2 Conn. 607 | Conn. | 1818
In this case, it appeared, that the defendant, and those under whom he claimed, had been in possession of the demanded premises, more than twenty-eight years; and the court instructed the jury, that from great length of time, and accompanying circumstances, they were authorized to presume a grant; and the question is, whether this direction was- correct.
It has been insisted on, by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that an entire grant cannot be presumed. As this doctrine was never before heard of, it is proper to examine whether there can be any foundation for it. It appears, from unquestionable authority, to be a general rule, that grants, letters patent, a common recovery, and by-laws, may be presumed. It is no where said, that an entire grant cannot be presumed; or that nothing but what aids or confirms a defective, os* imperfect grant, can be presumed. The proposition, that grants may be presumed, is laid down in the most unqualified terms; and it may, with as much propriety, be said, that an entire deed cannot be proved, as that it cannot be presumed. Judge Butter says, in 3 Term Rep. 158. “ For the last two hundred years, it has been considered as clear law, that grants, letters patent, and records, may he presumed from length of time.” A jury may find a recovery on presump-
It has also been argued, with much confidence, that grants can be presumed of incorporeal rights only : but there is not the slightest foundation for this opinion. It is a clear prim ciple, that grants can be presumed of every kind of property. The rules are laid down, in the most unqualified manner, without any restriction or limitation ; and are equally applicable to real and personal property, to corporeal and incorporeal rights : nor can there be the least reason for such a distinction. Why not presume a grant of a corporeal, as well as of an incorporeal, hereditament? Indeed, the truth is, that every species of title can be presumed. If the law requires it to be by deed or record, these can be presumed, as well as a title by parol. A title to a personal chattel may be presumed. Suppose one should purchase a horse, without any witness to the bargain, and should use him as his own, for a number of years, wit!» the knowledge, and in the neighbourhood, of the vendor, without any claim on his partand then, the vendor should bring an action for the horse; though the purchaser could adduce no manner of proof of the sale, yet from such possession, under such circumstances, a jury would not hesitate to presume a sale of the horse. But to remove any doubt on this point, we need only to refer to the case of Goodtitle d. Parker v. Baldwin, 13 East, 488. That was an action of ejectment, to recover a freehold estate; and the court held, that it would have been competent for the jury to presume a grant against the crown, from fifty-live years possession, had there not been a statute prohibiting such alienation. Here, it was determined, that an entire grant might be presumed of lands, from mere length of time, where there was no statute of limitation.
But I do not rely on reasoning only. On examining the English authorities, there will not be found a dictum to countenance the opinion I am opposing. In the case of the Mayor of Kingston-upon-Hull v. Horner, Cowp. 102, 3. Mr. Justice Gould, in his charge to the jury, submitted to them, whether they could not consider the usage, from the year 1441, to the time of bringing the action, a sufficient ground to presume a grant of the duties. This was not stated to them, as matter of law, with a direction how they should find the verdict, but as matter of evidence, on which they were to find, as they thought proper. The direction was not only approved of, by the court of King’s Bench, but Lord Mansfield clearly lays down the principle, that presumption is matter of evidence to be left to the jury. In Powell v. Milbanke, cited in a note, Cowp. 103. Lord Mansfield left to the jury, whether, from two adverse nominations, and possessions under them, they would not presume a grant from the crown, of a right of presentation to the curacy in question. In the case of Roe d. Johnson & al. v. Ireland, 11 East, 280. the
Perhaps it may be said, that the court should have staled to the jury, the circumstances from which they would
Again, it has been insisted on, by the counsel for the plaintiffs, that where the legislature has not prescribed length ol time, as a bar to a right, courts of law cannot interpose to create such bar. But the reverse of this proposition is true, It is, peculiarly, in cases where there is no statute of limitation, that the doctrine of presumption comes into operation. Lord Mansfield says, there are many cases not within the statute, where, from a principle of quieting possession, the court have thought the jury should presume any thing, to support a length of possession. Whenever there Is a statute of limitation, it is conclusive upon the jury, as a bar. Though the jury might have been satisfied, that the plaintiff had a good tille, or that the debt had never been paid j. yet, if the time prescribed by the statute has run, they are hound to find a verdict, for the defendant •, for there, time operates as a conclusive bar. Cowp. 108.
