The issues in this appeal concern the extent of liability coverage available under three separate automobile insurance policies, each having per-person bodily injury limits of $100,000. The policies were issued to appellant Kenneth White (and, in the case of one policy, Kenneth White and Kenneth’s Auto Sales) by appellees Mid-Century Insurance Company, Farmers Insurance Company, and Farmers Insurance Exchange, all members of the Farmers Insurance Group of Companies. Coverage issues arose in 1996 when an automobile accident occurred between a vehicle driven by appellant Raymond Sweeden and a vehicle driven by Kenneth White’s son, Randall. As a result of the accident, Sweeden and his wife, appellant Ileen Sweeden, sued the White family seeking compensation for Raymond’s injuries and for Ileen’s loss of consortium. Before that suit was resolved, however, the Sweedens filed a complaint for declaratory judgment against appellees claiming that, to obtain redress for their injuries, liability coverage should be available under all three of the Whites’ insurance policies. Appellees moved for summary judgment and argued that, as a matter of law, their coverage obligation was limited to the $100,000 limit of one of the policies. The circuit judge agreed and granted summary judgment in their favor. We affirm.
The accident in which Raymond Sweeden was injured occurred on May 9, 1996. His vehicle was struck from the rear by a 1989 Chevrolet CIO pickup driven by seventeen-year-old Randall White. Following the accident, the Sweedens sued Randall and his parents, Kenneth and Brenda White, alleging that the accident was proximately caused by Randall’s negligence. They further alleged that Randall’s negligence should be imputed to Kenneth and Brenda White pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 27-16-702 (Supp. 1999). That statute provides that the negligence of a minor driver shall be imputed to the person who either signs or is authorized to sign the minor’s driver’s license application.
As a result of the Sweedens’ lawsuit against the Whites, questions arose concerning the extent of liability coverage owed by appellees under the following three policies: 1) a policy issued by Mid-Century Insurance Company to Kenneth White on the 1989 Chevrolet CIO pickup with bodily injury liability limits of $100,000 for each person and $300,000 for each occurrence (hereafter, “the Mid-Century policy”); 2) a policy issued by Farmers Insurance Company to Kenneth White on a 1995 Taurus with bodily injury liability limits of $100,000 for each person and $300,000 for each occurrence (hereafter, “the Taurus policy”); and 3) a commercial garage policy issued by Farmers Insurance Exchange to Kenneth White and Kenneth’s Auto Sales with liability limits of $100,000 for each accident (hereafter, “the garage policy”). Appellees acknowledged that $100,000 in coverage was available under the Mid-Century policy, but denied that any further amounts were due under any of the policies.
To resolve the coverage issues, the Sweedens filed the declaratory-judgment complaint that is the subject of this appeal. They sought a declaration that liability coverage was available under all three of the White’s policies and that Ileen Sweeden’s loss-of-consortium claim should not be included in the per-person bodily injury limits of any one of the policies. In effect, they asserted that up to $400,000 in liability coverage was available under the policies: $300,000 as the total per-person liability limits on the policies, plus another $100,000 for Ileen’s loss-of-consortium claim. Kenneth and Brenda White, who were named as defendants in the action along with the appellee insurance companies, cross-claimed against appel-lees and agreed with the Sweedens that more than $100,000 in coverage was owed.
On July 25, 1997, appellees filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that, as a matter of law, the total limit of liability coverage available to the White family was $100,000. They contended that: 1) Ileen Sweeden’s loss-of-consortium claim was derivative and therefore included in the $100,000 limit of liability for Raymond Sweeden’s bodily injury; 2) there was no coverage under the Taurus policy because it excluded coverage for any of Kenneth White’s vehicles other than the Taurus; and 3) there was no coverage under either the Taurus policy or the garage policy because they contained “other insurance” clauses that limited coverage to $100,000. Copies of all three policies were attached to the motion. The Sweedens responded to the motion for summary judgment by arguing that: 1) Ileen Sweeden’s loss-of-consortium claim was entitled to be treated as a separate bodily injury; and 2) the “other insurance” clauses in the policies were ambiguous and against public policy. The Sweeden’s response was adopted by appellants Kenneth and Brenda White.
On November 10, 1997, Circuit Judge Lance Hanshaw denied the motion for summary judgment on the ground that factual issues remained in dispute. Several months later, judgment was entered in the Sweedens’ tort case against the White family. The judge found that Randall White was guilty of negligence and that his negligence should be imputed to Kenneth and Brenda White. He awarded $300,000 in damages to Raymond Sweeden and $100,000 to Ileen Sweeden. On February 18, 1999, appellees renewed their motion for summary judgment, asserting the same arguments they had previously made. Following a hearing, Judge Phillip Whiteaker, to whom Judge Hanshaw had transferred the case, granted summary judgment in favor of appellees. The Sweedens and the Whites bring their appeal from that ruling.
