Summers v. Farish

Baldwin, J., delivered the opinion of the Court

Terry, C., J., concurring.

This wаs a suit brought by Summers, Stephens, andHazeltine, against Parish, Glazier, and Hackstacter. The action is founded on an injunction-bond, executed by defendants below, one of them as principal, and the other two as sureties. This bond was executed: to procure an injunction in pursuance of the order of the Judge of the Fourteenth District, in a proceeding before him. The condition of the bond is that Crafts and Parish should pay to .the obligеes all such damages as they might sustain by reason of the injunction, provided that the Court should finally decide that plaintiffs were not entitled to it. The injunction restrained the defendants from intermeddling with or disposing of a certain stock of goods, etc., an interest in which was charged to be in Stephens, on.e of the alleged partners of the other defendants; and which interest it was the object of the proceeding of Crafts and Parish to subjеct to their judgment against Stephens. The breach is alleged to be the order of the Court dissolving the injunction ; and the damages averred are the injury resulting to Summers, in consequence of the injunction, by interruption of business, dеpreciation of property, payment of counsel fees in defending the injunction-suit, and the like. The defendants demurred to the .complaint upon the general ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitutе a cause of action; but the demurrer proceeds to specify wherein the complaint is defective, and gives, as such grounds, the fact that the only damage shown, and the only cause of action, (if any,) аccrued to Summers alone, i. e., that the complaint shows no joint cause of action in the plaintiffs ; and that the complaint prays a judgment in favor of the three plaintiffs for an injury done to one. This demurrer was overruled; and this ruling is assigned for error. Technically speaking, perhaps this exception should more properly have been as for a misjoinder of parties; for though the facts may not show a cause of aсtion in favor of all the plaintiffs, yet we are inclined to think that the statute meant to confine the sixth’general ground of demurrer in the fortieth section of the Practice Act to those cases in which no cause оf action at all, as against the defendants, arises from the complaint; since otherwise it would follow, that in every ease in which a misjoinder of parties appeared upon the face of the plеading, the party need not demur for the fourth ground in the fortieth section, but might take the more general objection allowed by the sixth, which was designed to reach the substance .of the complaint, and not merely the fоrm of the statement. But it is somewhat doubtful whether, taking the whole demurrer together, it is not, though informally „ stated, an exception for the misjoinder of parties; the substance of it being that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover, because he has sued jointly with two others, when he alone has a cause of action. The other and further ground that, in order to maintain this action, a joint or common injury must be shown to have been to all the plaintiffs to entitle either or all of them to a recovery—goes to the entire cause of action.

But it is not deemed necessary to decide these questions of practice, ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‍as we shall place оur decision upon other grounds.

There is much nicety in the various decisions as to the mode in which an action of this sort should be brought, under the old system. The authorities, if consistent, go upon very thin distinctions. In our opinion, the bond in this сase, though given to all the obligees by name, and using no words directly expressing a several obligation, yet necessarily creates a several liability—the design of it being to secure each and all of the obligеes from damage or injury. The one hundred and fifteenth section of the Practice Act seems to contemplate but one undertaking on granting an injunction. The practice, we believe, has heen to require only one, though several defendants be enjoined. This is certainly the most convenient method for both plaintiff and defendant; but it would operate very harshly, and, in many cases, amount to no security at all, if recoveriеs could only be had for a joint injury, and to the extent of the joint damage. The mode of construction in such cases is not to look merely at the language of the instrument, but to the statutes under which the instrument is given; though it is by no means clear that the words themselves do not raise this obligation. In the States governed by the common law rules of pleading, which require that the suit be brought by the party with whom the contract is made, or in whom th e legal title is, althоugh that party be a naked trustee for the holder, there may be some diversity of opinion as to the proper form of the action—though upon such an instrument as this, we apprehend there would be none as tо the right of recovering in the name of all the obligees for the individual injury sustained. Thus, in Alabama, in the case of Boyd and Walk v. Martin and Bolling, (10 Ala., 700,) which was a suit on an attachment-bond executed to two obligees, defendants in the writ; the suit was brought by both, and the breach laid, the levy upon the property of one. No doubt is expressed as to the right of recovery; but the only question on demurrer was as to the parties plaintiff. The Supreme Court held the suit was properly brought in the name of both the obligees. The question was purely technical, to wit: With whom was the contract made?— the obligation being technically to both to pay whatever damage might be sustained by either—though we apрrehend there could be no doubt that, when recovered, the money ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‍made would go to the party who sustained the injury. Whatever the rule may be under the old system, we think that, under our system, the right of action is in the party sustaining the injury; for, on a recovery, the other party, if entitled to receive the money at all, if judgment were had in the name of both, would hold it by right of and as trustee for, the other j and our Practice Act, for convenience, hаs given the right to sue to the party beneficially entitled to the fruits of the action. The defendants’ demurrer, then, construing it as a demurrer for a misjoinder of parties, was well taken; but the effect of it, it seems to us, was obviatеd by subsequent proceedings. After the demurrer was overruled, and while the case was in fieri, the plaintiff Summers moved to amend his complaint by striking out the names of his co-obligees; this motion was resisted by the defendants, and, at their instance, denied by the Court. The effect of sustaining the demurrer for this defect, would have been to cause the plaintiff to amend by striking out the names of his associates. This he would have been authorized to do. But this is what he оffered to do, and if done, it would have been equivalent to the confession of the demurrer. The defendants can not object to a pleading as it stands, when they refused to permit it to be amended to suit their own viеws of the law.

