46 Ky. 80 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1846
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Robert Fletohfr, claiming under four patents for 160 acres each, issued in September. 1835, on four entries, made in the Receiver’s office, under the laws enacted for
In the case of Bledsoe’s devisees vs Wells, (4 Bibb, 330,) which was a case in which a patent had issued on a Treasury warrant, which had been located within that
There are two exceptions to the rule here laid down, with respect to the impeachment of patents. The first is where the Legislature has declared that the patent shall be void, if issued in contravention of a described state of case; the second is, where they have declared that the patent shall be deemed fraudulent, if issued under similar circumstances. Whatever might be our opinion as to the propriety of those exceptions, they have been too long and repeatedly sanctioned and sustained by the decision®
In the two exceptions referred to, the Legislative enactment is made to apply to and ad diredly upon the patent, annuling the same, and may imply an authority to prove by parol, on the trial of a collateral issue, those facts which will bring the patent under the legislative denunciation.
. Subjecting the two patents that are brought in conflict in this case, to the rule and exceptions intimated, and it follows that the patent of the plaintiff below cannot be impeached or its invalidity shown, by parol proof, in the trial of the issue between the parties. Though it was obtained obviously and knowingly in contravention of the legislative enactments referred to, and perhaps by a fraudulent combination between the Receiver and plaintiff, these enactments or any other that we have seen, do not declare th e patent fraudulent or void; and cases might occur in which both the locator and Receiver might.be ignorant of the interference of the claims entered, with'any entry or survey of a military claim.
But as the statute of 1820, (2 Stat. Laws, 1343,) expressly declares, in reference to the military entry under which the defendants claim, “that any patent issuing on a survey made contrary to the location, shall be void to all intents and purposes, so far as the same may be different or variant from the location,” the defendant’s patent falls within the exception to the general rule before intimated, and may be impeached by the plaintiff by the introduction of parol or other proof showing the variance between the entry and patent; and so far as such variance is shown to exist, the patent of the defendants may be treated as a nullity, and afford no protection to the defendants.
The operation of the statutes and general rule, with the exceptions referred to, presents a hard case. Junior patents obtained in fraud of the law, founded upon the pitiful consideration of twelve and a half cents per acre, are made to prevail in case a variance between the entry
But though the defendants may not be able to succeed, but the plaintiff may prevail to the extent of the variance, if any exists, in the trial of the issue in ejectment, we can hardly believe that the defendants or elder patentee, in that event, would be without remedy.
It is said by that learned commentator, Blackstone, (3 Vol. B. Com. 261,) “where the crown hath unadvisedly granted anything by letters patent, which ought notto be granted, or where the patentee hath done an act that amounts to a forfeiture of the grant, the remedy to repeal the patent, is by writ of scire facias in chancery. This may be brought either on the part of the King, in order to reserve the thing granted, or if the grant be injurious to a subject, the King is bound, of right, to permit him, (upon his petition,) to use his royal name for repealing the patent in a scire facias.”
It is also said in the 5th voL of Comyn’s Digest, title Patent, 356, “that if a patent is founded upon a false suggestion, the King may have a scire facias for repealing it.” “So if the King grant, by his letters patent, the same thing to several persons, a scire facias lies for repealing the last patent: (4 Inst. 88.) And in such case the scire facias shall be brought by the first patentee-. (4 Inst. 88, and other authorities referred to.) Anda scire facias by the last patentee shall not be allowed, though he seems to have the right with him,”
“A scire facias for repealing a patent may be sued in chancery, or in the King’s Bench, (4 Inst. 72, 79, 88; Dy. 197, b,; 3 Lev. 220;”)
“The patent itself is a sufficient record, upon which a scire facias may be founded for repealing the same.”
The Commonwealth in this republic, occupies, in many respects, the place of the King in England, and the proceedings of course should be instituted in the name of the Commonwealth, if such proceedings would lie here.
