, plaintiff argues that his alleged pending report of safety concerns to the Department of Labor, and not defendants' workplace reorganization, motivated defendants to terminate his employment. Plaintiff claims that the short time between the last time he notified defendants that he was reporting safety issues and the termination of his employment shows that defendants fired him because he was going to engage, or had engaged, in protected activity. Close timing between alleged protected activity and the termination of a plaintiff's employment may establish the "causal connection" element of a plaintiff's prima facie case of retaliation, and "[t]he proofs offered in support of the prima facie case may be sufficient to create a triable issue of fact that the employer's stated *630 reason is a pretext, as long as the evidence would enable a reasonable factfinder to infer that the employer's decision had a discriminatory [here, retaliatory] basis." Town v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 455 Mich. 688, 697, 568 N.W.2d 64 (1997).[1]
In the proceedings below, the trial court, relying on Swanson v. General Services Administration, 110 F.3d 1180 (C.A.5, 1997), found that any temporal relationship between plaintiff's alleged protected activity and the termination of his employment could not establish that the stated reason was a mere pretext. We agree that the short time between plaintiff's participation in protected activity and the termination of plaintiff's employment, without more, is insufficient to establish that the stated reason was a mere pretext. In Roulston, supra at 281-282, 608 N.W.2d 525, this Court found that the short period between when the plaintiff's employer was notified of her whistleblowing activity and when her employment was terminated, coupled with other evidence that the plaintiff presented, created a genuine issue of material fact that the termination was pretextual. Here, as the foregoing discussion demonstrates, plaintiff has presented no evidence other than the timing of the events from which a jury could infer that defendants retaliated against him. The lack of evidence other than the timing of plaintiff's termination in relation to his participation in protected activity fails to create a genuine issue of material fact that the termination was retaliatory. Rather, plaintiff's reliance solely on the timing of his termination merely serves to encourage speculation. Sanchez v. Henderson, 188 F.3d 740, 747 (C.A.7, 1999). See also Skrjanc v. Great Lakes Power Service Co., 272 F.3d 309, 317 (C.A.6, 2001), citing Conner v. Schnuck Mkts., Inc., 121 F.3d 1390, 1397-1398 (C.A.10, 1997); Sprenger v. Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines, 253 F.3d 1106, 1114 (C.A.8, 2001); Pugh v. Attica, Indiana, 259 F.3d 619, 628-629 (C.A.7, 2001); Walton v. Mental Health Ass'n of Southeastern Pennsylvania, 168 F.3d 661, 669-670 (C.A.3, 1999).
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] We reiterate that in this case we have assumed without deciding that plaintiff has established a prima facie case against defendants under the WPA.