So, in the case of a prescription, which is founded in immemorial usage or possession, the jury will be concluded by length of time, if there could have been a legal commencement of the right; but this may be rebutted, by any written
Where there is a statute of limitation, mere length of time, short of the period prescribed by the statute, can never warrant a presumption : for this would be to presume against the statute. Cowp. 114. Nor will a presumption of a grant be admitted, where it is against law. 11 East, 488. Nor where trustees would be guilty of a breach of trust. Rut though there is a statute, there may be circumstances, which, together with length of time, may warrant the presumption of a grant; especially, where great length of time is allowed by the statute. And it is in such cases only, where circumstances are absolutely necessary to aid presumption from length of time ; though they are sometimes called in aid, where mere length of time would constitute a presumptive bar.
Where statutes of limitation have been made, in respert ol. real rights, whether coporeal, or incorporeal, courts have always extended them to analogous cases ; and have thus introduced important improvements into our jurisprudence; for statutes of limitation, are very properly called statutes of repose. In England, they have statutes limiting the time iu which actions can be brought to recover corporeal heredita-ments. The writ of right, is limited to sixty years. By statute 21 Jac. 1. c. 16. it is enacted, that no entry shall be made, by any man, on lands, unless within twenty years after his light shall accrue. This has been extended, by courts, to writs of ejectment; so that twenty years, is a bar to that action.
In the case of incorporeal hereditaments and mortgages, there is no limitation ; yet the courts, on analogous principles, have extended the statute of James, to these cases, and twenty years is a presumptive bar.
In this state, the right of entry into lands, is limited to fifteen years after the title accrued ; and by construction, the statute has been extended to bar all real actions, unless brought within that period. We have no statute of limitation; respecting incorporeal rights, or mortgages : and our courts have, hv analogy, extended the same limitation to all cases of this description. And on the same ground, it must be extended to ail similar cases. The case of mortgages.
In regard to the nature of presumptions, or that proof of a presumptive nature, which will warrant a jury to find a grant, it may be remarked* that presumptions arise from circumstances. When no positive proof can be had, then certain facts, or circumstances, may be shewn, from whence the fact intended to be proved, may be inferred. Lord Mansfield says, “ All evidence is according to the subject matter to which it is applied.” Cowp. 108. “ If a foundation can be laid, that a record, or deed, existed, and was af-terwards lost, it may be supplied, by the next best evidence to be had ; or if it cannot be shewn that it ever existed, yet, enjoyment under a title, which can only be by record, is strong evidence to be left to a jury, that it did once exist. I do not know an instance in which proof may not be supplied.” Id. 109- “ I have myself taken it to be established, in point of law, that though the record be not produced, nor any proof adduced of its being lost, yet, under circumstances, it may be left to the consideration of the jury, or a court of equity, if the case comes properly before them, whether there is not sufficient ground to presume a charter.” Id. 110. There may be a length of possession, uninterrupted by any opposing claims, and without any circumstances to rebut the presumption, which will warrant a jury to find a deed, charter, or even a record. For it cannot be supposed, that the proprietor of a right, would permit another, for any.great length of time, to continue in the enjoyment of it, in the same manner as if it was his own. Such acquiescence, then, without asserting, or interposing, any claim, must be deemed satisfactory evidence, that he had parted with his right. But
In regard to the length of time, necessary to warrant the presumption of a grant.: Lord Mansfield says, there is no positive rule, winch says one hundred and fifty years possession, or any olher length of time within memory, is a Kulfirieni ground to presume a charter. It has hern several times done, where there was great length of time, in the case of the Mayor of Kingston-upon-Hull v. Horner, Cowp. 103, there was a period of three hundred and fifty years. In Powell v. Milbanke. cited Cowp. 103. there was one of about eighty years ; and Lord Mansfield mentions a case of one hundred years. Cnrcp. 