75 Conn. App. 560 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2003
General Statutes § 52-584
The plaintiff, Joseph Tamowsky, filed a complaint alleging that, on March 14, 1997, he slipped and fell on an accumulation of snow and ice while walking on property owned by People’s Bank in the Noroton Heights section of Darien. The plaintiff alleged that, as a result, he had suffered a variety of physical and psychological injuries as well as a loss of earning capacity.
The plaintiff originally sued the property owner, People’s Bank, and the tenant, Jana, LLC, within two years
The plaintiffs amended complaint, insofar as it was addressed to the defendant, contained two counts. The significant count for this appeal is the plaintiffs allegation that the defendant negligently had failed to keep the area where the plaintiff fell free of snow and ice. The defendant moved for summary judgment on the ground that the plaintiffs action was time barred by § 52-584 because it had not been brought within two years of the plaintiffs slip and fall.
The trial court, Hon. William B. Lewis, judge trial referee, granted the defendant’s motion. The court concluded that the plaintiff had suffered actionable harm on the date of his fall, despite not knowing, or having reason to know, the identity of the defendant.
The plaintiff claims that his action was not barred by § 52-584 because the time to bring his tort action did not begin to run, as a matter of law, until he discovered, or should have discovered, that he had suffered actionable harm. Actionable harm, the plaintiff maintains, requires notice of the identity of the specific tortfeasor.
The merits of the plaintiffs claim are not resolved by § 52-584. The statute provides in relevant part that no action for personal injury “shall be brought but within two years from the date when the injury is first sustained or discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered . . . .” (Emphasis added.) The statute does not purport to define the term “injury.” It is nonetheless noteworthy that the statute recognizes the significance of discovery of an injury as well as the occurrence of an injury.
Our Supreme Court has defined “injury” in § 52-584 to be an event that occurs when the plaintiff suffers actionable harm. Rivera v. Double A Transportation, Inc., supra, 248 Conn. 26-27. In determining when a plaintiff has suffered actionable harm, a court must focus “on the plaintiffs knowledge of facts, rather than on discovery of applicable legal theories.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lambert v. Stovell, 205 Conn. 1, 6, 529 A.2d 710 (1987). “A breach of duty by the defendant and a causal connection between the defendant’s breach of duty and the resulting harm to the plaintiff are essential elements of a cause of action in negligence.
. . . They are therefore necessary ingredients for actionable harm.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Catz v. Rubenstein, 201 Conn. 39, 44, 513 A.2d 98 (1986).
We know of no Connecticut case, and the parties have cited none, that applies these standards to a case of late discovery of the identity of a tortfeasor.
The parties’ appellate arguments center on whether Catz provides useful guidance for resolution of the identity problem in this case. Concededly, Catz is distinguishable on its facts. Its reasoning, nonetheless, may be illuminating.
The defendant does not take issue with Catz or the interpretation of that case in Ives v. NMTC, Inc., 46 Conn. Sup. 235, 746 A.2d 236 (1999). He argues, nonetheless, that the Ives discussion of causation and actionable harm should govern this case. We disagree.
Ives concerned the applicability of the three year provision of the statute of limitations contained in General Statutes § 52-577a,
We are not persuaded that we should follow Ives under the circumstances of this case. The Superior Court’s conclusion in Ives cannot be reconciled with our reasoning in Peerless Ins. Co. v. Tucciarone, 48 Conn. App. 160, 708 A.2d 611 (1998).
Peerless Ins. Co. arose in the context of a fire on commercial property. Id., 162. A group of tenants and their insurance carriers brought an action for negligence and nuisance against the owners of the property. Id. The owners thereafter filed an action against a third party that allegedly had engaged in conduct violating the Product Liability Act. Id. The third party moved for summary judgment on a number of grounds, including a claim that the owners’ action was barred by virtue of § 52-577a because the owners had raised their claims more than three years after the occurrence of the fire.
This court agreed with the judgment of the trial court in favor of the third parties. We did so because the record established that the owners, early on, had access to the report of a fire marshal identifying the cause of the fire and the identity of the manufacturer of the inflammatory material. Id., 167. We held, therefore, that the plaintiff, exercising due diligence, could have discovered the identity of the third party at an earlier time. Id. The owners’ action, therefore, was untimely because it was initiated more than three years after the report was issued. Id.
