272 F. 323 | S.D.N.Y. | 1919
These cases all come up on demurrers by certain of the defendants to the complaints. The common features of the various complaints are as follows:
The posting of bills or posters on billboards is a form of advertising necessary to the successful conduct of various branches of interstate and foreign commerce. This posting involves three different parties and two different transactions. There is the advertiser, who wishes to promote publicity in respect to his business; the lithographer, who manufactures the posters and sends them to the billposter to be placed; and the billposter, who affixes the poster to the billboard. The advertiser contracts with the lithographer to furnish the posters, who then sends them to the advertiser, who employs the billposters to place the posters on the billboards. Both the lithographers and advertisers
In 1891 a number of billposters located in the various cities of the United States combined to monopolize and control the billposting business throughout the United States and Canada, and formed an association, which thereafter, in 1902, was incorporated and became the first of the defendants named in each of the above actions. All of its-officers and directors have participated in the combination. The measures adopted to control interstate and foreign trade and commerce were: (a) Membership confined to one billposter in each town; (b) rules preventing members of the association from dealing with any advertiser who furnished business to a nonmember; (c) agreed schedules of prices for billposting; (d) furnishing members with funds to buy competing plants; (e) since July, 1911, prohibiting members from accepting work from advertisers direct, and permitting them only to accept work through solicitors licensed by the association, who were to pay a fixed license fee of $1,000 and receive a commission of 16% per cent.; (f) threatening to discriminate against lithographers who furnished sample posters to independent billposters or to advertisers desiring to employ independents, by refusing to deal with such lithographers.
The plaintiffs in the Ramsay and Rankin Cases and the plaintiff’s assignor in the Sullivan Case were engaged in soliciting billposting business, and are alleged to have been injured in their business by the conduct of the defendants. All the defendants have been proprietors or managers of local billposting concerns in the United States or Canada, except the defendant Rogeman, who was secretary of the association, and certain of the defendants, who have been engaged in the business of soliciting and placing orders for billposters at various points throughout the United States.
As a result of the foregoing combination, the number of independent billposters in the United States is alleged to have been reduced to very few, and in most towns it is impossible for any advertiser to purchase posters and to have billposting done, except by members of the association, and interstate commerce in stock posters is stated to have been restrained.
Plaintiffs sue for 'treble damages under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (Comp. St. §§ 8820-8823, SS^-SSSO). Demurrers are interposed to the complaints on the ground that they state no causes of action. Some of the demurring defendants have been engaged in the billpost-ing business, and others in soliciting that business, but all are alleged to have been engaged in the above illegal combination.
■ “All that was decided there was that the local business of commission merchants was not commerce among the states, even if what the brokers were employed to sell was an object of such commerce. The brokers wore not like*328 the defendants before ns, themselves the buyers and sellers; They only furnished certain facilities for the sales.”
As I have already’ pointed out, there are features of the Associated Billposters’ organization which undoubtedly restrain interstate commerce. Solicitors of billposting, though engaged in a business having no direct relation to- interstate commerce, might conspire with organization billposters to prevent the sale of posters to billposters not members of their organization. This would violate the Sherman Act, but it would still be true that the mere agreement by billposters not to place posters for advertisers who employed independent billposters would not be a contract in restraint of interstate commerce. Hopkins v. United States, supra. Nothing in the decree or opinion of Judge Landis tends to show that Sullivan suffered injury arising out of any
The demurrer in the Sullivan action, because the plaintiif is without legal capacity to sue, is without merit, and is overruled.
A combination by all the billposters in the country not to employ a certain man to solicit business would not violate the Sherman Act. The arrangement here, though creating certain restraints upon interstate commerce, cannot be different, because the plaintiffs’ injury, if any, does not arise from the prohibited features. Viewed in this light, the allegation in the complaints of the findings by Judge Landis, in the Chicago suit, that the defendants violated the Sherman Act can have no bearing upon the Ramsay and Rankin causes of action, for any alleged wrongs could not arise out of such a violation. The demurrers in the Ramsay and Rankin Cases are therefore all sustained.
“by means of threats to destroy the value of plaintiff’s stock in said corporations, and by manipulation and control of the finances and business of said corporations, and by means of other acts and things done in furtherance of their scheme, purpose, and conspiracy to eliminate the plaintiff as a stockholder thereof by destroying the value of plaintiff’s holdings in order to pur*330 chase same at an unfair, insufficient, and inadequate price, forced and compelled the plaintiff to sell to the defendants his stock in the three corporations for the sum of seven thousand dollars ($7,000).”
As a cause of action for violation of the Sherman Act this must certainly fail. Even if the vague allegations show that s'ome of the defendants obtained plaintiff’s stock by duress how did his injury result from any restraint of interstate commerce?' Surely this purchase of minority stock interests is not shown to have interfered with competition in billposters, nor can I see how it aided the combination in any way. It is suggested by plaintiff’s counsel that the wrong was done by tire combined power of the illegal combination. I cannot find that this is alleged, nor do I see that it was any part of the design of the alleged conspiracy to enable certain of the conspirators to buy stock frprn persons interested in billposting corporations. It is not alleged that the companies in question were either joined to the combination or were at any time left outside, and so injured by the defendants.
If time to plead in the various actions is desired, it will be fixed at the time of the settlement of the judgments, which should be had on notice.