110. Where the lenglh of timéis so great, every body acquiesces in the decision ; hut the doubts arise where the time is shorter. But in England, the judges do not hesitate on this ground. In the case of Doe d. Fisher & al. v. Prosser, Cowp. 217. it was holdcn, that ihirtv-six years sole and uninterrupted possession, by one tenant in common, without account to, or demand made, or claim set up, by his co-tenant, was sufficient ground for a jury to presume an actual ouster, in that case, if the parties had not been tenants in common, twenty' years would have been sufficient to have barred the action of ejectment; but as the possession of one tenant in common, is the possession of all, no length of time could be a bar, without an actual ouster : and here the court, where a freehold estate in a corporeal here-ditament was concerned, left it to the jury to presume an actual ouster, from the mere possession of thirty-six years, without account, it is perfectly evident, in this case, that the court might, with equal propriety, have submitted to the jury, whether they would not have presumed a conveyance,. Jlshhnrst, «L in remarking on the case, observes — “ after so long an acquiescence, I think the jury were well warranted to presume any thing in support of the deiendaní’s tille ; and they might presume either an actual ouster, or a convey awe.,? if thirty-six years, is a sufficient length of time to jsresmr.c an
In the case of Fairclaim d. Empson v. Shackleton, 5 Burr, 2604. a question was made, whether one tenant in common shall not bar the other, by the statute of limitations, where there was no adverse possession. It was decided, that the possession must be adverse, and that there must be an actual disseisin : but as there had been a possession of twenty-six years, Lord Mansfield said, if there had heen a question about ouster, it might have been a fact to be left to the jury. In the case of Fisher & al. v. Prosser, Cowp. 220. Ashhurst, J. in speaking of this case, remarks, with respect to it, that “ the present question was not properly before the court, in that case. The single question there, was, whether the plaintiff was barred by the statute of limitations. The possession, was a possession of twenty-six years ; but in that case, it was not left to the jury to presume facts.” This is, certainly, a very clear intimation, that the possession of twenty-six years might have been left to the jury, to presume an ouster } which would have been the same thing, as to presume a conveyance. Here is a period two years short of the lime, which had elapsed in the case under consideration. One would think, this was sufficient authority to justify the court, in submitting to the jury a possession of twenty-eight years, without interruption, from w hence to infer the existence of a conveyance, or to be a presumptive bar to the action for the recovery of the land.
In a great number of cases, respecting easements, the courts in England have decided, that twenty years uninterrupted possession, without any circumstance to rebut it, may be presumptive evidence of a grant, or a presumptive bar. 2 Wms. Saund. 175. a. In the case of a bond, it has often been decided, that twenty years, without any demand of payment, is, of itself, a presumption that the bond has been paid : but that this is only a circumstance to found a presumption upon, and is, of itself, no legal bar. Oswald & al. v. Legh, 1 Term Rep. 270. Searle v. Lord Barrington, 2 Stra. 826.
As the writ of right, in England, is barred only by a possession of sixty years, we have few cases reported, where
Though there has been no decision in this state, expressly settling the point under consideration; yet, pursuing the practice in England, principles have been recognized, which will comprehend it. The statute barring entry on lands, by fifteen years adverse possession, has been construed to transfer the estate, to bar any action to recover it; and has been extended to mortgages and incorporeal rights. The doctrine established, is, that the statute shall be extended to all similar cases — to all cases within the spirit and meaning, though not within the letter, of it. By the same train of reasoning, it must be applied to the case in question; for though it does not come within the literal construction, it is, unquestionably, within the equity of the statute; and if the legislature had contemplated the possible existence of such a case, they would have provided for it$ as it is evident they intended to quiet the title to land, by an uninterrupted possession of fifteen years. It would seem, then, as the case is within the reason of the statute, the provision of it ought to he extended to it, in the same manner, as in the case of rights of way, and other easements. Why should an heir be deprived of his paternal estate, by fifteen years’ possession, and a creditor be permitted to pursue his claim forever ? It is equally in bis power to avail himself of the land, as for an heir to recover it $ and there is precisely the same reason why he should be barred, by negligence, or delay. There can, then, be no imaginable reason, why this case should not stand on the same footing, as to matter of presumption, as all other similar cases: there can be no justice in saying, that the same limitation shall not be extended to it, as there is to incorporeal rights.
