133 Minn. 57 | Minn. | 1916
John A. Dowdall, a resident of the state of Illinois, owned a tract of 240 acres of land in Martin county, this state. At the time of the transaction here in question the land was in the possession of one Eisenmenger under an executory contract of purchase. Defendant was the agent of Eisenmenger for the purpose of making a sale of his rights in and to the land, and he called the attention of plaintiffs, residents of the state of Iowa, to the desire of Eisenmenger to sell, and finally induced them to buy his rights. The land was heavily incumbered and it required $13,640 to handle the transaction. Before entering into a contract with Eisenmenger plaintiffs consulted with Dowdall in reference to the matter, and procured from him an agreement to convey the land to them subject to a mortgage of $6,000, and to carry $4,000 of the purchase price at six per cent interest on a second mortgage. This took care of $10,000 of the purchase price, and of the balance thereof, as we understand the matter, $1,000 was to be “paid down,” and $2,640 on March 1, 1914. After entering into this contract with the owner plaintiffs closed the transaction with Eisenmenger and acquired his rights under the executory contract. Defendant represented Eisenmenger in the matter, and the down payment of $1,000 was paid over to him, with which delinquent taxes against the land and over due interest on the mortgage debts were paid and discharged. The transaction was completed some time in June, 1913. In October, 1913, Dowdall conveyed the land to defendant subject to the Eisenmenger contract. This conveyance was a breach and violation of the Dowdall contract with plaintiffs, for thereby Dowdall disabled himself from performing the same. Defendant knew at the time he purchased the property from Dowdall, in October, 1913, of
The assignments of error present several questions respecting the rulings of the trial court, and its charge to the jury, only one of which requires consideration, namely, the question of damages. The other assignments present no ground for reversal.
It may be conceded, for the purposes of the case, that the complaint states a cause of action for the wrongful and malicious interference by defendants with the contract relations existing between' plaintiffs and Dowdall, causing the latter to break the contract, and that the evidence sup
The general rule, applicable alike to actions in tort and for a breach of contract, limits the injured party to such damages as are the natural and proximate consequence of the wrongful act of the defendant. North v. Johnson, 58 Minn. 242, 59 N. W. 1012. The injury must be the immediate and not merely the remote consequence of the wrong, whether a breach of contract or wilful tort. 13 Cyc. 25. In the case at bar, one in tort, the injury suffered by plaintiffs in consequence of the wrongful act of defendant in causing Dowdall to break his contract with them, was the loss of the benefits secured by the contract, and they are entitled to recover such damages, and such damages only, as resulted naturally and proximately from that loss. In such an action it has been held, and the ruling seems sound in principle, that the injured party is limited, as a general rule, to such damages as might have been recovered for a breach of the contract itself. Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Gardiner Dairy Co., 107 Md. 556, 69 Atl. 405, 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 746. Of course the rule is broad enough, in a ease where the character and reputation of the injured party is affected, illustrated by Faunce v. Searles, 122 Minn. 343, 142 N. W. 816, to include compensation for an injury of that character. And in a particular case, where express malice is shown, exemplary damages may perhaps be recovered. But we do not so decide. The question is not here presented. This case is controlled by the general rule stated, and whether plaintiffs may recover the items of damage claimed in the complaint must be determined thereby. No special damages are pleaded.
These items of damage are as follows: (1) As heretofore stated, by the contract plaintiffs entered into with Dowdall, the latter agreed to
These various items embrace all that the complaint presents as a basis for the verdict of $700, and we have only to determine if any thereof were proper elements of damage within the rule stated.
It is clear that only one of these five items comes within the rule that the damages must be the natural and proximate result of the alleged wrong of defendant. That item, the claim for $100 commission secured by the Dowdall contract, comes within the rule, and plaintiffs are entitled to recover the same. It appears that plaintiffs are real estate dealers, and prior to the contract with Dowdall had secured a purchaser for this land, and had agreed to convey to him when they acquired title. It would seem that this situation'was presented to Dowdall, for he included in the contract an 'agreement to pay plaintiffs for effecting the sale to such purchaser the sum of $100. Dowdall never paid the amount and defendant refused to do so, though plaintiffs carried out the contract as per its terms. Plaintiffs therefore lost this
The other items, namely, the alleged bonus paid by plaintiffs to secure the money to take the place of the second mortgage which Dowdall agreed to accept, and the commission which defendant exacted for completing the transaction, clearly are not the direct, natural or proximate consequence of the wrongful act of defendant. Injuries of that character do not follow naturally in an unbroken sequence from the breach of such a contract, and are entirely too remote. North v. Johnson, 58 Minn. 242, 59 N. W. 1012; Hoffman v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co. 45 Minn. 53, 47 N. W. 312; Carsten v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co. 44 Minn. 454, 47 N. W. 49, 9 L.R.A. 688, 20 Am. St. 589; Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. v. Haynes Bread Co. 128 Minn. 401, 151 N. W. 140. The broken contract stipulated that Dowdall would carry the second or $4,000 mortgage at six per cent interest. If plaintiff had pleaded and shown on the trial that such a rate of interest was unusual for a second mortgage, and that by reason of custom or usage a greater rate was usually exacted on such securities, by reason of which they were compelled to pay such greater rate, no doubt the excess over the agreed six per cent would be a proper item of damage, resulting directly from the breach of the contract. 8 B. C. L. Damages § 31 (p. 464). But it cannot be said as a matter of law that a bonus of ten per cent exacted by a particular money lender, necessarily and usually results from the breach of such a contract, though the facts of a particular case might bring a claim of that kind within the rule. Such facts do not here appear, and it must be held that the bonus was not the proximate result of the wrongful act of defendant. The question in a case of this kind is, what particular benefit did the party whose contract is thus broken lose by the breach of the same? This does not include extra expense naturally incident to the making of a new contract upon .the same subject matter with the wrongdoer, and for this reason the commission paid defendant for his services, exacted as a condition to the conveyance to plaintiffs, was not a necessary result of the breach of the Dowdall contract, and cannot therefore be recovered.
It follows that the verdict cannot stand for any amount in excess of $100, for there is no legal basis in the evidence for the recovery of more.