The authorities referred to pretty clearly indicate, as we conceive, the course to be pursued, and the remedy to be obtained by the elder patentee under military entries,
The elder patentee and Commonwealth are both interested in vacating and annuling junior patents which have been surreptitiously obtained, producing a conflict with those military claims, and it would seem to us not only to be the right, but also the duty of the Commonwealth, to permit her name to be used in a scire facias at the instance and upon the motion of the elder patentee, to repeal, annul or vacate the junior patents which have been thus fraudulently obtained. The Commonwealth had, by the Legislature, from time to time reduced the price of the lands on the S. W. side of the Tennessee river, until they were reduced from one dollar and a quarter to twelve and a half cents per acre, believing as she did, that all the better lands were taken, she never could have
To entitle the plaintiff to. recover against the military patent, under which the defendants claim, it lies upon him to show, by clem, satisfactory and unequivocal evidence, that the patent varies from the entry, and the extent thereof. To do so, he must show that the entry was in fact located and intended to be located in a different place, and to embrace different land from that embraced in the patent. It is the want of identity between the entry and patent, and not the want of notoriety in the objects called for in either, that renders the patent void. And this want of identity it lies upon the plaintiff clearly and unequivocally to make out in proof, or the patent, which is high record evidence of a perfect title for the land it embraces, must prevail. The entry was made more than sixty years ago, and it cannot be expected that the place of the location, or intended location, can be now shown by living witnesses. All that can be now shown, must be shown by circumstantial evidence, as the correspondence or want of correspondence of objects found upon the ground, with those called for in the entry, or the like circumstantial proof. If, therefore, there be a set of objects found upon the ground embraced by the patent corresponding as well with the calls of the entry, as another set of objects found at another place, we cannot conceive how the jury or Court could determine in favor of the one or the other set of objects, so as to justify them in finding against, and treating as annuled the
In this case, the entry of Wm. Croghan, under which the defendants claim, was made on the 7th of August, 1784, in the following words : “No. 346. Wm. Croghan enters 1,3663 acres, on part of a military warrant, No. 25, beginning at Gen. Clark’s upper corner of an entry of 1,500 acres, No. 265, lying on a branch of Mayfield creek, at the corner next the creek, running thence east, 440 poles; thence south, and with Gen. Clark’s line for quantity.” Gen. Clark’s entry is as follows : “August 6, 1784, No. 256, Geo. Rogers Clark enters 1,500 acres, part of a military warrant, No. 2,292; beginning at the foot of the high land, where the first branch of Mayfield creek above the Bayou, on the south side, passes through it, to the bottom or low grounds; running thence south, 75 east, 500 poles ; thence at right angles, westwardly, for quantity.”
The plaintiff below' claims the stream now called Lott’s branch, as the branch called for in Clark’s entry, and his beginning at the foot of the high land, about one half mile from its mouth, where it passes through the high lands into the bottom, and the creek or slough just below the branch which runs out of Mayfield creek into the Mississippi river when the latter is low, and out of the Mississippi into Mayfield creek, when the Mississippi is high, and which never ceases running the one way or the other, as the Bayou called for in Clark’s entry. If this be the true place of Clark’s entry, then Croghan’s entry, which calls for his upper corner, next to Mayfield creek, when run out according to its calls, will embrace no part
But the defendants claim the stream now called True-man’s creek, as the branch called for in Clark’s entry, and a slough or Bayou, which runs out. of Mayfield just below the creek on the south, and again unites with the creek about a half a mile below, as the Bayou, and the point where Trueman’s creek passes through the high lands to the low ground, as the point of Clark’s beginning. Crogban’s survey has been run out, and his patent has issued thereon, regarding the foregoing as the true and proper locative calls of Clark’s entry, and has been made nearly in conformity to the same. And if made entirely in conformity to the same, or based upon Claik’s entry as thus laid down, and run out accordingly, the greater part of the land claimed by the plaintiff, and perhaps all the occupants on the same, would be embraced and covered in common, by the entry and patent of Croghan.
We are perfectly satisfied that there is a more perfect correspondence between the calls of Clark’s entry and the objects found upon the ground at the place designated by the defendants, than at the place claimed by the plaintiff, and the circumstances exhibited in this record, tend more strongly to show the place selected by the defendants, as the true place, rather than that selected by the plaintiff. It must be borne in mind that Clark’s, Croghan’s, and the the entire block of entries exhibited in the record, were made in August, the dryest month in the year, and all were made from the 2d to the 12th of the month inclusive, and were probably made by the same company of locators, as the country was then a savage wilderness. On the 6th of August, when Clark’s entry was made, the stream now called Salty branch, was in all reasonable likelihood, a dry ravene, and not a branch. The witnesses describe it as a very small stream, which runs in wet weather and goes dry in dry weather, and some of them say it resembles more a deep ravene, cut by the flowing of water from the high grounds in wet weather, than a branch or creek. The creek below that runs out of Mayfield into the Mississippi, claimed now as
On the other hand, the stream now called Trueman’s creek, and sometimes branch, was most likely, in the dry month of August, a small stream, and might well be denominated a branch. Besides, it is in fact a branch or limb of Mayfield, and when speaking in reference to both as Clark’s entry does, it might well be called a branch. Again, the locators were no doubt Virginians, and it is proven that they are in the habit of calling pretty large streams branches;
There is a slough or bayou just below Trueman’s creek, which has for years past, been promiscuously called a slough and bayou, and which answers better the description of a bayou than the stream or creek claimed by the plaintiff as a bayou. The foot of the high lands through which Trueman’s creek runs, is about three quarters of a mile or a little more, from the mouth of the creek, and which point was most likely the point intended as Clark’s beginning.
There are other circumstances which we will not stop to enumerate, tending to the satisfactory conclusion that the place claimed by the plaintiff was not the place in* tended to be embraced by 'Clark’s entry, and that the place claimed by the defendants is, in all reasonable likelihood, the true place intended to be embraced by the same.
It is, therefore, the opinion of this Court, that the judg] ment of the Circuit Court be reversed, and cause remanded, that a new trial may be granted.