107 Misc. 2d 135 | N.Y. App. Term. | 1981
Lead Opinion
OPINION OF THE COURT
Order entered April 16, 1980 affirmed, with $10 costs.
Plaintiff has, since July, 1978, occupied his co-operative apartment in a building owned by the defendant co-operative corporation and located on Roosevelt Island. The plaintiff, beginning in August, 1978, complained to corporate management of many problems, but especially about malfunctioning of the air-conditioning-heating unit. He alleges that the problem of lack of heat became acute with
Plaintiff brought this action in March, 1979 against the defendant co-operative corporation, alleging breach of the lease terms as well as breach of the statutory duty to supply heat. On January 31, 1980, he moved for summary judgment and asked that the matter be set down for inquest solely on the extent of damages; plaintiff sought damages in the amount of $5,000, which included the cost of repairing the heating units and “pain and suffering”, etc.
On March 19, 1980, the defendant cross-moved for summary judgment. An affidavit submitted by defendant’s managing agent in conjunction with that cross motion, details the steps taken by management to cope with the problem. A contractor was sent who determined that the problem resulted from malfunctioning fan coils in the units. Parts were thereafter ordered; a resurvey in February, 1979 indicated that the units were then functioning properly. The court below denied both plaintiff’s and defendant’s motions for summary judgment noting that fact issues required a trial.
Both in the court below and on appeal, the plaintiff argues that the deprivation of heat constituted a violation of the implied warranty of habitability (Real Property Law, § 235-b) and required a granting of summary judgment.
While there are indeed fact issues that require a trial, this court cannot ignore the issue of whether or not the statute (Real Property Law, § 235-b) applies to co-operative apartments. In fact, by denying summary judgmént to the defendant corporation, the court below implicitly recog
Numerous decisions have established that a co-operative tenant’s acquisition of stock in a co-operative corporation is essentially the same as his acquisition of stock in any other corporate entity except that it affords him, in addition, a right to reside in a particular apartment allocated to that stock (Matter of State Tax Comm, v Shor, 84 Misc 2d 161, affd 53 AD2d 814, affd 43 NY2d 151). Furthermore, it has been said that the proprietary lease given to the tenant is not different from any other type of lease and it creates a landlord-tenant relationship between the stockholder and the co-operative corporation (Matter of State Tax Comm, v Shor, supra; see, also, Hauptman v 222 East 80th St. Corp., 100 Misc 2d 153; Carden Hall v George, 56 Misc 2d 865; Rasch, 1 New York Landlord & Tenant, Summary Proceedings [2d ed], § 82).
On the other hand, the relationship created has also been called sui generis, i.e., peculiar, unique, different (Matter of State Tax Comm, v Shor, 43 NY2d 151, 154, supra). As Chief Judge Breitel, writing for a unanimous Court of Appeals, observed (p 156): “One has, therefore, a mixed concept and terminology, superficially resembling, the traditional rental apartment lease, except, for example, that the lessee pays monthly maintenance charges and is subject to assessments instead of rent. For some purposes it is a lease; for others it is a compact between co-operative corporation and co-operative tenant.” (See, also, dissenting opn by Steuer, J., in Silverman v Alcoa Plaza Assoc., 37 AD2d 166 — status of co-operator or proprietary lessee is for practical purposes indistinguishable from an owner of the fee; and compare this language in Penthouse Props, v 1158 Fifth Ave., 256 App Div 685, 691, “in a very real sense the tenant stockholders enter into a relation not unlike a partnership, though expressed in corporate form.”)
In Jimerson Housing Co. v Butler (97 Misc 2d 563, 565), the court refused a co-operative corporation the right to
Does it follow that the warranty of habitability applies to proprietary leases? Subdivision 1 of section 235-b of the Real Property Law provides: “In every written or oral lease or rental agreement for residential premises the landlord or lessor shall be deemed to covenant and warrant that the premises so leased or rented and all areas used in connection therewith in common with other tenants or residents are fit for human habitation and for the uses reasonably intended by the parties and that the occupants of such premises shall not be subjected to any conditions which would be dangerous, hazardous or detrimental to their life, health or safety.”
