110 F. 186 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Southern Alabama | 1901
This is a bill to enjoin the further prosecution of two actions of ejectment, pending on the law side of this court, which the city of Mobile has instituted against the complainant, each for the recovery of a separate and distinct tract of land; the two tracts being held by the complainant under different titles. The case comes before the court on a motion to dismiss the bill for the want of equity, and on demurrers to the bill. The bill alleges in a general way that the lands sued for lie below ordinary high-tide water mark of the Mobile river, within the corporate limits of the city of Mobile. It does not as distinctly appear from the description of the lands in the bill itself as from the statements in the argument and briefs of counsel what the true character of the lands sued for in the ejectment suits is, — whether upland or the shore between v high-tide water mark and the channel of the Mobile river; and, if the shore or the soil under the river, whether complainant has the legal title to the upland bounded by or abutting on said shore. It may, however, be inferred that the lands sued for are shore lands lying below ordinary high-tide water mark of the Mobile river; that complainant has the legal title to the upland bounded by or abutting on said shore lands; and that the wharves and other improvements made by complainant and those under whom it claims title are erected over said shore out to the channel or navigable part of the river. As it has been so assumed in the argument of the cause, I will express my views on the legal points raised by counsel, leaving the bill to be amended, if it can be done, to make more clear its allegations as to the locus in quo of the property so sued for, and the relation of complainant thereto.
The complainant seeks to support the equity of the bill upon three grounds, viz.: (x) To avoid a multiplicity of suits; (2) to quiet complainant’s franchise or property right to build and wharf out over the shore and soil of Mobile river to the navigable water thereof; and (3) to enjoin the ejectment suits against it on the ground that it has an equitable defense thereto, arising out of an estoppel in pais against
There is a class of cases where a number of persons, having separate and individual claims and rights of action against the same party, all arising from some common cause and governed by the same legal rule, and involving similar facts, may unite in a single suit for the settlement of the whole matter. 1 Pom. Eq. Jur. § 245. But it does not appear from the allegations of the bill that the issue between the city of Mobile and each of those persons on whose behalf it is filed depends upon precisely the same questions of law and upon similar facts. It does not appear that such persons have a common source of title, and that the claim of the city would be good or bad against all, as it may be good or bad against any one of them. Osborne v. Railroad Co. (C. C.) 43 Fed. 824. Besides, it does not appear that by reason of diverse citizenship those who are sought to be made co-complainants are entitled to invoke the jurisdiction of this court, and the bringing of two actions, of ejectment by the city of Mobile against complainant for separate parcels of land does not authorize the maintenance of the bill on the ground that it is to avoid a multiplicity of suits. While the bill fails to show an admission by- complainant of the legal title in defendant to the lands in question, — on the contrary, it impliedly denies it, — yet the allegations of the bill show the legal title to be in defendant. The acts of the legislature of Alabama, under which the city of Mobile claims the title to the property, are set out in the bill; and the supreme court o,f the state, in the case of Mobile Transp. Co. v. City of Mobile (not yet officially reported) 30 South. 645, has construed those acts, and held that under them, by grant of the state, the legal title to the shore of the Mobile river, as described in the act of January 31, 1867, became vested in the city of Mobile; that the evidence introduced in that case showed a valid legal title to the land sued for in the city of Mobile, unaffected by limitation or an estoppel of any character; and that the city of Mobile was entitled to recover in that case the shore land sued for below the high tide. Id. The land granted by the act of January 31, 1867, is described therein as “the shore and the soil under Mobile river, situated within the boundary lines of the city of Mobile.” The act declares that “the mayor, aldermen, and common council of the city of Mobile are created and declared trustees to hold, possess, direct, control and manage the shore and soil therein granted in such manner as they may deem best for the public good.” The supreme court of Alabama in the case above referred to said that “the title of the city of Mobile was derived from the state of Alabama through, and by the act of the legislature of January 31, 1867, supplemented by the acts of February 18, 1895, and of December 5, 1896; the latter being amendatory of the fo'rmer, and confirming and" vesting all rights theretofore vested in any municipal corporation of Mobile in the city of Mobile.” The title theretofore vested in the municipal corporation of Mobile was that of trustee. The substance and effect of the decision is that the state granted the fee in “the shore and soil under the Mobile river” to the city of Mobile, to be held as trustee for and in furtherance of the public interest, and that the legal title conveyed
“The direct effect of the act, if valid, and its object, would seem rather to be to transfer the right and power of the state in and over the shore of the river and the soil under it, in front of Mobile, to the city, to be exercised by it, as the state should exercise them, for the general good, in preventing the navigability of the river being impaired, and in restraining purprestures along the river front below the water line, by prescribing the manner and the extent to which wharves and other structures should be built into and over the water.” 53 Ala. 568.