But here it is answered, that however reasonable and proper it may be, there are decided cases opposed to it,
In the case of Eaton v. Sanford, the court decided, that the statute of limitations did not begin to run during a disability, and that the plaintiff could take advantage of the disabilities of infancy and coverture. On that construction, (though an incorrect one,) the case was within the saving of the statute : and though the defendant attempted to avail himself of the presumption arising from a possession of near sixty years, the court properly decided against him ; for mere length of time short of the period prescribed by the statute, is never a sufficient ground to presume a grant. If the defendant could have accompanied this length of time, ■with circumstances conducing to raise a presumption, then the question might have been submitted to the jury.
The case of Beach v. Catlin, was a fraudulent conveyance j and there the court decided, that the creditor acquired no right of entry on the land, till the levy of his execution i and, of course, the statute could not operate against him, prior to that time ; for till that time, there could be no adverse possession against him. Though the question now under consideration, was not directly, and formally, raised and derided in that case ; yet, as it might have been made, I am willing to admit, that the court did decide, that where there was a fraudulent conveyance, there can be no presumption of one that is bona fde, so as to constitute a bar to the action. That this decision was correct, but not at all opposed to the doctrine I am endeavouring to support, will readily appear.
It must be remembered, that presumptions, in all cases, may be rebutted, or explained. If facts can be proved, which shew, the grant, or deed, claimed to be presumed, could not have existed, the ground of presumption is removed. 2 Wins. Saund. 175. a. In the case of Beach v. Catlin, the defendant claimed under a deed from Brace, the debtor, which was proved to be fraudulent and void. Here, there w#s an express grant, or deed, which rebutted and excluded all presumption of any other: for it cannot be supposed, in any possible case, that there should be two deeds, made at the same time, of the same estate, one bona fide, and the other fraudulent. If a deed be proved to have existed, the rights
How different is this, from the case under consideration ! There is no pretence of fraud, in the claim of Joseph Dudley ; or in the creditor, who levied on the land for the payment of his debt. Here is a possession of more than twenty-eight years, uncontradicted, and Unexplained. Certainly, this is the very case, where presumption from length of time, should have its full operation and effect. I apprehend, then, the proposition will be found to be warranted by reason and authority, that, as in England, twenty years possession, so in this country, fifteen years possession, without interruption or contradiction, is a matter of evidence, per se, without any other circumstance, proper to be left to the jury, to presume a grant, in all cases not within the statute of limitations. There must be some period of time established, as the ne plus ultra. As we find many cases which have adopted this period, and none which have required a longer one, we are authorized to say, that it is the time established by law; and that possession for the period of fifteen years, imcontradicted and unexplained, is the same as time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.
The possession, then, in this case, for more than twenty-eight years, might have been submitted to the jury, as evidence from whence they could have presumed a grant, without any accompanying circumstances ; am! this would have justified the verdict they found. That part of (lie charge, then, which submitted the accompanying circumstances, veas unnecessary and immaterial ; it might have been omitted — .it was mere matter of surplusage, and can he no ground for a new'trial.
But it is said, in this case, there is no probability, that a deed, or grant, ever existed; and that it would be very strange to admit a jury to make such a presumption. This leads me to consider the principles on which grants are to be presumed by a jury.
