Opinion by
{1 In this toxie-tort case, plaintiffs, William G. Strudley and Beth E. Strudley, individually and as the parents and guardians of William Strudley and Charles Strudley (collectively "the Strudleys"), appeal the trial court's orders requiring them to present pri-ma facie evidence to support their claims prior to the initiation of full discovery, and dismissing their claims with prejudice for not meeting this burden.
12 This case presents an issue of first impression in Colorado regarding whether a trial court in a toxic tort case can enter an order requiring plaintiffs to present prima facie evidence supporting their claims after initial disclosures, but before other discovery commences, or risk having their case dismissed. We conclude that such orders are prohibited under Colorado law. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's orders and remand the case to the trial court.
I. Background
T3 The Strudleys sued defendants, Antero Resources Corporation, Antero Resources Piceance Corporation, Calfrac Well Services Corp., and Frontier Drilling LLC (collectively "the companies"), claiming negligence, negligence per se, nuisance, strict liability, and trespass, related to physical and property injuries allegedly caused by the companies' natural gas drilling operations within close proximity to their home. The Strud-leys also requested the establishment of a medical monitoring trust.
T4 The Strudleys' complaint alleged that the companies committed tortious acts when pollutants from their drilling activities at three well sites contaminated the air, water, and ground near and around their home, and that those acts caused property damage and "personal and physical injuries, known and unknown." The complaint enumerated certain chemicals and contaminants that allegedly polluted the Strudleys' property, including hydrogen sulfide, hexane, n-heptane, toluene, propane, isobutene, n-butane, isopentane, n-pentane, and other pollutants. However, it
[ 5 The Strudleys moved out of their house in January 2011. According to the complaint, they "were forced to flee and abandon their home because of the toxic and hazardous contamination caused by [the companies]." An affidavit submitted by William (el Strudley in opposition to the companies' summary judgment motion
T 6 The parties filed initial disclosures pursuant to C.R.C.P. 26. However, shortly thereafter, the companies moved for a modified case management order pursuant to C.R.C.P. 16(c). Specifically, the companies requested the trial court to enter an order similar to that in Lore v. Lone Pine Corp.,
T7 Over the Strudleys' objection, the trial court granted the companies' request and issued a modified case management order requiring the Strudleys to provide, within 105 days:
1. Expert opinion(s) provided by way of sworn affidavit(s), with supporting data and facts in the form required by [C.R.C.P.] 26(a)(2)(B)(I), that establish for each Plaintiff (a) the identity of each hazardous substance from Defendants' activities to which he or she was exposed and which the Plaintiff claims caused him or her injury; (b) whether any and each of these substances can cause the type(s) of disease or illness that Plaintiffs claim (general causation); (c) the dose or other quantitative measurement of the concentration, timing and duration of hig/her exposure to each substance; (d) if other than the Plaintiffs' residence, the precise location of any exposure; (e) an identification, by way of reference to a medically recognized diagnosis, of the specific disease or illness from which each Plaintiff allegedly suffers or for which medical monitoring is purportedly necessary; and (£) a conclusion that such illness was in fact caused by such exposure (specific causation).
ii. Each and every study, report and analysis that contains any finding of contamination on Plaintiffs' property or at the point of each Plaintiffs claimed exposure.
fii. A list of the name and last known address and phone number of each health care provider who provided each Plaintiff with health services along with a release authorizing the health care providers to provide Plaintiffs and Defendants' counsel with all of each Plaintiff's medical records, in*877 the form of Exhibit A hereto, within twenty-one days of the date of this Court's entry of this Modified Case Management Order.
iv. Identification and quantification of contamination of the Plaintiffs real property attributable to Defendants' operations.
1 8 In response to the order, the Strudleys provided the court with certain information including a letter from John G. Huntington, Ph.D., which concluded that a test of the well water on the Strudleys' property conducted on December 7, 2011 demonstrated chemical levels above recommended guidelines. The letter concluded that "these results could be consistent with contamination from gas well chemicals or production waters, although that conclusion cannot be reached unequivocally from the chemical data alone." The Strudleys also submitted an affidavit by Thomas L. Kurt, MD, MPH. Dr. Kurt stated that he never physically examined the Strud-leys, but had spoken with William G. and Beth E. Strudley on the phone regarding their symptoms and had observed color photographs of their son's skin rash and bloody nose. Dr. Kurt also examined test results regarding the water quality of the Strudleys' well. Based on this information, Dr. Kurt concluded that
sufficient environmental exposure and health information exists to merit further substantive discovery to include (1) modeling of ambient plumes of fugitive emissions from the three wellhead areas ... (2) ... further information of compliance with public environmental safety (3) a search for microseismic findings for vertical fault fracturing among the three wells described in the complaint ... (4) a review of company-performed ambient air sampling during the hydraulic fracking process and afterward (5) determining what quality testing inspections were performed for cementing leaks allowing vertical pressure driven migration (6) evaluation of the skin rashes in the color photographs with a dermatologic history-taking ... and (7) clinical testing by a neuropsychologist for neuropsychological environmental injury.