In 158th St. Riverside Drive Co. v Launay (NYLJ, April 6, 1976, p 9, col 2), the court denied the relevance of the statute to proprietary tenancies noting: “While section 235 (b) refers to ‘every written or oral lease * * * for residential premises’ * * * it is clear that the conventional landlord-tenant relationship is contemplated. * * * Respondent’s remedy lies elsewhere.” But in Hauptman v 222 East 80th St. Corp. (supra, p 155), the Civil Court, New York County, held as to such a tenancy: “There is nothing here which indicates an intention by the Legislature to exempt co-operatives from the ambit of the warranty.” (See, also, Laight Co-op. Corp. v Kenny, 105 Misc 2d 1001; Lehner & Sweet, Conversions of Residential Cooperatives, Lofts, NYU, Dec. 24, 1980, p 1, col 2, p 6, col 2, which would apply section 235-b of the Real Property Law to co-operative apartments.)
In approving section 235-b of the Real Property Law (L 1975, ch 597; NY Legis Ann, 1975, p 437), Governor Carey noted that the section was intended to remedy tenant
Nevertheless, summary judgment was properly denied to the plaintiff. The landlord is no absolute insurer of services which do not affect habitability nor is it a guarantor of “every amenity customarily rendered in the landlord-tenant relationship” (Park West Mgt. Corp. v Mitchell, 47 NY2d 316, 327). While it is not disputable that health and safety are adversely affected by insufficient heat, not every such deprivation will constitute a breach of the warranty. “Each case must, of course, turn on its own
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). I concur with the majority to the
extent that I find plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment was properly denied.
The majority has outlined the relevant facts of this case, indicating that the plaintiff initiated this action to recover damages of $5,000, arising out of defendant’s alleged failure to provide adequate heat, that the plaintiff moved for summary judgment and that the defendant cross-moved for identical relief. The court below denied both motions, noting only that “Issues of fact remain which may only be resolved at trial.” My colleagues suggest that “by denying summary judgment to the defendant corporation, the Court below implicitly recognized the applicability of the [breach of warranty] statute to proprietary tenancies since that was the major item of contention of each party.” While plaintiff in his affidavit submitted in support of his motion for summary judgment indicates he is relying upon the breach of warranty statute, and while defendant in its affidavit submitted in support of its cross motion for summary judgment and in opposition to plaintiff’s motion argues that the breach of warranty of habitability statute should not be applied to co-operatives, I believe the subtle complexities of the issue of whether section 235-b of the Real Property Law applies to co-operative corporations are such that no implication can be gleaned from the order on
It is noted by my brethren that, although there is no appellate court authority as to whether section 235-b of the Real Property Law applies to co-operative corporations, three lower court decisions have addressed the question: 158th St. Riverside Drive Co. v Launay (NYLJ, April 6, 1976, p 9, col 2) held that section 235-b of the Real Property Law does not apply to co-operative corporations, Hauptman v 222 East 80th St. Corp. (100 Misc 2d 153) and Laight Co-op. Corp. v Kenney (105 Misc 2d 1001) held that it does. The dispositions in those three cases are, however, as conclusory as they are contradictory.