Any fact may be found, by a jury, on presumptive evidence ; but, generally, facts are found, on the ground that the jury are persuaded, or convinced, by the presumptive evidence, that they actually existed. All the innovation, that has been made, by courts, in modern times, is, that they will permit a jury to presume a grant, charter, or any writing, though there is no probability that they ever existed. Lord Mansfield says — “ Not that the court really thinks a grant has been made; because it is not probable that a grant should have existed, without its being on record ; but they presume the fact, for the purpose, and from a principle, of quieting the possession.” Cowp. 215. In giving their opinion in the case of Knight v. Halsey, 2 Bos. & Pull. 206. the judges say — “ The presuming a deed from long usage, is, certainly, a novel invention of the judges, for the furtherance of justice, and for the sake of peace, where there has been a long exercise of an adverse right. For instance, it cannot be supposed, that any man would suffer his neigh-bour to obstruct the light of his windows, and render his house uncomfortable, or to use a way, with carts and carriages, over his meadows, for twenty years respectively, unless some agreement had been made between the parties to that effect, of which the usage is evidence.”
In examining the cases, which have been decided, it will be found, in most, if not all, of them, that there was not the remotest probability that charters ever existed ; for if they
It is not necessary, that the jury should presume who is the grantor, or what is the particular kind of grant. They may presume such a grant as will quiet the possession. Of course, they can presume charters, deeds, records, by-laws, common recoveries, and even acts of parliament, where it is necessary. Lord Kenyon once said, that he would presume not only one, but one hundred grants, to support such a lung possession. Lord Ellenborough said, be would presume any thing, to support such a long possession. 11 East, S83. There can be no difficulty about a grantor, or grantee, or the forms of the grant.
To apply these principles to the case under consideration. The defendant, and Joseph Dudley, under whom he claims.
The only remaining question is, whether the record from the court of probate in Massachusetts, was admissible evidence. Though this document was immaterial, as there was sufficient evidence without it, so that the admission of it could be no ground for a new trial j yet it can be vindicated on principle.
It cannot he supposed, that the creditors of an insolxcnl estate in Massachusetts. not presumed to he ignorant of the estate of lir'lr debtor, would suffer their debts to lie for nearly thirty years, when it was in their power, at any time, to have enforced a rollertion of them, by the sale of the lands in question. Herr is an uninterrupted possession, on one side, and a non-claim and acquiescence, on the other, which constitute the ground of presumption. In all iiie.se cases, it is admissible to prove íhí' uninterrupted possession of one party, and that the other inis made no claim, and asserted no right, under such circumstances that he probably would have done it, if he had any legal title. It is always competent to prove the conduct and situation of the parties, and especially, that no claim was made. This was the , ff ct of the proof offered. It was necessary to produre the proceedings before the court of probate in Missac.hnsells, to shew the length of time which the creditors neglected to prosecute their claims. On the death of fi illiam Dudley, if this land was liable for the payment of his debts, his creditors, it must be presumed, would have known it, and would certainly have taken it for that purpose. It. must, then, he proper, to shew, that they proceeded against his estate in Massachusetts, which was found to be insufficient: for this clearly furnishes a legitimate presumption, that they knew and considered he had no title to the land demanded. This is proving, that the. parties in interest made no claim, and asserted no rights. This shews there was no circumstance to rebut the presumption
This, in my judgment, is not a case, in which either the statute for quieting the possession of land, or the doctrine of presumption from length of possession, can apply.
The length of time, during which the creditors lay by, after the death of William Dudley, before administration w as obtained, must have its effect, if any way, to bar the right of administration, or to prove a satisfaction of the debt. And in case any question was to be raised, on either of these subjects, an appeal should have been taken, from some, or all of the decrees of the court of probate, in granting administration, allowir^; the debt, or ordering a sale of the estate ; but no such question can be made in this action.