In reviewing summary-judgment cases, we determine whether the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was appropriate based on whether the evidence presented by the moving party left a material question of fact unanswered. Norris v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co.,
The issues in this case involve the construction of language in various insurance policies. A contract is unambiguous and its construction and legal effect are questions of law when its terms are not susceptible to more than one equally reasonable construction. See Singh v. Riley’s, Inc.,
The first policy language we discuss on appeal is an exclusionary clause contained in the Taurus policy. The policy excludes from liability coverage “bodily injury... arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of any vehicle other than your insured car which is owned by or furnished or available for regular use by you or a family member.” Based on the record before us, the term “your insured car” is defined in the policy for purposes of this issue as the 1995 Taurus. That being the case, we interpret the clause to exclude coverage for bodily injury arising out of the use of any vehicle owned by Kenneth White, other than the Taurus. This type of clause is known as an “owned-but-not-insured” exclusion. See Clampit v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
If an insurer is required to insure against a risk of an undesignated but owned vehicle, or a different and more dangerous vehicle of which it has no knowledge, it is thereby required to insure against risks of which it is unaware, unable to underwrite and unable to charge a premium therefor.
Id. at 109,
Here, Kenneth White owned the CIO pickup involved in the accident, but the pickup was not insured under the Taurus policy. Therefore, under the terms of the “owned-but-not-insured” clause, the Taurus policy provides no liability coverage for bodily injury arising out of the use of the CIO pickup.
Having determined that no coverage is owed under the Taurus policy, we address the next set of issues with reference to appellees’ coverage obligation under the garage policy. Unlike the Taurus policy, the garage policy has no “owned-but-not-insured” exclusion. In fact, one of the unique features of a garage policy is that, unlike standard automobile liability policies, it does not insure a particular automobile. See Insured Lloyds Ins. Co. v. Arkansas Truck Parts, Inc.,
TWO OR MORE COVERAGE FORMS OR POLICIES ISSUED BY US
If this Coverage Form and any other Coverage Form or policy issued to you by us or any company affiliated with us apply to the same ‘accident’, the aggregate maximum Limit of Insurance under all the Coverage Form [sic] or policies shall not exceed the highest applicable Limit of Insurance under any one Coverage Form or policy.
Appellees argue that, because Mid-Century — the company that issued the CIO — policy and Farmers Insurance Exchange — the company that issued the garage policy — are affiliated, this clause limits their combined coverage obligation to the highest applicable limit: under either policy. Thus, they claim, appellants are prohibited from stacking the two policies to obtain coverage of more than $100,000.
The term “stacking” is used to describe a situation where all available policies are added together to create a larger pool from which the injured party may draw in order to compensate him for his loss where a single policy is not sufficient to make him whole. Neil Chamberlin and J. Stephen Holt, Why Arkansas Should Overturn Its Anti-Stacking Precedent: A Look At Aggregating Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Coverage, 21 UALR. L.J. 413 (1999). Insurance companies have often sought, by their policy language, to prevent insureds from stacking coverage. See id. Anti-stacking clauses have been upheld by our courts so long as they are not ambiguous. See generally Smith v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins.,
The Sweeden appellants and the White appellants raise numerous issues regarding the anti-stacking language in the garage policy. For the sake of clarity and convenience, we will discuss each argument separately.
The Term “Affiliated” As Used in the Garage Policy’s “Other Insurance” Clause Is Ambiguous
The garage policy’s “other insurance” clause places a limit on the insurance company’s coverage obligation in situations where another applicable policy has been “issued to you by us or any company affiliated with us.” (Emphasis added.) Both the Sweeden appellants and the White appellants argue that the term “affiliated” is ambiguous, i.e., that the insured may not have known that Mid-Century and Farmers Insurance Exchange were affiliated. As we pointed out earlier, an ambiguity may arise in an insurance contract when a term is susceptible to more than one equally reasonable construction. Keller v. Safeco Ins. Co., supra. Appellants are unable to demonstrate on appeal a reasonable construction of this particular contract that might have led an insured to believe that Mid-Century and Farmers Insurance Exchange were not affiliated. The declarations page of the garage policy lists both Mid-Century and Farmers Insurance Exchange as being members of the Farmers Insurance Group of Companies. Additionally, the Farmers Insurance Group logo appears at various places throughout both policies. Contracts of insurance should receive a practical, reasonable, and fair interpretation consonant with the apparent object and intent of the parties in light of their general object and purpose. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Williams, supra. Further, different clauses in a contract must be read together and construed so that all of its parts harmonize, if that is at all possible. Boatmen’s Ark., Inc. v. Farmer,
We also note that, in making this argument, the Sweeden appellants refer to the case of Yahr v. Garcia,
In light of all these factors, we decline to reverse the trial judge’s grant of summary judgment on the basis of an ambiguity in the word “affiliated.”
“Other Insurance" Language in Policies Issued by Affiliated Companies Is Per Se Inapplicable
The Sweeden and White appellants also argue that, because Mid-Century and Farmers Insurance Exchange are affiliated, the “other insurance” clause in the garage policy is inapplicable. As support for their argument, they cite Woolston v. State Farm Mutual Insurance Co.,
The Woolston case is easily distinguishable from the case at bar. Here, the “other insurance” clause expressly contemplates the possibility that other applicable insurance has been issued by an affiliated company. Such language makes this case more like MFA Mutual Insurance Co. v. Wallace, supra, than Woolston. In MFA v. Wallace, the insurer issued two separate policies to Wallace on two separate vehicles. MFA resisted Wallace’s attempt to stack UM coverage under the two policies based on the following clause:
Other Automobile Insurance In The Company With respect to any occurrence, accident, death, or loss to which this and any other automobile insurance policy issued to the named insured or spouse by the Company also applies, the total limit of the Company’s liability under all such policies shall not exceed the highest applicable limit of liability or benefit amount under any one policy.