The court, in Mobile Transp. Co. v. City of Mobile, further held that, on streams where the tide ebbs and flows, grants of adjoining lands only extend to the ordinary high tide along the shore. I do not understand the decision as passing on. the right to accretions, or as determining the nature and extent of the riparian or littoral rights of the owner of lands bounded by or abutting on such streams. The decisions of the highest court of a state in the construction of its laws, and in the determination of the rules of property therein, are of controlling authority in the federal courts. City of St. Louis v. Rutz, 138 U. S. 226, 11 Sup. Ct. 337, 34 L. Ed. 941; Knight v. Association, 142 U. S. 183, 12 Sup. Ct. 258, 35 L. Ed. 974; Lumber Co. v. Ott, 142 U. S. 622, 12 Sup. Ct. 318, 35 L. Ed. 1136; May v. Tenney, 148 U. S. 60, 13 Sup. Ct. 491, 37 L. Ed. 368; Minneapolis Mill Co. v. Board of Water Com’rs of City of St. Paul, 168 U. S. 349, 18 Sup. Ct. 157, 42 L. Ed. 497; Leovy v. U. S., 177 U. S. 629, 20 Sup. Ct. 797, 44 L. Ed. 914. The decision in the case of Mobile Transp. Co. v. City of Mobile is binding on this court, and will be ' followed by it.
Assuming, then, that the city of Mobile has the legal title to the lands sued for, the contention of complainant is that it has a franchise right or easement to build and wharf out over said lands to the navigable water of Mobile river, which franchise is a property right that this court of equity should protect from invasion or interference, and, further, that it has defenses of an equitable character against the claim of the city of Mobile, which are not available to it in the actions of ejectment, and hence it appeals to this court and invokes its aid in the premises. The complainant does not claim that it has the legal title to the land sued for. It does not claim that its title extends to the shore below the high-tide water* mark, but its claim is »that it is the owner of the upland which is bounded by and abuts on the tide-water shore sued for, and that it has rights incident to riparian ownership, — rights which attach to the ownership of land bounded by or abutting on the margin of' a navigable river, whether below or above tide water. Complainant’s claim for relief in this court is based on the theory that the court has jurisdiction to enjoin any intended or threatened destruction or impairment by the city of Mobile of its rights as a riparian proprietor of the tide-water shore ’in front of its land, and also on the theory that its equitable defense to the ejectment suits arises out of an estoppel in pais against the
The cases cited, I think, are authority for the proposition that riparian rights, when recognized as existing by the law of the state or by local usage, are a valuable property. Among those rights are access to the navigable part of a river from the front of his lot by an owner whose land is bounded by or abuts on the river, and the right to make a landing, wharf, or pier for his own use or for the use of the public, subject to such general rules and regulations as the legislature may see proper to impose for the protection of the rights of the public. Yates v. City of Milwaukee, supra.
As I understand the allegations of the bill, there is no question raised in this case as to the right or ownership of the accretions or alluvion; but I may remark here that it is well settled that, where the land encroaches upon the water by gradual and imperceptible degrees, the accretions or alluvion belong to the owner of the land bounded on the waters, whether tide or fresh, and are independent of the law governing the title in the soil covered by the water. Shively v. Bowlby, supra; Gould, Waters, §§ 155, 157. Where the
“The general right before mentioned as belonging to a riparian proprietor is coextensive with the limits of the city. This general right is sustained by possession, user, enjoyment, recognition in state and municipal legislation, and by general acquiescence.” Leverich v. Mayor, etc. (C. C.) 110 Fed. 170.
These observations, I think, may justly be applied to this case.
