70 F. 1003 | 3rd Cir. | 1895
This suit was brought upon two patents (Nos. 291,781 and 291,785) granted to Augustus Schultz on January 8, 1884, for processes for “(awing hides and skins.” Each of these patents contains a single claim, as follows:
No. 291,784: “The within-described process for tawing hides and skins, said process consisting in subjecting the hides or skins to the action of compounds*1004 of metallic salts, such as a solution of bichromate of potash, and then treating the same with a compound containing hyposulphurous acid (or, as it is otherwise called, ‘thiosulphuris’ acid), such as a solution of hyposulphite of soda or of potash, in the presence of hydrochloric acid.”
No. 291,785: “The within described process for tawing hides and shins, said process consisting in subjecting the hides or skins to the action of a bath prepared from a metallic salt, such as bichromate of potash, and then to the action of a bath capable of evolving sulphurous acid, such as a solution' of sulphite of soda, in presence of another acid, such as hydrochloric acid, substantially as described.”
The defenses mainly relied upon were (1) insufficiency of specification, and (2) want of novelty. The learned judge held the specifications to be sufficient, and his opinion amply supports that conclusion; but he dismissed the bill on the ground that the patents were invalid for lack of novelty of their subject-matter, and in this we think there was error. For the purposes of this case he properly' treated the processes of the two patents as being “practically alike,” and directed his attention to determining “what was the exact discovery of Schultz.” His understanding that it was a process or “a mode of treating certain material to produce a given result” was undoubtedly correct, but we are unable to acquiesce in the view which he took of the process itself. It is not a process for the treatment of any material whatever, to produce a varying or indefinite result. It is a process solely for “tawing hides and skins” by subjecting them to chemical action, with the definite object of converting them into leather. It may be conceded that, abstractly considered, “saturation with acid, and the converting of that saturating acid into oxide by chemical reduction, must * * * be always the same” chemical operation; but it does not follow that when that operation is applied to different materials to accomplish dissimilar results the process must be in every instance identical. The question is not whether the agents employed, and their influence each upon the other, are the same, but whether the same practical result, or a sufficiently related one, is produced in the one case as in the other. Tried by this test, one class of the references relied on to show anticipation was clearly without relevancy. In “dyeing and printing on fabrics” and in the “treatment of wools” the end finally accomplished is not at all analogous to that of manufactured leather. The same ingredients may be used to reach the one result as the other, but they are not used for a like purpose. They do not affect the different materials in the same way, and the product evolved in the one case is wholly unlike the change effected in the other. The fact that hides are substituted for fabrics or wool, and that the thing produced is leather, and not dyed fabric or treated wool, distinguishes the'two processes. The art of dyeing and of leather-making are wholly unallied, and therefore the doctrine of double use has no pertinency. Some of the observations made by the supreme court in Potts v. Creager, 155 U. S. 606, 15 Sup. Ct. 104, are directly in point. It was there said:
“On the other hand, if the transfer be to a branch of industry but remotely allied to the other, and the effect of such transfer has been to supersede other methods of doing the same work, the court will look with a less critical eye upon the means employed in. making the transfer. 4 * ⅜ Indeed, it often requires as acute a perception of the relation between cause and effect, and as much of the peculiar intuitive genius which is characteristic of great inventors.*1005 to grasp tlie Idea that a device used in one art may ho made available in another, as would be necessary to create the device do novo.”
See, also, National Cash-Register Co. v. Boston Cash Indicator & Recorder Co., 156 U. S. 502, 15 Sup. Ct. 434.
Of the remaining references it will suffice to mention tlie patent which was mainly discussed by the court below, and as to which the defendant’s expert testified that it more nearly resembles the jirocess of tlie patents in suit than any oilier of the patents and publications referred to. The patent alluded to was granted December 15, 1850, to Joseph Wilson Bwan, for “improvements in the treatment of gelatinous tissues of gelatine and gum, and of compounds containing such substances.” In his specification, Swan said:
“My Invention consists in the use oí salts of the sesquioxide of chromium; as, for example, sulphide of the sesquioxide of chromium, or tlie substance known in commerce as ‘chrome alum,’ as a means of rendering- gelatine or gum (Senegal or Arabic), or compounds containing ihose substances, insoluble in water. My invention is applicable to various uses; for example, to the fixing of pigments and dyes ip printing and dyeing textile fabrics, when the pigment or dye is thickened with gelatine or gum; to the tanning of skins and hides: to 1he fixing of photographs mounted with gelatine; to the fixing of limits produced in gelatinous ink; to the rendering insoluble of gelatine used as a glaze or varnish, or for the purpose of waterproofing; to the production of sheets of insoluble gelatine; and to the preparation of photographic paper, sized with gelatine or gum, ⅞ ⅛ * in tanning I immerse the skins or hides in a solution containing about one per cent, of chrome alum, or in a solution of chromate or bichromate of potash, or other suitable chromate or bichromate, and T decompose the said chromate or bichromate in tlie skin or hide by means of oxalic or other acid, so as to produce by the decomposition and reduction of the said chromate or bichromate the required compound of chromic oxide.”
Bwan supposed that Lhe process which he described might be applied to tanning', as well as to the other “various uses” which he enumerated; but it has been clearly proved that in this he was mistaken, and it is probable that he was led into this mistake by erroneously assuming- that any treatment which would accomplish what, apparently, was his primary and general object, — the rendering of gelatine insoluble, — would also convert hides into leather. But leather never has been made by the Bwan process, and it never can be; and (his fact, alone demonstrates its insufficiency as an anticipation, and, of course, indicates — as has, however, been independently shown — that the Bwan process and that of the patents in suit are substantially different. B wan’s description was not designed to-suggest the Behultz method, and it certainly never did suggest it to anyone.
As we have already said, we deem it unnecessary, as did the court below, to discuss the other patents which were introduced to defend the patents of Behultz. Our examination of them has satisfied us that, if the Bwan patent was not an anticipation (and we are dearly of opinion that it was not), nono of tlie others can lie taken to conflict vviih tlie claims of Behultz, or would justify the characterization of his performance as skillful merely-, and not inventive. To the art of leather-making he supplied a method which was new and liighly uselul, and which was far from being obvious. The decree of the circuit court is reversed.