In respect to water not gathered into a stream, but circulating through the pores of the earth, beneath its surface, it is now settled that a land owner, who, in the reasonable use of his own land, obstructs or diverts the flow of such water, even to the injury of his neighbor’s land, is not liable to respond in damages.
This is not upon the principle that has been in some cases adopted, that the land owner has the absolute and unqualified property in all such water as may be found in his soil, and may therefore do what he pleases with it, as with the sand and rock that form part of that soil, but upon the same general principle that governs the use of water flowing on the surface in well defined streams or channels; that is, to make a reasonable use of it for domestic, agricultural, and manufacturing purposes — not trenching, however, upon the similar right of others.
So in respect to water percolating through the soil, the land owner may ordinarily drain his land, may obstruct the usual course of the flow of such water by walls for cellars and other purposes, and may dig wells and use the water for domestic and agricultural purposes.
The test is, the reasonableness of the use or disposition of such water ; and ordinarily that is a question of fact for the jury under the instructions of the court.
In favor of the unqualified and absolute right of the land owner to-dispose of all such water as he finds in his soil, or that he may draw there by wells dug in his own land, it is urged, that he cannot know the condition of the water beneath the surface, the changes that take-place, or the Sources of supply of the springs and wells in the adjoining-lands, or what portion is drawn from his own soil and what was originally found in his neighbor’s, and therefore that there is no ground for presuming a mutual agreement between the land owners in ages past in respect to such underground water, or for holding- a right to have been acquired by use or acquiescence. So is the leading case of Acton v. Blundell, 12 M. & W. 336.
In the first place, we do not understand that the right of the riparian owner to the use of streams of water running upon the surface is to be deduced from the presumed mutual agreement or acquiescence of
And in the second place, although it may be true that in the majority of cases the condition of the water-flow beneath the surface is not accurately known, yet in a great many instances its general course,— from the slope of the surface, the appearance of springs, and other indications of water, — is quite obvious.
Indeed, this doctrine appears to embrace that large class of cases where the water flows in sight upon the surface in wet seasons of the year, but not to such an extent as to mark a regular channel with banks and sides, and also where the water moves slowly, but obviously, through boggy or swampy lands constituting the sources of streams and rivers.
The doctrine, in fact, would justify a land owner in intercepting and diverting the water, so working its way through spongy or swampy land, at any point before it was gathered into a regular channel, although it might be obvious that such water was the source of a stream which furnished valuable mill sites, even although such diversion was in no way necessary to the enjoyment of his land.
The contrary doctrine in respect to water percolating beneath the surface is established in this State in the well considered case of Bassett v. Salisbury Manufacturing Company, 43 N. H. 569;
Upon the examination of the cases which maintain the doctrine that the land owner may dispose of the water percolating beneath his soil as he pleases, they will be found to include the case of mere surface water not gathered into streams.
In Rawstron v. Taylor, 11 Excheq. 380, it is laid down by Parke, Baron, in the opinion of the court, that in the case of common surface water rising out of springy or boggy ground and flowing in no' definite channel, although contributing to the supply of the plaintiff’s mill, the supply being merely casual and the water having no defined course, the defendant is entitled to get rid of it as he pleases.
The same doctrine is announced in Broadbent v. Ramsbotham, 11 Excheq. 602, which was an action for diverting water on defendant’s land which naturally flowed over the surface of a hill into a brook which supplied plaintiff’s mill. The court, per Alderson, Baron, says the right of the plaintiff cannot ■ extend further than the right to the flow in the brook itself, and to the water flowing in some defined natural channel, either subterranean or on the surface, communicating directly with the brook itself. No doubt, he says, all the water falling from heaven and shed upon the surface of the hill, at the foot of which a brook runs, must, by the natural force of gravity, find its way to the bottom, and so into the brook; but this does not prevent the owner of the land on which this water falls from dealing with it as he may please, and appropriating it. He cannot, it is true, do so if the water has arrived at, and is flowing in, some natural channel already formed. But he has a perfect right to appropriate it before it arrives at such a channel.