The principles held are decisive of the question of the release, by Stephens, of his right of action. The Courts of Law, for many years, while requiring suits on bonds, etc., not endorsed, to be brought in the name of the payee, though really owned by another, yet take notice of the rights of the assignee, and will not permit a release of the payee to be set up by the maker or obligor, when procured with a knowlеdge of the facts. In this case, Stephens knew he held no beneficial interest in the suit, as did also the defendant. He could not release the damages due to Summers.

A third assignment of error rests upon these facts: After рrocuring the order for the injunction, the ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‍bond was executed “ in order that an injunction might issue.” The clerk issued a paper in this form:

“ State of Galifornia, County of Sierra, ss.—The People of the State of California to H. B. Summers, B. C. Stephens, andHazeltine, greeting : Whereas, an order has been made by the Hon. Hiles Searles, District Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District Court, in and for Sierra county, and State of California, enjoining and restraining you and each of you, as well as your servаnts, employees, and all other persons, acting by, through, or under you, from taking or exercising any control, management, or possession of any of the goods, wares, merchandise, books of account, monеys, credits, or other property or effects whatever, of the said partnership of Summers & Co., from collecting any and all debts, dues, and demands, owing to said partnership, by any person or persons whomsoevеr, or in any other manner whatever, with said partnership property and business :

“How, therefore, the plaintiffs having filed their bond as required, you and each of you, as well as your agents, and all other persons, are hereby commanded to obey this writ, ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‍under the pains and penalties of the law.

“ Given under my hand and the seal of the District Court of Sierra county, California, this twenty-first day of August, a. d. 1856.

[l. s.] “ Alebed Helm, Clerk, D. C.”

This paper was afterwards served on the defendants. It is urged that this paper is not a writ of injunction; that some of the defendants in this suit are sureties, and are entitled to stand on the precise terms of their contract; and only contracted to pay damages to arise in this precise mode. The bond speaks of the issuance of an injunction. Ho particular form, that we are aware of, is requisite to such a writ; the substantial thing is an authentic notification to the defendants of the mandate of the Judge, which they must then, at their peril, obey. This notification is made by the clerk, in the usual form which is adopted to certify his official acts. The paper commences and ends as a writ—it informs the defеndants of the order of the Judge, and cautions them to obey “ this writ," the body of which is made Tip of this order. It answered every purpose of a formal writ, and created every obligation on the defendants, and gave all the benefits of such process to the plaintiffs. We cannot see why it is not, in every substantial quality, a good and valid writ of injunction.

Another assignment is predicated of some agreement before made for the keеping of these goods, etc. We do not think it necessary to go into that matter, as it is only a circumstance in reduction of damages, to be weighed with the other proof, as to the injury done the respondent; and which was passed on by the District Court. The counsel ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‍fee of $500 was paid by Summers for services in defending the injunction; and $200, the balance of the judgment, probably could not be thought excessive, for other damages almost nеcessarily resulting in the interruption of his business—as to which and other damages there was some proof—which we do not think it necessary to review.

The error in entering the judgment in favor of Summers alone, is not to the prejudice of the appellants, if, indeed, it were erroneous under the facts.

The judgment below is affirmed.

[Field, J., having been consulted as counsel in the Court below, did not sit in the case.]

Case Details

Case Name: Summers v. Farish

Court Name: California Supreme Court

Date Published: Jul 1, 1858

Citation: 10 Cal. 347

Court Abbreviation: Cal.