It is important to note the issues of law that we addressed and did not address in Peerless Ins. Co. We
There is no relevant distinction, except for a difference in the stated limitation periods, between the discovery language contained in §§ 52-577a and 52-284. We conclude therefore that, under both sections, a claimant is not time barred until he knows, or should have known, the identity of the negligent person who caused his injury to occur. Peerless Ins. Co. establishes the identity principle and Catz establishes the causation principle. The defendant has not shown that he was entitled to summary judgment on his statute of limitations claim.
It bears noting that our holding does not put the defendant in infinite jeopardy of stale claims. The plaintiffs complaint was filed within the alternate three year time requirement also contained in § 52-584.
The result that we reach in this case is entirely consistent with the policy of allowing just claims to be vindicated in the courts of this state. It is not just to require
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes § 52-584 provides in relevant part: “No action to recover damages for injury to the person, or to real or personal property, caused by negligence . . . shall be brought but within two years from the date when the injury is first sustained or discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered, and except that no such action may be brought more than three years from the date of the act or omission complained of . . . .”
On August 23, 2000, the defendant filed an apportionment complaint against People’s Bank, Jana, LLC, and Leggat McCall Properties Management of Connecticut, Inc. (Leggat). The apportionment complaint is not before us in this appeal. We refer in this opinion to Peter Socci as the defendant.
On November 3, 2000, the plaintiff amended his complaint to include two counts alleging tortious misconduct by Leggat. In response, Leggat filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground that the plaintiffs action was barred by General Statutes § 52-584. Although the trial court, Hon. Frank H. D 'Andrea, judge trial referee, initially granted Leggat’s motion, it denied the motion after reargument because “[tjhere existed a genuine issue of fact as to when the plaintiff discovered, or should reasonably have discovered the existence of the defendant, Peter Socci, as a viable defendant against whom a suit for actionable harm could be brought.” The court’s denial of summary judgment is presumably the reason why this appeal does not challenge the judgment rendered by Judge D’Andrea.
The plaintiff does not contest the court’s judgment with respect to count two of the amended complaint. In that count, the plaintiff had alleged that he was a third party beneficiary of a service contract between the defendant and People’s Bank.
Many jurisdictions have held that a cause of action does not accrue until the plaintiff discovered or should have discovered the identity of the specific tortfeasor. See, e.g., Lawhon v. L.B.J. Institutional Supply, Inc., 159 Ariz. 179, 183, 765 P.2d 1003 (App. 1988) (tort actions); Pennwalt Corp. v. Nasios,
Other jurisdictions have declined to extend the accrual of a cause of action to the date when the plaintiff discovered or should have discovered the identity of the defendant. See, e.g., Norgart v. Upjohn Co., 21 Cal. 4th 383, 399, 981 P.2d 79, 87 Cal. Rptr. 2d 453 (1999); Russell v. Attco, Inc., 82 Haw. 461, 463-65, 923 P.2d 403 (1996); Wells v. Travis, 284 Ill. App. 3d 282, 286, 672 N.E.2d 789 (1996); Krasnow v. Allen, 29 Mass. App. 562, 569-70, 562 N.E.2d 1375 (1990), cert. denied, 409 Mass. 1102, 566 N.E.2d 1131 (1991); Smith v. Sinai Hospital of Detroit, 152 Mich. App. 716, 726, 394 N.W.2d 82 (1986); Staiano v. Johns Manville Corp., 304 Pa. Super. 280, 287-88, 450 A.2d 681 (1982) (product liability); Mellon Service Co. v. Touche Ross & Co., 17 S.W.3d 432 (Tex. Civ. App. 2000); Nowotny v. L & B Contract Industries, Inc., 933 P.2d 452, 457-58 (Wyo. 1997).
The parties acknowledge an existing split of authority among Superior Court decisions regarding the “actionable harm test” and whether it includes the identity of the tortfeasor. In Barron v. Benton Auto Body, Inc., Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. 573293 (December 21, 2000) (Rubinow, J.), the court held that General Statutes § 52-584 is tolled until the
General Statutes § 52-577a (a) provides in relevant part: “No product liability claim as defined in section 52-572m shall be brought but within three years from the date when the injury, death or property damage is first sustained or discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered . . . .”
The tenants’ claims against the owners were consolidated for trial.
See footnote 1.