OPINION ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
Aрpellant, Taylor Brent Stull, was convicted of the offense of possession of a controlled substance: namely tetrahydro-cannabinol. Punishment was assessed at three years’ imprisonment and a $300.00 fine. Imposition of the sentence was suspended and appellant was placed on probation.
The Austin Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction in a published opinion.
Stull v. State,
The record rеflects that on October 9, 1985, Lt. Ron Wildman, a Lakeway police officer, received information from a known informant regarding a group of youngsters meeting for the purpose of using or exchanging drugs before schoоl. Because Wildman’s informant did not have first hand knowledge of the youngsters’ activities the officer set up surveillance to confirm the information. According to Wild-man’s information the meetings were taking place in the “Majеstic Hills” area either at the dead end of Wildcherry Drive, on Flintrock Road or at other locations north of the local high school.
Before setting up formal surveillance of the Wildcherry location, Wildman cоnducted a preliminary investigation of the site. The officer found what he suspected to be a marihuana pipe and “roaches” or hand-rolled cigarettes containing a greenish plant substance which the officer believed to be marihuana.
*451 On the next day, October 10, 1985, Wild-man returned to the Wildcherry location and set up a stakeout. Wildman testified that “about half a dozen vehicles showed up at the scene, and I'd estimatе probably 20 youngsters, high school age or older.” The officer noted that the group’s attention was focused around a blue Continental (later identified as appellant’s vehicle) and a blue, black, or silver Blazer. At one point the officer observed “one of the kids go to one of the vehicles, reach underneath it, pull some type of container from out under it and disappeared back behind the Blazer where most of the group was now at and where I couldn’t see them.” Officer Wild-man testified that a number of the youngsters would go to where the Blazer was— out of his range of vision — and return to their car hoods and pass cigarettes around to one another. Wildman suspected, based on his experience, that the group was sharing marihuana cigarettes. The group dispersed after approximately 30 minutes.
Later, on the morning of October 10, 1985, Officer Wildman met with deputy Ronnie Barrett of the Travis County Sheriff’s office. Wildman and Barrett decided to set up a stakeout at the Wildcherry location on October 11,1985. Wildman and Barrett planned to get several officers together, “and when we found the kids there the next morning that we would converge on them and see if we can find drugs.” As the plan unfolded on October 11, the officers did not find the group of youngsters meeting at the end of Wildcherry. Officer Wildman procеeded to the other location the informant gave him — Flintrock Road— where he observed 4 vehicles and about 16 youngsters. Wildman radioed the other officers for backup but moved in before the arrival of the other units. Wildman testified that “I believe they had seen my vehicle, and they were starting to move out from where they were at back onto the roadway.” It is critical to note, however, that Lt. Wildman testified that he did not observe the grоup engaging in any of the conduct observed on October 10; that is, the sharing of containers or cigarettes. The officer turned on the red lights, got out of his car, and asked the youngsters to exit their vehicles and placе their hands on the cars. After the backup arrived a search of all the vehicles and youngsters ensued. The search of appellant yielded a “wad of paper” containing a brown or greenish-brown substance which was later confirmed to be terahydrocannabinol, hashish.
Appellant challenges the Court of Appeals’ application of Article 14.01(b) and contends that his arrest and subsequent search were illegal. Sрecifically, appellant charges that no offense was committed within the officer’s view as required by Article 14.01(b).
A police officer may arrest an individual without a warrant only if (1) there is probable cause with resрect to that individual,
Henry v. United States,
Article 14.01, supra, provides in part:
“(b) A peace officer may arrest an offender without a warrant for any offense committed in his presence or within his view.”
The test for probable cause for an arrest without a warrant is:
“Whether at that moment the facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge and of which (he) had reasonably trustworthy information were sufficient tо warrant a prudent man in believing that the (arrested person) had committed or was committing an offense.” Lunde v. State,736 S.W.2d 665 , 667 (Tex.Cr.App.1987), citing Beck v. Ohio,379 U.S. 89 ,85 S.Ct. 223 ,13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964).
In addition, “[a]n investigating officer’s hunch, suspicion or good faith perception are not [sic] sufficient, alone, to constitute probable cause for an arrest.”
Lunde,
Recently, we had cause to reexamine the validity of another 14.01(b) arrest in
Adkins v. State,
As Justice Shannon noted in his dissent;
“Article 14.01(b), however, does not authorize a warrantless arrest unless an offense is committed in the officer’s presence or within his view. It is plain that on October 11, Stull committed no offense in the officer’s presence or within his view. Accordingly, art. 14.01(b) did not empower the officer to arrest him without a warrant.
“The opinions relied upon by the majority, Gonzales v. State,648 S.W.2d 684 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Boyd v. State,621 S.W.2d 616 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Miller v. State,458 S.W.2d 680 (Tex.Cr.App.1970); and Bridges v. State [166 Tex.Crim. 556 ],316 S.W.2d 757 (Tex.Cr.App.1958) are authоrity for the proposition that previously acquired knowledge and experience, when coupled with present personal observation, may provide probable cause to believe an offense is being committed in the officer’s presence. In this apрeal, however, when the officer arrived at the Flintrock road location on the morning of October 11, he saw nothing more criminal than that Stull and the other boys ‘were entering their own vehicles and preparing to leave the scene.’ ” (Emphasis in original). Stull,726 S.W.2d at 262 .
This case is factually analogous to
Hoag v. State,
“The officers observed the appellant park his car and enter an apartment complex. When the appellant emerged from the complex, hе was carrying a newspaper and a soft drink. The officers saw the appellant take something out of his pocket and put it on the floor of the car. Suspecting that a burglary had taken place, the offiсers checked the complex for signs that an apartment had been burglarized and found none. We are unable to conclude that these facts indicate in any way that the appellant had committed a burglаry or possessed stolen property in the officers’ presence. Hence, we find that the arrest cannot be justified on the basis of Article 14.01(b), supra.” Hoag,728 S.W.2d at 379 .
We are also unable to conclude in the instant case that appellant committed an offense in the presence of Officer Wild-man. The lack of corroboration between Officer Wildman’s prior knowledge and personal observations of October 11 did not estаblish a proper basis for a 14.01(b) arrest. We hold that the arrest of appellant was unlawful.
Without a warrant, the State carried the burden of establishing the validity of the arrest.
Russell v. State,
Notes
. In Gates, Justice Rehnquist, writing for the majority, noted:
“As discussed previously, probable cause requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity. By hypothesis, therefore, innocent behavior frequently will provide the basis for a showing of probable cause; to require otherwise would be to sub silentio impose a drastically more rigorous definition of probable cause than the security of our citizens’ demands. We think the Illinois court attempted a too rigid classification of the types of сonduct that may be relied upon in seeking to demonstrate probable cause, [citations omitted] In making a determination of probable cause the relevant inquiry is not whether particular conduct is "innocent” or “guilty,” but the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts." Gates,462 U.S. at 243 n. 13 [103 S.Ct. at 2335 n. 13]. See also Williams v. State, supra.
. Our inquiry is not focused on the innocence or guilt attributable to a particular act, rather, on the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal behavior.