Case Information
*1 Before K ANNE , S YKES , and H AMILTON , Circuit Judges .
K ANNE , Circuit Judge . Tai Matlin and James Waring appeal the district court’s dismissal of their suit against Spin Master Corporation, Spin Master Ltd., and Swimways Corporation for lack of personal jurisdiction and improper venue. Because the defendants have insu ffi cient contacts with Illinois to es- tablish speci c personal jurisdiction, we a ffi rm.
I. B ACKGROUND
Along with other business partners, two Illinois residents, Tai Matlin and James Waring, co-founded a company called Gray Matter Holdings, LLC, in 1997. [1] Matlin and Waring de- veloped certain products for Gray Matter, including an inflat- able beach mat known as the “Snap-2-It” and a radio-con- trolled hang glider called the “Aggressor.”
In 1999, after learning that the company faced failure, Mat- lin and Waring entered into a Withdrawal Agreement with Gray Matter wherein they sold their partnership shares of the company and forfeited their salaries. The Withdrawal Agree- ment also included a provision that assigned Matlin and War- ing's intellectual property and patent rights to Gray Matter, but entitled them to royalties on the sale of the products. In the years following the Withdrawal Agreement, Matlin and Waring frequently brought Gray Matter to arbitration to en- force their royalty rights.
In 2002, Gray Matter filed an assignment of the products’ intellectual property rights with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Matlin and Waring allege that Gray Matter filed the assignment without their knowledge and that the company forged Waring's signature on the paperwork. The following year, Gray Matter sold assets to Swimways, includ- ing the patent rights to Matlin and Waring’s products. A 2014 binding arbitration between Gray Matter and the plaintiffs determined that Gray Matter did not assign the Withdrawal Agreement to Swimways upon sale of the products and that the plaintiffs were owed no further royalties. Accordingly, Swimways never paid royalties to Matlin or Waring. Then in 2016, Spin Master acquired Swimways and the intellectual property rights at issue here.
In 2017, Matlin and Waring filed this suit against Swim- ways, Spin Master Corp., and Spin Master Ltd. in the North- ern District of Illinois. They argued they were still entitled to royalties for the products and brought claims of fraud and breach of contract against Swimways, and unjust enrichment against all defendants. Swimways is a Virginia corporation with its principal place of business in Virginia Beach. The Spin Master defendants are Canadian companies with their princi- pal places of business in Toronto. None of the defendants are registered to conduct business in, have employees in, or have registered agents for service of process in Illinois.
The defendants moved to dismiss Matlin and Waring’s complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction and Rule 12(b)(3) for improper venue. The defendants submitted declarations from their re- spective corporate officers in support of their motion, outlin- ing how the companies lacked sufficient contact with Illinois to establish personal jurisdiction. In response to defendants’ motion to dismiss, plaintiffs’ counsel submitted an online purchase receipt from Swimways’ website and a declaration stating that he purchased and received a single patented product in Illinois. Matlin and Waring believed that, along with the complaint’s allegations, this purchase of a royalty- generating product sufficiently established personal jurisdic- tion over the defendants.
The district court rejected Matlin and Waring’s argument and granted the defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. The court de- termined that because Matlin and Waring asserted only com- mon law claims against the defendants, Illinois law governed whether it had personal jurisdiction over the defendants. The court then turned to the Illinois Long Arm Statute and the state’s case law to determine whether asserting personal ju- risdiction over the defendants would violate their right to due process. Accordingly, it held that the defendants had insuffi- cient contacts with Illinois to establish either general or spe- cific personal jurisdiction in that state. The defendants subse- quently filed a Motion for Sanctions against plaintiffs under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.
Matlin and Waring appealed the court’s dismissal. We note that defendants’ Motion for Sanctions against Matlin and Waring, pending before the district court, has no impact on our jurisdiction over Matlin and Waring’s appeal. See Cleve- land v. Berkson , 878 F.2d 1034 (7th Cir. 1989).
II. A NALYSIS
On appeal, Matlin and Waring argue that the district court erred in holding that it had no personal jurisdiction over the defendants. Speci cally, they maintain that the defendants es- tablished su ffi cient contacts in Illinois by selling the royalty- generating products online and shipping them into the state. Additionally, they believe that the district court misinter- preted our case law in the wake of Walden v. Fiore , 571 U.S. 277 (2014). Plainti s also appeal the district court’s dismissal for improper venue. Because we agree that the district court had no personal jurisdiction over the defendants, we do not ad- dress the venue issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(3) (venue can be proper where the court has jurisdiction over the defendants).