It is further contended that if it be conceded that complainant had not by franchise or usage a right to build out wharves, landings, and booms to the channel or navigable part of the river, the legislation of the state and the ordinances of the city of Mobile passed pursuant to such legislation were a regulation of the exercise of the riparian rights of complainant and all other persons entitled to such rights within the limits of the city of Mobile, — a settlement of the line of navigability of the river, — and were an implied license or concession of the right to build out, possess, and occupy to the established line, which amounted practically to a qualified possessory title. While this legislation and the acts of the state and the city thereunder were not a grant, they, in my opinion, implied a license to complainant and other persons similarly situated to construct or extend a wharf or other structure into the channel of Mobile river, provided it be done in conformity with such legislation and the rules and regulations prescribed by authority of the state. There was no license expressly granted, but it was clearly implied. There was conferred on the licensee no estate or title in the shore or soil under the river over which such structures were to be constructed, but a privilege or license was given to be exercised in conformity with certain rules and regulations to be prescribed therefor. “A license, in the law of real estate, is an authority to do an act or a series of acts on the land of the person granting the license, without conferring on the licensee any estate in the land.” And a license may be implied from the acts of the parties. 2 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) 1132. “The right to wharf out may rest upon passive or implied license merely.” Cohn v. Boom Co., 47 Wis. 314, 2 N. W. 546; Diedrich v. Railway Co., 42 Wis. 262; 2 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) supra. At common law an owner of land fronting on a navigable river has a right of access to the navigable part of the river, but if he erects a wharf or other building, without license, below high-water mark, where the soil is the king’s it may, at the suit of the king, be demolished or seized. Yet such owner may acquire the right to erect a wharf or other building by charter or grant or license, and also by prescription or usage. Shively v. Bowlby, supra, and authorities therein cited. Here, as I have said, the legal title to the shore or soil below high-water mark is in the state, or in the city of Mobile by grant of the state., As already said, there is in this state no positive law or judicial rule prescribing the nature and extent of the riparian rights of owners of land on tide water within the limits of the city of Mobile, but that it is common knowledge that such owners have, by long usage been accorded and have exercised the right to build wharves and other structures upon the flats or shore lands in front of their
It is alleged in the bill that complainant constructed the wharf and other structures on the land involved in the ejectment suits under and by virtue of the invitation and license of the state of Alabama and of the city of Mobile, and that thej'- were constructed in strict conformity with the state and city legislation on the subject, and with the rules and regulations thereunder prescribed. This license did not vest any right until exercised, and could only be exercised by one possessing riparian rights;- but when executed it was a lawful exercise of a privilege or license, which became irrevocable, and especially where expenditures were made in reliance upon the license, as is alleged in the bill. 2 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) 1145; Rhodes v. Otis, 33 Ala. 578; Shively v. Bowlby, supra. To the contention of the defendant that, if any such license ever existed, it was revoked by the act of the legislature of January 31, 1867, it may be answered that the bill shows that the wharf and other structures referred to-were constructed subsequent to the passage of the act, and hence the act could not have had the effect claimed for it, and, further, that the supreme court of Alabama has said that the direct effect and object of that act were to transfer the right and power of the state in and over the shore of the river and soil under it in front of Mobile to the city, to be exercised by it, as the state should exercise them, for the general good, in preventing the navigability of the river being impaired, and in restraining purprestures along the river front below the high-water line, by prescribing the manner in which structures should be built into or over the water. Mayor, etc., v. Moog, supra. All riparián rights -depend upon the ownership of land which is contiguous to and touches upon the water, and in the case of tide paters, at common law, upon the ownership of the land above and adjoining the edge of the water at ordinary high-water mark. Gould, Waters, § 148; Yates v. City of Milwaukee, 10 Wall. 497, 19 L. Ed. 984. On navigable tide waters the “shore” is the space between ordinary high water and low water. It is owned by the sovereign or state. The