I 9 The Strudleys provided no expert opinion that concluded that the harm to their property or their physical injuries were directly caused by the companies' conduct. Nor did the Strudleys present expert evidence documenting all of their physical injuries through medical examination.
10 Based on the Strudleys' submissions, the companies moved to dismiss the Strud-leys' claims pursuant to C.R.C.P. 37, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. The Strudleys responded, asserting that their evi-dentiary submissions complied with the trial court's Lone Pine order, and therefore, dismissal under C.R.C.P. 37 was not appropriate. They further asserted that issues of material fact existed that precluded a grant of summary judgment.
T11 The trial court dismissed all of the Strudleys' claims with prejudice, finding that the Strudleys failed to prove a prima facie case, specifically in relation to causation. The court did not cite any rule of civil procedure under which it was dismissing the claims. Nor did the court address the companies' summary judgment motion.
IL Trial Court's Authority to Enter a Lone Pine Order
{12 The Strudleys assert that the trial court erred by entering the Lone Pine order because such orders are not permitted as a matter of Colorado law. We agree.
A. Standard of Review
113 Generally, trial courts are afforded significant discretion over pretrial discovery matters. Wenz v. Nat'l Westminster Bank, PLC,
{14 Lone Pine orders arise from a 1986 decision of the New Jersey Superior Court, in a case in which homeowners sued 464 operators of a nearby landfill for personal injuries and property damage resulting from the landfill's operation. Lone Pine,
C. Relevant Colorado Law
{15 Neither party cites to Colorado law allowing the issuance of a Lone Pine order, nor are we aware of any. However, the Colorado Supreme Court has held that a trial court abuses its discretion by requiring a showing of a prima facie case before allowing discovery of documents containing trade secrets. Curtis, Inc. v. Dist. Court,
{16 Similarly, in Direct Sales Tire Co. v. Dist. Court,
the adoption of a prima facie case requirement would [also] be contrary to the basic principles governing discovery to which the court has consistently adhered: (1) Discovery rules should be construed liberally to effectuate the full extent of their truth-seeking purpose. (2) In close cases, the balance must be struck in favor of allowing discovery. (8) The party opposing discovery bears the burden of establishing good cause exists for the entry of a protective order.
Id. at 1821.
117 The court in Direct Sales Tire Co. distinguished Leidholt v. District Court,
118 We read these cases to stand for the proposition that a trial court may not require a showing of a prima case before allowing discovery on matters central to a plaintiff's celaims-as opposed to punitive damages or other secondary matters. See also United States v. Procter & Gamble Co.,
T 19 In other jurisdictions, "Lone Pine orders appear to be utilized most often in cases involving complicated legal and factual issues in complex mass tort and toxic tort litigation involving multiple parties, where the discovery process would be particularly burdensome, and where the plaintiff's ability to sustain their burden of proof was found to be questionable." Roth v. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., 287 FRD. 293, 297 (M.D.Pa.2012) (collecting cases); see also In re Fosamax Prods. Liab. Litig.,
120 As stated above, federal courts that have issued Lone Pine orders have consistently relied on Fed.R.Civ.P. 16 as authority. See, e.g., In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig.,
At any pretrial conference, the court may consider and take appropriate action on the following matters:
(A) formulating and simplifying the issues, and eliminating frivolous claims or defenses;
(L) adopting special procedures for managing potentially difficult or protra‘cted actions that may involve complex issues, multiple parties, difficult legal questions, or unusual proof problems;
. and(P) facilitating in other ways the just, speedy, and inexpensive disposition of the action.
{21 Although Lone Pine "orders have been widely used in mass torts to isolate spurious claims," David F. Herr, Manual for Complex IAtigation § 11.3, author's comments (4th ed. 2013), courts have expressed concern about their "untethered use," Roth, 287 FE.RD. at 298 (quoting Digitek,
The Lone Pine order has faced harsh criticism because it gives courts the means to ignore existing procedural rules and safeguards. When the Lone Pine order cuts off or severely limits the litigant's right to discovery, the order closely resembles summary judgment, albeit without the safeguards that the Civil Rules of Procedure supply. Furthermore, many Lone Pine orders are inconsistently applied, which further confuses their purpose.