The relationship of co-operative corporations to their shareholders has not often been defined in law. In Vernon Manor Co-op. Apts., Section I v Salatino (15 Misc 2d 491), Judge James Hopkins, then writing as a County Court Judge, noted (p 494): “This action, based on the construction of the relative rights and liabilities of a cooperative housing corporation and its members, has little precedent in this State. Sparse are the cases treating of the relationship between such a corporation and its member tenants”. Case law dealing with the relationship which exists between co-operative corporations and their shareholders has not greatly expanded since Judge Hopkins observed in Vernon Manor Co-op. Apts., Section I v Salatino (supra, p 494): “A co-operative corporation is defined to be a corporation Tor the cooperative rendering of mutual help and service’, and ‘classed as a non-profit corporation, since its primary object is not to make profits for itself as such, or to pay dividends on invested capital, but to provide service and means whereby its members may have the economic advantage of cooperative action, including a reasonable and fair return for their product and service’ (Cooperative Corporations Law, § 3, subds. [c], [d])”. The concept of a cooperative corporation existing as a not-for-profit entity, organized for the good of its members, not only affords a parity of relationship between shareholder tenant and cooperative corporation, which section 235-b of the Real Property Law seeks to impose in conventional landlord-
Section 235-b of the Real Property Law essentially codified the rights of the conventional tenant as they had evolved under common law prior to the enactment of that statute (Tonetti v Penati, 48 AD2d 25; Steinberg v Carreras, 74 Misc 2d 32; Morbeth Realty Corp. v Velez, 73 Misc 2d 996; Jackson v Rivera, 65 Misc 2d 468). There is little if any basis for concluding that the Legislature intended to extend the application of section 235-b of the Real Property Law to the sui generis relationship which exists between the co-operative corporation and its shareholders. As the majority has observed, it is nowhere stated in the statute (Real Property Law, § 235-b) that the ameliorative legislation was ever intended to apply to the proprietary lessor-lessee situation.
The relationship which exists between a co-operative corporation and its shareholders “is to be determined from a reading together of the original plan of organization, the prospectus under which stock was offered, the stock subscription agreement and the payments made thereunder, the members’ contract, that is, either the proprietary lease or the occupancy agreement, the certificate of incorporation and the bylaws, and the rules and regulations of the cooperative, provided that the laws of the state are not thereby infringed.” (11 NY Jur, Co-operatives, § 133.) Significantly, none of those items are contained in the instant record on appeal, and thus the plaintiff, without even affording this court an opportunity to assess instruments, which no doubt amply and explicitly detail the rights and nature of the relationship between the parties, would have this court reach beyond such concrete agreements and documents and apply a statutorily implied warranty which in all likelihood and the Legislature only intended should apply to conventional landlord-tenant relationships.
The suggestion made by the majority that since a shareholder of General Motors may sue that corporation for damages arising from the purchase of a defective vehicle, a
The relationship between a co-operative corporation and its shareholders, which is fiduciary in nature, requires the corporate directors to manage the affairs of the corporation so as to carry out its purpose to house its members in a comfortable and efficient manner, and to treat its members in a fair and equitable way (Vernon Manor Co-op. Apts., Section I v Salatino, 15 Misc 2d 491, supra). Given the spectrum of remedies available to a dissatisfied co-operative shareholder which arise from this fiduciary relationship, there is no reason to believe that the Legislature considered it necessary to further protect the co-operative shareholder through application of section 235-b of the Real Property Law.
The majority indicates that “as a matter of sound policy and the proprietary tenant, subject as he is to being ousted for nonpayment of charges * * * [in a summary proceeding], should enjoy whatever benefits flow from the warranty of habitability.” The question, however, is not whether the co-operative shareholder is entitled to assert a breach of the warranty of habitability in a summary proceeding, but whether he is entitled to assert such a breach in any proceeding. Parenthetically, we are not here dealing with a summary proceeding but a plenary action.
Two last points, first, co-operative corporations run the gamut of co-operative brownstones to co-operative housing consisting of thousands of units. The impact of applying section 235-b of the Real Property Law will differ across this broad spectrum of co-operative housing and such a standard of strict liability should not be applied to this
Second, subdivision 2 of section 235-b of the Real Property Law provides: “Any agreement by a lessee or tenant of a dwelling waiving or modifying his rights as set forth in this section shall be void as contrary to public policy.” In view of the equity interest of co-operative shareholders in the building, they may arrange as between themselves to take responsibility for renovating and upgrading an existing structure to the extent of making it habitable. Under the above-quoted subdivision 2, such agreements between co-operative shareholders would be in violation of the law, as inconsistent with subdivision 1 of section 235-b of the Real Property Law. There are obvious shortcomings in any judicial determination which would limit the right of cooperative shareholders to contract as between themselves as to responsibility for maintenance of their property.
Tierney, J. P., and Riccobono, J., concur in Per Curiam opinion; Asch, J., concurs in a separate opinion.