This particular language was declared unambiguous by the supreme court in the earlier case of Varvil v. MFA Mutual Insurance Cos.,
The Woolston court, in holding that State Farm’s “other insurance” clause was ambiguous, distinguished Wallace and Varvil on the basis that, in those cases, the “other insurance” clause specifically referred to other insurance issued by the same company. The policy language at issue here is very similar to that approved in Varvil and Wallace, with the exception that it refers to affiliated companies rather than the same company. Having already determined that the term “affiliated” is not ambiguous in this context, we have no difficulty holding that summary judgment was properly granted on this issue.
Before leaving this issue, we distinguish the cases of Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. v. Barnhill,
An Ambiguity Exists When The Clause At Issue Is Read In Connection With A Standard “Other Insurance” Clause In The Policy
In addition to the above-quoted “other insurance” clause, the garage policy contained the following clause:
When this Coverage Form and any other Coverage Form or policy covers on the same basis, either excess or primary, we will pay only our share. Our share is the proportion that the Limit of Insurance of our Coverage Form bears to the total of the limits of all the Coverage Forms and policies covering on the same basis.
The Sweeden appellants argue that this clause, which attempts to prorate the insurer’s liability, conflicts with the above-quoted “two or more” clause that sets an overall coverage limit. They rely on the case of Carlino v. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty. Co.,
Vicarious Liability
The Sweeden appellants argue that the garage policy provides coverage for Kenneth and Brenda White’s vicarious liability separate and apart from the coverage provided to Randall White under the CIO policy for his negligence. In effect, they contend that the available policy limits should be increased because more than one insured may be held liable under separate theories of recovery. We disagree with appellants’ argument. First, the garage policy provides $100,000 coverage for each “accident.” There is no contention that more than one accident occurred in this case. Secondly, the Mid-Century policy provides coverage of $100,000 bodily injury for each person. The policy expressly states that its limit for “each person” is the maximum for bodily injury sustained by any one person in any one occurrence. It further provides that the company will pay no more than the maximum limits regardless of the number of insured persons involved in the occurrence. Thus, the $100,000 limit for “each person” referred to in the policy means $100,000 for each injured person, not for each insured person.
Appellants cite cases from other jurisdictions in support of their argument. See, e.g., United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v. Crandall,
Uninsured/TJnderinsured Cases Not Applicable
The Sweeden appellants also argue that Arkansas cases that have approved anti-stacking language are inapplicable here because they involve uninsured and underinsured coverage rather than liability coverage. No cogent reason is offered for why this distinction is important. Appellants refer to the fact that our supreme court has said that, to analyze any stacking issue, the court should “Read the Statute and Read the Policy.” See Youngman v. State Farm, supra. However, they claim that “[wjithout uninsurance [sic] or underinsurance at issue, there is no statute to read.” This is incorrect. The “statute” referred to in the supreme court’s maxim is the statute that mandates that liability insurers offer minimum UM or UIM coverage. See Ark. Code Ann. §§ 23-89-209 and 23-89-403 (Repl. 1999). As with these types of coverages, Arkansas law also mandates minimum liability coverage. See Ark. Code Ann. § 27-19-605 (Repl. 1999). Thus, we see no relevant distinction for purposes of this case.
Garage Policy Issued to Two Separate Entities
The “other insurance” clause at issue in this case aggregates policy limits when another policy has been “issued to you by us or any company affiliated with us....” (Emphasis added.) The Sweeden appellants argue that, because the garage policy was issued to two separate entities — Kenneth White and White’s Auto Sales — the term “issued to you” is ambiguous. They cite Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Home Insurance Co., 44 Mass. App. 218,
Arkansas Decisions Upholding Anti-Stacking Clauses Should Be Overruled
The White appellants argue that MFA v. Wallace and its progeny, which have upheld anti-stacking language in insurance policies, should be overruled. This court is not permitted to overrule cases handed down by our supreme court. Eisner v. Fields,
In light of the forgoing, we hold that the anti-stacking language contained in the garage policy was not ambiguous and was applicable to this case. Therefore, appellees’ coverage obligation was limited to the highest applicable limits, which would be the $100,000 per-person limits available under the Mid-Century policy.
The only issue that remains is whether Ileen Sweeden’s loss-of-consortium claim constitutes a separate “per-person” bodily injury, such that the Mid-Century policy’s $300,000 per occurrence limit rather than its $100,000 per-person limit should apply. We hold it does not. The Mid-Century policy provides that any claim for loss of consortium shall be included in the per-person limit. A similar and even less specific (it did not mention loss of consortium) restriction was upheld in Smith v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,
Affirmed.