The plaintiff is an attorney at law, and this action is to recover the sum of $4,500 and interest, for professional services rendered the defendant from September 1, 1893, until June, 1896. The defendant was incorporated about September 12, 1893. The plaintiff was one of its incorporators. On its organization he became its secretary and treasurer, and one of its directors, and so continued to be during the period of the rendition of the services' thereafter charged for. At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, the court gave an instruction that upon the law and evidence the plaintiff could not recover. Thereupon he took a nonsuit with leave, and his motion to set the same aside having been overruled, he appeals.
It clearly appeared from the evidence that the services were rendered, that they were professional services, that they were of the value charged therefor, that they were performed at the instance of the general manager and directors, and the benefits thereof accepted by the corporation; and from the record, that a recovery was denied him on the ground that his employment was not evidenced by any formal recorded action of the board of directors fixing compensation for such services. The crucial question in tire case is whether a promise to pay the reasonable value of such services niay be implied in his favor, he being a director of the corporation at the time.
(1) It is well-settled law in this State that the acts of a corporation may be proved in the same manner as the acts of individuals, and that a promise to pay the reasonable value of
(2) It is also well-settled law that when a lawyer has rendered valuable services to another person, the benefits of which have been accepted by him, a promise to pay the reasonable value of such services will be presumed against such other person, unless the circumstances show that the services were intended to be gratuitous. [3 Am. and Eng. Encyc. of Law (2 Ed.), 437.] And this court, has held that a jury knows more about the value of such services than anybody else. [Cosgrove v. Leonard,
(3) But it is also well-settled law, that the directors of a corporation can not recover compensation for their services when rendered in the line of their duty as such, whether eo nomine as directors, officers, members of committees, or otherwise, unless compensation for such services is provided for in its charter or authorized by a by-law, or resolution of the board of directors before the services are rendered. [17 Am. and Eng. Encyc. of Law (1 Ed.), p. 119, sec. 6, and cases cited in n. 3; Martindale v. Wilson-Cass Co., 134 Pa. St. 348; Loan Ass’n v. Stonemetz, 29 Pa. St. 534; Hodges v. Railroad,
Generally in these cases, the director was seeking to recover salary or compensation for services as a director, manager, officer, committeeman, or for other like services nearly or remotely incident to his duties as a director, when no compensation had been provided therefor by formal action of the board, and under this rule a recovery was denied. In some ' of these and other like cases dicta may be found broad enough to support the ruling of the trial court in this case, and in some, perhaps, the judgment on the facts may be said to give it support. But for authoritative precedents for a correct ruling on the facts of this case, we will have tp look elsewhere.
(4) Here the plaintiff, an attorney at law, who is a director of the defendant corporation, as also its secretary and treasurer, is suing for the value of services, not within the .scope of or incident to the duties of any of those official positions or relations, but for special personal services strictly in the line of his profession, and entirely outside of the line or scope of any of his official duties. And the question is, what is the rule in such case ?, The rule applicable to such a case, to be deduced from the modem and best considered cases, is, we think, that a party, although a director or other officer of a corporation, may recover the reasonable value of necessary services rendered to a corporation, entirely outside of the line and scope of his duties as such director or officer, performed at the instance of its officers, whose powers are of a general character, upon an implied promise to pay for such services, when they were rendered under such circumstances as to raise a fair presumption that the parties intended and understood they were to be paid for or ought to have so intended and understood. [Fitzgerald Construction Co. v. Fitzgerald,
In these cases, the whole question is thoroughly discussed and many authorities cited. The rule and its applicability to the case in hand is made manifest by the following quotations from a few of them:
In Fitzgerald Construction Co. v. Fitzgerald, 137 U. S. loc. cit. 111 and 112, Chief Justice Fuller says: “The evidence tended to establish that Fitzgerald acted as treasurer for some months in 1886, and that while so acting he went to expense and trouble in the procuring of money for the company, and in the discharge of duties outside of those assigned to the treasurer as such, as defined in section 6 of the by-laws already quoted; and that as manager or superintendent he procured right of way, superintended the doing of the work, the hiring of the men, the subletting of the contracts, etc., which were matters not at all pertaining to his office as director. The character of all these services placed them outside of official duties proper. The general rule is well stated by Mr. Justice Morton (since Chief Justice of Massachusetts), in Pew v. First Nat. Bank,
In Greensboro Company v. Stratton, 120 Ind. loc. cit. 296, the Supreme Court of Indiana, speaking by Olds, J., says: “In the case of the Santa Clara Mining Ass’n v. Meredith,
In Nat. Loan & Investment Co. v. Rockland Co., 94 Fed. Rep. loc. cit. 338, Sanborn, J., says: “A thoughtful and de^ liberate consideration of this entire question, and an extended consideration of the authorities upon it, has led to the conclusion that this is the true rule: Officers of a corporation, who are also directors, and who, without any agreement, express or implied, with the corporation or its owners, or their repre
Interesting discussions of this question may be found in some of the other cases cited, especially in the very recent case (1901) of Bassett v. Fairchild,
Applying this rule to the case in hand, we must hold that the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the evidence.
It follows from what has been said that the judgment of the circuit court must be reversed and the cause remanded to that court with directions to set aside the nonsuit, and to proceed with the trial of the 'cause in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.