We review dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction de novo . Tamburo v. Dworkin , 601 F.3d 693, 700 (7th Cir. 2010). Matlin and Waring bear the burden of establishing personal jurisdiction. Id . Where, as here, the defendants submit evi- dence opposing the district court’s exercise of personal juris- diction, the plainti s must similarly submit a ffi rmative evi- dence supporting the court’s exercise of jurisdiction. Purdue Research Found. v. Sano fi -Synthelabo, S.A. , 338 F.3d 773, 782 (7th Cir. 2003). When the district court bases its determination solely on wri en materials and not an evidentiary hearing, plainti s must only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction over the defendants to survive their motion to dis- miss. Id . “[W]e take as true all well-pleaded facts alleged in the complaint and resolve any factual disputes in the a ffi da- vits in favor of the plainti [s].” Tamburo , 601 F.3d at 700.
A. Due Process Requirements for Speci c Personal Jurisdiction Because Matlin and Waring bring claims based in state common law, “a federal court si ing in Illinois may exercise jurisdiction over [the defendants] in this case only if author- ized both by Illinois law and by the United States Constitu- tion.” be2 LLC v. Ivanov , 642 F.3d 555, 558 (7th Cir. 2011). To that end, the Illinois Long Arm Statute provides that courts may exercise jurisdiction on any basis allowed by the due pro- cess provisions of the Illinois and federal constitutions. See 735 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/2-209(c). The district court may exercise jurisdiction only if both constitutions’ due process require- ments are met. Illinois v. Hemi Group LLC , 622 F.3d 754, 756 (7th Cir. 2010).
We previously observed that although the Illinois Consti- tution may theoretically provide greater due process protec- tions for nonresident defendants, no Illinois case has provided a de fi nitive explanation of the di ff erences between federal and Illinois due process. See Hemi Group , 622 F.3d at 757; see also Russell v. SNFA , 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 32 (“[T]here have been no decisions from [the Illinois Supreme Court] or the appellate court identifying any substantive di ff erence be- tween Illinois due process and federal due process on the is- sue of a court's exercising personal jurisdiction over a nonres- ident defendant.”); see also Je rey S. Su on, Imperfect Solu- tions: States and the Making of American Constitutional Law 8 (2018) (noting that, like many other fundamental rights, due process rights originated in state constitutions and that par- ties in federal courts usually neglect arguments based on state constitutional grounds). Because neither party here urges that the Illinois due process analysis di ers, we only consider the requirements of federal due process.
“The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment constrains a State’s authority to bind a nonresident defendant to a judgment of its courts.” Walden , 571 U.S. at 283. A non- resident defendant generally must “have certain minimum contacts” with the forum state “such that the maintenance of the suit does not o end ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Int ʹ l Shoe Co. v. Washington , 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer , 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)); Walden , 571 U.S. at 283.
Although two types of personal jurisdiction (general and speci fi c) exist, the parties agree that only speci fi c personal ju- risdiction applies here. For speci fi c personal jurisdiction, “the defendant[s’] contacts with the forum state must directly re- late to the challenged conduct or transaction.” Tamburo , 601 F.3d at 702; see also Walden , 571 U.S. at 283–84. “Speci c per- sonal jurisdiction is appropriate where (1) the defendant has purposefully directed his activities at the forum state or pur- posefully availed himself of the privilege of conducting busi- ness in that state, and (2) the alleged injury arises out of the defendant's forum-related activities.” Tamburo , 601 F.3d at 702 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz , 471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985)). The second element is crucial—and “[w]e cannot simply ag- gregate all of a defendant's contacts with a state—no ma tt er how dissimilar in terms of geography, time, or substance—as evidence of the constitutionally-required minimum contacts.” RAR, Inc. v. Turner Diesel, Ltd. , 107 F.3d 1272, 1277 (7th Cir. 1997).
In Hemi Group and other cases, we cautioned that courts “should be careful in resolving questions about personal ju- risdiction involving online contacts to ensure that a defendant is not haled into court simply because the defendant owns or operates [an interactive] website that is accessible in the fo- rum state.” 622 F.3d at 760; be2 LLC , 642 F.3d at 558; Advanced Tactical Ordnance Sys., LLC v. Real Action Paintball, Inc. , 751 F.3d 796, 803 (7th Cir. 2014). For a court performing a mini- mum-contacts analysis for personal jurisdiction purposes, “[t]he relevant contacts are those that center on the relations among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.” Advanced Tactical Ordnance Sys. , 751 F.3d at 801. The record must show that the defendants targeted the forum state. be2 LLC , 642 F.3d at 558–59.