In the case of Beach v. Catlin, 4 Day, 284. Judge Swift gave an opinion, which goes much further than is necessary to decide this case; and a majority of the court sanctioned that opinion. If there was no adverse holding or actual ouster, in that case ; for a much stronger reason, there is none in thi§. I was, at that time, in a minority ; but the principles settled by a majority, must govern my subsequent decisions. The opinion, which I now give, however, though it is fully supported' by the majority in that case, is also in perfect accordance with the view 1 then took of the subject. I considered Gatlin as holding the possession adversely to Brace, and as having obtained a complete possessory tille against him, before the levy of Beach’s execution ; and although a creditor might avoid the deed, on account of fraud, he could not evade the positive and direct effect of the statute, operating on a fifteen years’ possession. I did not consider it to be “ an undeniable position, that a lawful possession acquires no title under the statute,” as advanced by the learned Judge m that ease. I supposed there might be an .actual ouster and adverse holding, as fully and completely, by consent, as by the most tortious turning out : for instance, in case of a sale of lands by parol, where the consideration is paid, and possession voluntarily resigned up, and held by the purchaser for fifteen years, in his own right,
In the case now under consideration, there is no room for pretence of adverse holding against any one.
The heir, upon the death of an ancestor, is by law made the depositary of title, to hold for creditors ; who haw.', all that time which is given by law, for taking out administration, and collecting debts, to make out their claim. During this period, the deceased has a sort of legal existence, — or rather, his estate remains liable for the payment of his debts, as fully as if he were living. And in my judgment, a debtor, while living, might as well claim to be quieted in the possession of his land, against the stale demand of his creditor, after the levy of an execution on it, as for his heir to make a similar claim, after a sale in the regular course of administration, by order of a court of probate for the payment of debts.
The first question is, whether the record of the court of probate, in Massachusetts, was admissible evidence ?• The suggestion, that it was proper evidence, to prove the death of William Dudley, is entirely foreign to the question. That fact was not in issue. Indeed, it appears distinctly from the motion, that the record was offered, “ to shew, that the lands did not belong to William Dudley in as much, as they were not included in the inventory, which forms a part of the record. But it is impossible to maintain, that any record of a neighbouring state could be admitted, for such ápurpose. The subject-matter in question is, in its nature, and in the most absolute sense, local. No court of justice, in another state, can, by any determination, or any proceeding, determine a question of title to land in this state. Transitory rights may be derided, in any jurisdiction, to which the parties are personally amenable. But who ever imagined, that the record of a writ of rigid, or of an action of ejectment, brought in a neighbouring state, (if such a ease may be supposed,) to recover lands, locally situated here, would be admissible evidence of title ? The proceedings, in such a case, would be a mere nullity, as being coram non Indice. And if the probate-record, in the present case, had
I am also of opinion, that the direction to the jury was wrong. They were told, that, “ from great length of time, with circumstances to render it probable, they might presume and find a grant and that “ if they found a grant” (i. e. according to this rule of presumption,) “ to those, under whom the defendant claimed they must find for him. But what circumstances conduce to such a presumption, is a question of law: and if any such, in addition to the length of possession, existed in the case ; they should have been pointed out to the jury, and ought to appear in (he statement now before us. But as no circumstances appear to have been given in evidence, as accompanying the possession, except what the probate-record from Massachusetts furni; hed j and as I hold that record itself to have been inadmissible ; the case, as I must consider it, is the same, as if the jury had been instructed to presume a title in the defendant, from length of possession alone.
Would such a direction, then, have been correct ? This, in my view of the subject, is the real, and only remaining, question.