It is quite clear that such surface water is put upon the same footing as water percolating beneath the surface; and the cases are quite numerous that show it, and we think it should be so upon principle.
The great objection to applying the doctrine, which forbids the diversion of running streams, to water circulating in the pores of the earth, is, that if applied without qualification it would, to a great extent, prevent the beneficial enjoyment and improvement of one’s own land. A similar effect, though less extensive, would be produced by applying that doctrine to mere surface water not gathered into any regular and defined channel. In many cases of springy and swampy lands the water moves from a higher to a lower level over a wide space, which, under such a doctrine, could not be drained or reclaimed. So in case of rain falling upon the side of a hill, and which would naturally find its way upon the surface into a brook at the bottom, — such a doctrine might effectually prevent the improvement of very extensive tracts of lands.
Again: the boundary line between what shall be deemed underground percolation and mere surface water would often be extremely difficult to define, and from that source serious embarrassments might arise. From the nature of the case, then, we think that the line is properly
The authorities are numerous to this point, besides those already cited. Among them are-3 Kent’s Com. *439, note 2, and cases; Ashley v. Wolcott,
These authorities, to be sure, hold generally that, in respect to mere surface and underground water not gathered into streams, the land owner where it is found has the unqualified right to dispose of it as he pleases, although in some cases the right appears to be limited to cases where it is dealt with in the improvement of such owner’s land and without malice, as in Wheatley v. Baugh, 25 Penn. St. 532.
But these cases concur in putting all water not gathered into watercourses, whether upon the surface or underneath, on the same footing; and so far we think they are right. As, however, the case of Bassett v. Salisbury Manufacturing Company holds, in respect to water percolating through the soil, that the land owner’s right to obstruct or divert-it is limited to what is necessary in the reasonable use of his own land, we think the same rule must be applied to mere surface water not gathered into a stream.
To give the land owner the absolute and unqualified right of disposing of such water would, in many instances, be productive of great mischief to his neighbors, and lead to interminable struggles between them; for the same power to deal with such water would exist in each land owner when it was on his land.
In many instances the water would assume so much of the character of a natural water-course as to make the application of such a doctrine odious and unjust, while, at the same time, a total want of power to modify such flow to meet the necessities of the land owner would often stand in the way of valuable improvements which might be made without serious detriment to any one.
The doctrine which we maintain adapts itself to the ever varying circumstances of each particular case, — froto that which makes a near approach to a natural water-course, down by imperceptible gradations to the case of mere percolation, giving to each land owner, while in the reasonable use and improvement of his land, the right to make reasonable modifications of the flow of such water in and upon his land.
In determining this question all the circumstances of the case would of course be considered ; and among them the nature and importance of the improvements sought to be made, the extent of the interference with the water,, and the amount of injury done to the other land owners as compared with the value of such improvements, and also whether such injury could or could not have been reasonably foreseen.
Ordinarily a land owner may dig a well upon his own land, even though, by percolation, it draws the water from his neighbor’s land, or
So, too, the owner of extensive swamp lands, which are the source of a river furnishing valuable mill sites, might reasonably be allowed to drain it by bringing the water into one channel, when it might be regarded as unreasonable to divert it entirely from its natural course.
So, also, excavations maliciously made in one’s own land, with a view to destroy a spiing or well in his neighbor’s land, could not be regarded as reasonable; and there would be much ground for holding that if the spring or well in his neighbor’s land could be preserved without material detriment to the land owner making such excavations, it would be evidence of malice, or such negligence as to be equivalent to malice. Wheatley v. Baugh, 25 Penn. St. 532.
In the case before us, the instructions asked for by the defendant assumed that he had the absolute and unqualified right to dispose of this water as he pleased, while the instructions given assumed that if the state of things proved had existed from time beyond memory, the defendant had no right at all to stop the flow of this water over his land, and thus cause it to flow over the plaintiff’s land.