Similarly, in McManaway, the magistrate recognized that while a "Lone Pine order can in some cases be a useful case management tool ... it should not be considered a substitute for or another species of a motion for summary judgment," and thus, "al Lone Pine order should issue only in an exceptional case." 265 FP.R.D. at 388.
T 23 In Digitek, defendants in multidistrict pharmaceutical litigation moved for entry of a Lone Pine order requiring plaintiffs to provide expert affidavits showing that they had suffered injuries from taking defendants' medication. 264 F.RD. at 258. However, the magistrate denied the motion after weighing the complexity of the case against the existing procedures available to the court under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. at 259. The magistrate noted that "[rle-sorting to crafting and applying a Lone Pine order should only oceur where existing procedural devices explicitly at the disposal. of the parties by statute and federal rule have been exhausted or where they cannot accommodate the unique issues of this litigation." Id. Thus, while recognizing the complexity of the case, the magistrate held that a Lone Pine order was not necessary because existing procedural rules provided sufficient protection against frivolous claims and unreasonably burdensome discovery: "[gliven a choice between a Lone Pine order' created under the court's inherent case management authority and available procedural devices such as summary judgment, motions to dismiss, motions for sanctions and similar rules, I believe it more prudent to yield to the consistency and safeguards of the mandated rules." Id.
1 24 Finally, courts considering whether to issue a Lone Pine order have held that in doing so they "should strive to strike a balance between efficiency and equity." In re Vioxx Prods. Ligb. Litig.,
E. Analysis
125 The Strudleys assert that the trial court erred by entering the Lone Pine order because it prevented them from proving their claims and was not necessary to protect against frivolous claims or unreasonably burdensome discovery. Conversely, the companies assert that the court properly entered the Lone Pine order because the case was complex, and the Strudleys' claims were vague and lacked an evidentiary basis. We agree with the Strudleys, and conclude that the Lone Pine order was not properly issued in this case.
126 Under Direct Sales Tire Co. and Curtis, the trial court was precluded from entering an order that required a prima facie showing before allowing discovery on issues central to the Strudleys' claims. Direct Sales Tire Co.,
{27 Here, the court issued the Lone Pine order after initial disclosures, but before other discovery began. Although the initial disclosures provided the Strudleys with some information related to their claims, the disclosed information was insufficient to enable them to respond fully to the Lone Pine order. Thus, this case is distinguishable from those cases in which Lone Pine orders have been issued only after substantial discovery occurred. See Fosamax,
{28 Other courts presented with Lone Pine orders have reached similar conclusions. For example, in Simeone a Lone Pine order was entered under similar circumstances to those presented here.
The most disturbing factor in this case is that the record before us indicates that there was no discovery provided by ap-pellees at any time period during the pendency of the case. The fact that documents may have been provided to appellants before the suit is not an acceptable substitute for formal discovery proceedings. Once the Lone Pine order was in place and appellants' motion to compel was denied, appellants were effectively prevented from any type of discovery with which to build their case and proceed forward in order to meet the requirements of the order.
Id. at 852.
29 The companies, however, assert that recent amendments to the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure have effectively overruled Curtis and Direct Sales Tire Co., and therefore allow for Lone Pine orders. While we recognize that the supreme court revised the rules to create a "differential case management/early disclogsure/limited discovery system," see Committee Comment to C.R.C.P. 16, we do not read these revisions to be so substantial as to effectively overrule the holdings in Direct Sales Tire Co. and Curtis.
130 Under the amended version of the rules, C.R.C.P. 16(b) provides a presumptive case management structure that allows discovery pursuant to C.R.C.P. 26(b)(2). However, under C.R.C.P. 16(c), a trial court may modify any aspect of the presumptive case management structure by entering a modified case management order. A proposed modified case management order should be supported by good cause. C.R.C.P. 16(c)(1), (2). According to the Committee Comment to Rule 16, "Rules 16 and 26 should work well in most cases filed in Colorado District Courts. However, where a case is complex or requires special treatment, the Rules provide flexibility so that the parties and Court can alter the procedure." Nevertheless, the committee noted that under these rules, "Ht is expected that trial judges will assertively lead the management of cases to ensure that justice is served." See also DCP Midstream, LP v. Anadarko Petroleum Corp.,
T 31 C.R.C.P. 1(a) further provides that the rules of civil procedure "shall be liberally construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action."