A further ground of relief alleged in the bill is that by its acts and conduct the city of Mobile has estopped itself, as against complainant, from asserting any claim which would annul complainant’s rights to the property in question, or would invade or impair complainant’s free use and enjoyment of the same. The substance of the contention on this proposition is that the long possession of complainant and those under whom it claims; the large expenditures made by them in improvements upon the land; the acts and conduct of the city of Mobile in permitting complainant and its grantors to fill in the low or marsh land in front of its upland, and to erect valuable improvements thereon, without interference or objection; in authorizing and directing the construction of some of the improvements; in establishing and designating the limit or line to which the wharves, landings, and bulkheads, etc., constructed by complainant should be extended; the long acquiescence of the city of Mobile in complainant’s possession and use of the property under claim of right; the taxation of the property as that of complainant by the city of Mobile; the staleness of the city’s claim; the lapse of more than 30 years since it acquired its title; and its laches in enforcing its title, — all show a practical abandonment of all claim to the property by the city, and equitably estop it from questioning the legality of that which has been done by complainant, and from now claiming ownership of the land in question, and the right to dispossess complainant of the same to its prejudice. Equitable estoppels arise upon facts which render their application in the protection of rights equitable and just, and courts of equity recognize them in cases of equitable cognizance, but they are available at law as well as in equity. “An equitable estoppel as a defense is available at law as well as in equity in the federal courts.” Dickson v. Colgrove, 100 U. S. 578, 25 L. Ed. 618; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Raw (2d Ed.) 420; Kirk v. Hamilton, 102 U. S. 68, 26 L. Ed. 79; Berry v. Seawall, 13 C. C. A. 101, 65 Fed. 753. Under the rule of law in Alabama, equitable estoppels do not operate to devest the legal title of lands, and in a court of law there can be no estoppel affecting the title to land. Standifer v. Swann, 78 Ala. 93; Hendricks v. Kelly, 64 Ala. 388. But a court of equity accords full effect and operation to it. South & North Alabama R. Co. v. Alabama G. S. R. Co., 102 Ala. 236, 14 South. 747. Although an equitable estoppel is an available defense to an action at law in the federal courts, it is also available in a court of equity when the
The ground of equity on which the court takes cognizance of this case and sustains the bill is that it seeks to protect complainant’s riparian rights from invasion and impairment, — rights which are undoubted elements in the valúe of its property, and which are intended or threatened to be destroyed or abridged by the ejectment suits which are' asked to be enjoined. The right of complainant is one not protected by legal title, but in and of itself appeals to the conscience of a court of equity. In such case the court should act, and establish and protect its right. “Where equity can give relief, complainant ought not to be compelled to speculate upon the chance of obtaining relief at law.” Davis v. Wakelee, supra. In Railroad Co. v. Jones, 68 Ala. 49, the court said:
“When the owner of land has knowledge of the fact that 'a railroad Is proceeding to locate and construct its road on his lands, and allows it to expend large sums of money on improvements for the purpose without interfering or forbidding it to proceed, he will he estopped from evicting it by ejectment.”
South & North Alabama R. Co. v. Alabama G. S. R. Co., supra; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) 428, 429.
In Kirk v. Hamilton, 102 U. S. 68, 26 L. Ed. 79, the court said:
“If a man knowingly, although he does it passively, looking on, suffers another to purchase and expend money on land under an erroneous opinion of title, without making known his own claim, he shall not afterwards be permitted to exercise his legal right against such person.”
“Lord Mansfield would not suffer a man to recover, even in ejectment, where he had stood by and seen the defendant build on his land.” Kirk v. Hamilton, supra.
“ The s'taleness of the claim of the city of Mobile, the lapse of time, or the statute of limitations cannot avail the complainant; that is to say, the complainant cannot avail itself, as a matter of law, of the laches of the city of Mobile, the plaintiff in the ejectment suits, in asserting its claim of title. Such laches, however, may be considered as one of the facts of the case tending to show an estoppel. Wehrman v. Conklin, 155 U. S. 314, 15 Sup. Ct. 129, 39 L. Ed. 167. Municipal corporations are concluded by estoppel as much as individuals. Bissell v. City of Jeffersonville, 24 How. 287, 16 L. Ed. 664; Hackett v. City of Ottawa, 99 U. S. 86, 25 L. Ed. 363; Town of Brewton v. Spira, 106 Ala. 235, 17 South. 606. In Bissell v. City of Jeffersonville the court said:
“A corporation, quite as much as an individual, is held to a careful adherence to truth in their dealings with mankind, and cannot by their representations or silence involve others in onerous engagements, and then defeat the calculations and claims their own conduct superinduced,”
2 Story, Eq. Jur. § 154.
My opinion is that a case of equitable estoppel against the city of Mobile has been shown by the allegations of the bill. My conclusions are (1) that the bill cannot be sustained on the ground that it