If this was mere surface water not gathered into a water-course, as we should infer it was from the case, the instructions upon the principles we have stated are erroneous, unless the plaintiff had acquired a right by prescription to have the water flow over the defendant’s land. On that point, to constitute a title by prescription there must have been an adverse user under a claim of right for twenty years or more ; but here there has been no such user: the defendant has merely permitted the surface water casually on his land to flow off over it. It does not appear that the plaintiff has claimed or exercised a right to discharge the water on his land upon the defendant’s land, or that he has ever done any act or put himself in a situation by reason of which the defendant could maintain a suit against him, and thus interrupt a process of gaining title by prescription.
It is true that some water which had gathered on the plaintiff ’s land may have passed off in the same way over the defendant’s land, but if it did, it was by no act of the plaintiff, nor under any claim of right 'by him. So the fact that this water had passed over defendant’s land for more than twenty years does not change its character and make it a water-course.
In Wood v. Waud, 3 Excheq. 778, the court holds that the right to water-courses arising from enjoyment, is not the same in respect to natural and artificial water-courses, — holding that as to tlie latter the right must depend upon their character, whether of a permanent or temporary nature,, and upon the circumstances under which they are created ; and, by way of illustration, say that the flow of water from a drain, for the purpose of agricultural improvements, for twenty years, -could not give a right to a neighbor so as to preclude the proprietor
This precise case arose in Greatrex v. Hayward, 8 Excheq. 291, and was settled in accordance with this doctrine of Wood v. Waud. The same doctrine was applied in the case of drains for mining purposes, in Arkwright v. Gell, 5 M. & W. 203. In these cases, from the temporary nature of such drains and artificial water-courses, is deduced the inference that the use of the water discharged by them could not have been enjoyed as matter of right. See Wood v. Waud, 3 Excheq. 778.
In the subsequent case of Rawstron v. Taylor, 11 Excheq. 369, surface water on defendant’s land, for more than twenty years, had flowed over land of the plaintiff into his water-course, and he had used it; but it was held that plaintiff could maintain no action against defendant for diverting it on his own land.
In respect to water percolating beneath the surface, the tendency of the authorities is against acquiring a right by prescription. The use of such water upon one’s own land is apparently rightful, and is no such invasion of the rights of the adjoining owner as would enable him to maintain a suit, for it would be impossible to know that he was drawing water from his neighbor’s land. Washb. on Easements, 384-390, and cases cited. In this respect, water that comes to the surface stands on a different footing, and yet in general they are governed by the same rules.
There may doubtless be cases where rights may be acquired by user in respect to such surface water, as in the case of eaves-drip ; but it can be only when the use is adverse, and such as to give notice to the party against whom the right is acquired. In the case before us, however, no right of the defendant was invaded by any act of the plaintiff'. He, the defendant, simply permitted the water gathered by the roadside to flow over his land, and so long as he did so he could maintain no action against any one ; and we think the plaintiff had gained no right by prescription to have this water flow over the defendant’s land, and there must be A new trial.
Notes
This decision in Dr. Basset?s case was on exceptions taken at the fifth trial. The court below, at that trial, made the ruling reported purely upon the authority of Acton v. Blundell and the cases which have followed in its train, and contrary to the rule which had been applied at each of the previous trials. New cases have ever undergone such protracted investigation and received such careful consideration by the full bench. At least four carefully prepared opinions were drawn up for consultation. The late Chief Justice Bell, who had given the subject much consideration, strenuously opposed the English rule as unreasonable, and inconsistent with well settled legal principles. The opinion finally drawn up by Judge Bartlett was the unanimous judgment of the court. By reference to the note of Judge Redeield (Am. Law Reg., January, 1872, pp. 19, 24), it will be seen that that eminent jurist indorses the English doctrine, and assumes and seems to think that the cases of Dr. Bassett and Dr. Swett, reversing the English rule, are in harmony with it. Reporter.