B. The District Court Properly Distinguished Hemi Group Plainti s rely heavily on language in our decision in Hemi Group to support their claim that personal jurisdiction exists in this case. In Hemi Group , we held that a New Mexico ciga- re e distributor who sold over 300 packages of cigare es to an Illinois Department of Revenue agent through an interactive website over the course of multiple years was sub- ject to personal jurisdiction in Illinois. 622 F.3d at 760. Our opinion noted that Hemi Group’s website expressed a will- ingness to sell in all states but New York, which indicated that it would sell in the Illinois marketplace. Id . at 755-56. But (at least) three signi fi cant factors distinguish this case from Hemi Group and support the district court’s dismissal.
The fi rst is the scale of contact with Illinois. Hemi Group involved a defendant’s systematic contact with the forum state through repeated sales of a regulated product over a pe- riod of multiple years, not a single incident conjured up by the plainti ff s’ a orney for the exclusive purpose of establish- ing personal jurisdiction over the defendants. See also Russell , 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 68 (“[S]peci fi c jurisdiction should not be ex- ercised based on a single sale in a forum, even when a manu- facturer or producer ‘knows or reasonably should know that its products are distributed through a nationwide distribution system that might lead to those products being sold in any of the fi fty states.” (citing J. McIntyre Mach., Ltd. v. Nicastro , 564 U.S. 873, 890–91 (2011) (Breyer, J., concurring in judgment)).
Second, the relationship between the defendants’ conduct and the State di ers signi fi cantly. In Hemi Group , the defend- ant’s systematic contact with Illinois involved unregistered sales of a regulated product, tobacco, in violation of state law. There, the defendant’s o ending activities signi cantly re- lated to the forum state and its laws. Here, however, the plain- ti s bring claims with an a enuated relationship to Illinois and any sales that occurred there. In other words, this case is not “a suit arising out of or related to the defendant[s’] con- tacts with the forum.” Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall , 466 U.S. 408, 414 n.8 (1984). For example, this is not the type of case where the defendants sold and shipped a defec- tive product into Illinois that injured residents there. Rather, this dispute involves an out-of-state defendant’s refusal to pay royalties on sales made nationwide. The Illinois sales are not the issue here. The royalty claims derive from a non- party’s contractual obligation and the defendants’ alleged complicity in supposed fraud commi tt ed by that non-party. The underlying contracts include forum selection and choice of law clauses (which do not select or choose Illinois). The de- fendants’ actions of paying or not paying royalties more ap- propriately relate to Virginia—where Swimways makes busi- ness decisions at its headquarters.
Third, the Hemi defendant’s contacts with Illinois occurred over a period of time before the state fi led suit. In this case, Matlin and Waring a empted to salvage personal jurisdic- tion— after the defendants moved to dismiss—by luring them into shipping a product into Illinois. Because speci fi c personal jurisdiction derives from the plainti ff s’ relevant contacts with the forum, we cannot allow plainti ff s to base jurisdiction on a contact that did not exist at the time they led suit. The plain- ti ff s’ tactics fl out the due process limitations on personal ju- risdiction, which restrict courts’ jurisdiction over certain de- fendants if haling them into court would “o end traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int ʹ l Shoe , 326 U.S. at 316; Hemi Group , 622 F.3d at 757. We reject the argument that “fair play” includes a scenario where plainti s sue de- fendants in an unfamiliar forum and the district court permits the plainti s’ a orney to create jurisdiction, ex post facto, from a single online purchase.
We conclude that the district court correctly declined to exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendants. As we previously explained, in a minimum contacts analysis “[t]he relevant contacts are those that center on the relations among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.” Advanced Tactical Ordnance Sys. , 751 F.3d at 801. The defendants’ alleged objec- tionable conduct in this case—failing to pay Matlin and War- ing royalties on the products—has li le to do with Illinois. Matlin and Waring essentially argue that their a orney’s online purchase of a single royalty-generating product caused an Illinois-based harm that connects to the defendants’ even- tual non-payment of that royalty. But even if we accepted that a single online sale provided a su ffi cient link to the royalty dispute, Matlin and Waring face another problem. Here the plainti -initiated contact arose after the plainti ff s led suit— solely to lure the defendants into Illinois to establish personal jurisdiction over them. The defendants did not target Illinois and should not be subject to suit there. See be2 LLC , 642 F.3d at 558–59 (“If the defendant merely operates a … ‘highly in- teractive’ website, that is accessible from, but does not target, the forum state, then the defendant may not be haled into court in that state without o ending the Constitution.”).
III. C ONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we believe the district court cor- rectly dismissed plainti s’ claims for lack of personal jurisdic- tion over the defendants. AFFIRMED.
[1] Although Gray Matter eventually changed its name to 180s LLC, we refer to it as “Gray Matter” for clarity.