38 La. Ann. 55 | La. | 1886
'The opinion of the Court was delivered by
The controversy presented by the pleadings in this case involves the question of the validity of the olographic will of the late Jacob Strauss, which is of the following tenor:
“ This is my last will and testament, entirely written, dated and signed by me, New Orleans, September 20, 1882:
“I give all I may die possessed of to my two grandchildren, Charles Edward Stanislaus Cass and Isabella Amanda Cass, the children of my deceased daughter, Marie Louise Cass. The giving to them to be conditioned on their attaining the age of majority. In case either of them die before attaining the age of majority, then the part or portion given as above conditioned to accrue to the survivor, likewise conditioned on such survivor attaining the age of majority. The true intent being to make my said grandchildren my universal legatees upon the condition that they reach majority. I desire that during the minority of my said grandchildren, the sum above given them conditionally be administered by my friend, Judge E. D. White, of this city— without security — he to invest said amount in good securities and apply the proceeds to the education and support of said grandchildren. He is to administer the same for the benefit of said grandchildren, and pay over the same to them on the happening of the conditions on which my gift to them is based. I expressly exact as a condition that none of the property given by me to my grandchildren be ever, in any way, during their minority, administered by their father. In the ■event of my said grandchildren dying before the happening of the condition by me above mentioned — that is, they or either of them reaching the age of majority, then I institute as my universal legatee the Touro Infirmary, the Jewish Widows and Orphans’ Asylum, the Little Sisters of the Poor, the St. Mary’s Catholic Orphan Asylum— share and share alike to each of said institutions. I institute and appoint Judge E.-D. White my testamentary executor, with seizin and without security. This entirely written, dated and signed by me at New Orleans, this 20th September, 1882.”
J. Strauss.
The nullity of the will is propounded by C. L. C. Cass, the father .and natural tutor of the two grandchildren of the deceased appellant .herein on substantially the following grounds:
2. That it divests the minors of the seizin of one-third of their grandfather’s estate, to which they are entitled under the law as forced’ heirs.
I.
The charge of a. fidei eommissum refers to that disposition in the will which subjects the property of the testator to the administration of' the testamentary executor until the minors’ legatee shall have reached' the age of majority.
Under the provisions of our code, a fidei eommissum is understood to be “ a disposition by which the donee, the heir, or legatee is charged to preserve for or to return a thing to a third person.” C. C. 1520.
Now under the terms of this will, the executor is neither a donee/t. an heir or a legatee. No part of the property of the testator is bequeathed to him, to be preserved for or turned over to another person or succeeding legatee, and it is clear that no right of ownership, either1 in trust or otherwise, is intended to be vested in him. The only power or right with which he is clothed by the will is one of administration,, and under the circumstances it partakes more of the character of an1 onerous duty than of an enviable right. The practical effect of that feature of the will is to vest the usufruct or right of enjoyment of the testator’s estate in his grandchildren, subject to the executor’s administration, until they shall have reached the age of majority, and’ bequeath to them the naked ownership of the same at the time that they shall reach that age. C. C. art 1522.
Such a disposition is not amenable to the reprobation of our law.
The identical question came up and was exhaustively considered by our immediate predecessors in the case of the succession of Macias, 31 Ann. 127. That precise condition was found in the will of Mrs. Macias, and the court held that it was not impossible or reprobated by law. We therefore hold that the will of Jacob Strauss, is not invalidated by reason of that condition.
But it is charged that the disposition by which the testator bequeaths the whole of his property to one of his grandchildren in case of the-death of the other before the latter reaches the age of majority, and’ by which he directs that his propertv shall pass in equal shares to four designated charitable institutions, in case both of the minors should die before they have reached their respective ages of majority, contains a forbidden substitution.
If that condition does not happen, the property of the testator passes-at once and in full ownership to the designated asylums. But in case that both minors, or one of them, shall reach the age of majority, the-condition under which the asylums could become legatees under the will does not happen, and from that moment their connection with the-will is forever severed.
The testator does not pretend to make two testamentary dispositions of the same property, by making it descend as a legacy to one person, and at the death of that legatee, to pass it to a subsequent legatee, independently of the will power of the first legatee, or of the existence of forced heirs to his succession.
It follows therefore that that feature of the will cannot be assimilated to the prohibited substitution referred to in our code.
These views have always prevailed in the jurisprudence of France,, from whose code we have derived the provision of our own code on this subject. Code Civil, art 896; Marcadé, vol. 3, p. 364 et seq.
The Court of Cassation and other French tribunals have uniformly and correctly ruled that a double institution of heirs, depending upon a suspensive condition, which is the case with the will in hand, does-not present the features of a prohibited substitution Its essential characteristic is that both of the instituted heirs should in turn, and under the effect of the will, become the absolute owners of the property, or that one should succeed the other as legatee of the saíne thing,, under the expressed will and directions of the testator. Journal du Palais, 1885, p. 520, Gildan vs. Phillippon.
II.
We shall now consider the objection to the will on the ground tnatit imposes illegal conditions on the legitimate portion of the forced heirs. At the threshold of that inquiry we are confronted with the following provisions 0f our code:
Article 986: “He who has the power of accepting the entire succession c-annot divide and only accept a part.”
Article 1016: “A succession can neither be' accepted nor rejected conditionally.”
It is conceded that the testator’s grandchildren have no forced legal claim to more than one-third of his estate, and that he had the perfect, legal option to dispose by will of the remaining two-thirds of his estate to another or different person. Hence in the case of a will by
It is equally clear that ho could legally impose any condition; provided it was not impossible or reprobated by law on any person whom he selected as the object of his bounty for that proportion of his estate.
Now in commenting on these provisions of law, which apply as well to testamentary as to intestate successions, (C. C. 975) this Court used the following language in the Succession of Macias :
“A conditional legacy — when the conditions imposed by the testator are neither impossible nor reprobated by law — must and can be accepted by or for the legatee but in accordance with the terms of the will. Whether of age or under age, the legatee cannot be allowed to divide his acceptance to take the donation and repudiate the conditions on which it was made, or take it on conditions which differ from those fixed by the donor. lie must accept it as it is or reject it.”
Following in the same train of thought on the same subject, the present court, in the succession of Turnell, 32 Ann. 1218, said :
“We think it clear, ou both reason and authority, that where the will bequeaths to the forced heir more than his legitimate portion, the testator may attach to the bequest any lawful conditions, and in such case the forcod heir must exercise the option of either accepting the bequest as a whole, with the conditions attached, or of renouncing all testamentary advantage and claiming his legitime only as secured to him by the law independent of the testament,”
Having shown hereinabove that the conditions attached to his bequest by Strauss were neither impossible or reprobated by law, it follows that the will must either be accepted in whole or renounced entirely. The conditions imposed by the testator were not intended and must not be coustrued as imposed on the legitimate portion of his forced heirs, but for the balance of the estate which he would doubtless have disposed of to the exclusion of his grandchildren, had he for a moment supposed that they could have obtained it independently of his will and of the conditions which he attached thereto.
If these, grandchildren were of age and were in court in their own right they could not claim one portion of the estate as forced heirs, and the remainder as beneficiaries under the will. The law would compel them to elect whether they would as forced heirs take their legitime without conditions, or accept the whole estate under the conditions imposed by the testator. But their tutor, who now acts in
Hence we have no other alternative but to enforce the execution of' the will as a whole and all in its parts. These were the conclusions reached by the district judge, his decree must therefore be sustained-
judgment affirmed.