1 32 While the above portions of the rules may afford trial courts more discretion than they previously had, we conclude that that discretion is not so broad as to allow courts to issue Lone Pine orders. The Committee Comment to Rule 16 provides that the rule was drafted "to emphasize and foster professionalism and to deemphasize sanctions for non-compliance." This language suggests that the drafters did not intend for Rule 16 to allow pretrial procedures, not otherwise
1 83 A comparison of the federal and Colorado rules of civil procedure further supports this result. In revising the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure governing the pretrial process, the supreme court patterned many of the revisions after the December 1, 1998 revisions to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. However, the court's revisions to CRCP. 16 differ substantially from the rule's federal counterpart. Notably, the Colorado version of Rule 16 does not include the language relied upon by federal courts when issuing Lone Pine orders.
184 C.RC.P. 16 contains no language granting trial courts the broad discretion contemplated in the rule's federal counterpart. Had the supreme court intended to adopt a standard similar to that in the federal rules, it could have done so by patterning C.R.C.P. 16 after the federal rule, as it did with respect to the other discovery rules. See Committee Comment to C.R.C.P. 16. The supreme court did not do so, however, thus evidencing an intent to grant less discretion to trial courts than that afforded by the federal rules. Accordingly, we conclude that the amendments to the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure do not effectively overrule Curtis and Direct Sales Tire Co.
1 35 We further conclude that Curtis and Direct Sales Tire Co. prohibited the trial court from entering the Lone Pine order here.
1836 However, even if we assume that the revisions to the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure effectively overrule the holdings in Curtis and Direct Sales Tire Co., federal cases discussing similar orders support our conclusion that the trial court erred by entering the Lone Pine order under the civreum-stances presented here. Unlike in the majority of cases allowing Lone Pine orders, this was not a mass tort case. Rather, it involved four family members suing four defendants. Further, it involved the alleged pollution of only one parcel of land.
37 Additionally, this case is not as complex as cases in other jurisdictions in which Lone Pine orders were issued. In their motion seeking the Lone Pine order, the companies alleged that this case was complex and "would entail significant discovery at substantial cost to the parties." Notably, however, they did not specify how the case was am} more complex or cost intensive than an average toxic tort claim. At most, the companies asserted that expert testimony would be required in approximately six disciplines. This is markedly different from cases involy-ing small numbers of parties in which Lone Pine orders have been issued based solely on the complexity of the issues. See, eg., Pinares,
1 38 The companies assert, however, that a Lone Pine order was necessary in this case because the Strudleys' claims were vague, unsupported by evidence, and lacking in specificity.
€39 The companies advanced no reason why these procedural protections were inadequate. Rather, they attempted to cireum-vent these procedures by moving for a Lone Pine order, and subsequently moving to dismiss the claims pursuant to that order. Under these cireumstances, we see no- reason why existing procedural mechanisms should be supplanted by ad hoe procedures not otherwise provided for under Colorado law. See McManaway
{40 Finally, we note that other courts have declined to issue Lone Pine orders despite poorly pled complaints or the apparent lack of an evidentiary basis for a claim. Seq, eg., Roth, 287 FRD. at 300 (Lone Pine order was not appropriate before the initiation of discovery, "despite Defendants' contentions that Plaintiffs claims are either inadequately pled or will ultimately fail on their merits").
1 41 We thus conclude that the trial court erred as a matter of law, under Direct Sales Tire Co. and Curtis, when it entered the Lone Pine order in this case. The cireum-stances surrounding the case were not shown to be so extraordinary as to require departure from the existing rules of civil procedure. Further, by entering the order, the trial court unduly interfered with the Strud- - leys' opportunity to prove their claims against the companies. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's Lone Pine order and the order of dismissal pursuant to the Lone Pine order, reinstate the Strudleys' claims, and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.
142 The orders are reversed and the case is remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
. As discussed below, the companies moved to dismiss the Strudleys' claims or in the alternative for summary judgment. The trial court did not rule on the summary judgment portion of the motion.
. Such orders have, in other jurisdictions, be-a come known as "Lone Pine orders," a term we use throughout this opinion.
. As discussed above, courts have relied on Fed. R.Civ.P. 16(c)(2) to issue Lone Pine orders. Specifically, the rule allows a federal trial courts to "take appropriate action" to formulate and simplify issues, eliminate frivolous claims or defenses, and manage complex cases. Further subsection (F) of the rule provides authority for courts to sanction parties based on their failure to obey a pretrial order.
. Specifically, the companies point to the lack of medical records connecting the Strudleys' alleged injuries to contaminants created by the drilling process. They also point to the lack of evidence connecting the alleged contaminants to their conduct in drilling the wells. Finally, the companies cite to their own evidence, which suggested that the Strudleys' land was never contaminated by the drilling activities, including the COGCC report that found no notable pollutants in the Strudleys' well water.
. Because we reverse on these grounds, we need not consider the Strudleys' remaining contentions on appeal.