With respect to easements, and incorporeal rights in general, the rule, undoubtedly, is, that from long adverse enjoyment, a grant, or whatever else is necessary to legalize the enjoyment, and to establish a title to it, may be presumed. But such a presumption, from mere length of possession, is never applicable to corporeal subjects — as lands and tenements. The reason is, that with respect to the latter, the statute of limitations has made all the provisions, which the law deems necessary, for quieting possession : whereas, no length of enjoyment or user, in the case of incorporeal hereditaments, (which do not lie in seisin, or corporeal possession), is protected by those, or any similar provisions of statute-law, And hence, from the manifest expediency of quieting long enjoyment, or user, as well in cases, in which the subject is not, as.in those, in which it is, within the slat-
I admit, that, in certain cases, length of possession may, with other circumstances, be proved, to perfect the evidence of title to lands and tenements. But the distinction, between the principle of those cases, and the doctrine of conclusive presumption, in the case of incorporeal rights, is very broad, and, I think, very clear. The rule of discrimination, I take to be this : when an actual transfer of title, of which the deed, or any other necessary original evidence, is lost, is to be made out, in whole, or in part, by secondary evidence; length of possession is, like any other circumstantial fact, admissible, as corroborative evidence, and only as corroborative evidence, of such transfer. And here it is immaterial, whether thé subject in question is incorporeal, or corporeal. In this case, however, length of possession is, in its nature, no more essential to the proof of the main fact, than any td her supposable circumstance. And possession for a shorter period, than that prescribed in the statute of limitations, is admissible evidence : though, undoubtedly, the longer the possession is, the stronger will the presumption, arising from that fact,, be. But w here length of time is relied upon us a presumptive bar — i. e. where mere length of possession is the only fact required to be proved, and is,, of itself, the
The cases of incorporeal rights, then, have no bearing upon that tv>w before us : and whenever length of possession lias been admitted, as presumptive evidence of title to corporeal hereditaments, it lias been of the nature, and introduced for the purpose, already explained : i. e. it has been received only as secondary, corroborative evidence of an actual conveyance, or of some accompanying requisite, of which the original and best evidence has been lost. And the jury, instead of being bound by any conclusive, or positive rule of legal presumption, are, in such cases, to weigh the whole evidence, as in every other case.of circumstantial proof, and to find, according to their actual belief. Thus, in Gray v. Gardner, 3 Mass. Rep. 399. where the defendant claimed title to land, under a sale by an administrator, it was determined, only, that a possession for twenty years, taken in connexion with an order of court, authorizing the sale — with proof of the insolvency of the estate — of the actual sale of it, at public auction, and of the publicity and fairness of the sale — of the deed of bargain and sale itself — and of the loss of the probate-files and papers, relating to the estate — was sufficient to warrant the jury, in presuming, that the adrnin-strator took the oath prescribed by law, and gave the neces
It is unnecessary to go into a detailed examination of all the cases. The principle, upon which the case of Coleman v. Anderson, 10 Mass. Rep. 105. was decided, was preciséis the same, as in I lie case of Gray v. Gardner. The case of Hush v. iSraillc//, determined in the supei i •> r court, (.,Y¡nc- ’’axelumin iy, Jlugnst term, 5 812.) was governed by ttie same principle ; and the state of fuels, in that ease, was almost identically the same, as in Gray v. Gardner, except that a mesne convoy-an* e, instead of an accompanying requisite, was the fact to be presumed. In Bunce v. Wolcott, 2 Conn. Rep. 97. the rule recognized by those of the Judges, who gaio any opinion upon the point of presumption, from lapse of time, was confined to the same limits, ami qualified by substantially the same distinctions, between corporeal and incorporeal subjects, as I have already pointed out. The distinction, as laid down, in that case, by the chief Justice, is, that in cases, in which the statute of limitations might operate, (i. e. in ease of lands and tenements,) length of time “ accompanied by circumstances,” . which "render a grant probable, may found the presumption of a grant; and that length of time, “ unaceom panied by such circumstances,” may be a bar, (meaning a presumptive bar,) “ where there is no statute of limitations (i. e. where the subject is one, to which the statute does not extend.) Now, this distinction is, in .effect, Die same, that I am endeavouring to maintain. The case of Jackson d. M‘Donald v. M'Call, 10 Johns. Rep. 377. is substantially Die same, in principle, as that of Gray v. Gardner, and Bush v. Bradley; and it is observable, that a conveyance to the ancestor of the plaintiff M‘Donald, was presumed, though his possession was for a period, considerably less than that prescribed in the statute of limitations.
I am aware, that in a note to a late treatise on the law of evidence, (Phill. Ev. 1.24. n. a.) it is said, That the presumption, arising from length of possession, in the case of incorporeal hereditaments, si equally applies to lands and tenements.” This position, 1 think, is a plain mistake. Among the cases cited in support of- it, are those of Jackson d.
I am, therefore, of opinion, that upon both the grounds, disclosed in the motion, there ought to be a new trial.
New trial to be granted.