OPINION & ORDER
Myles Straker, an alien, is currently detained in a New York State prison pursuant to a detainer issued by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) while proceedings to remove him from the United States are underway. DHS
For the reasons that follow, Straker’s petition is granted. Respondents are ordered to provide Straker with a bond hearing by December 20, 2013.
1. Background
A. Straker’s Citizenship and Immigration Status
Straker was bom in 1986 in Trinidad, where he lived with his grandparents until the age of 13. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Dkt. 1) (“Pet.”) ¶ 21; id. Ex. D. In 2000, his grandparents sent him to live with his mother in the United States; he was lawfully admitted. Id. ¶ 21. Since then, apart from periodic visits to Trinidad, he has lived in Brooklyn. He most recently visited Trinidad in 2007. Id. After that visit, the Government states, he returned to the United States on a visitor’s visa, which has since expired. Respondent’s Memorandum of Law in Opposition to the Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus (“Gov. Br.”) (Dkt. 16) at 1; Return to Habeas Petition (“Ret.”) (Dkt. 15) Ex. 1.
B. Straker’s Criminal History
On October 25, 2008, Straker was arrested on narcotics charges, detained for several hours, and released on his own recognizance. Pet. ¶24; Pet. Ex. 1-K; Ret. Ex. 2; 11/22/13 Tr. 3. On December
On February 27, 2009, Straker was again arrested on narcotics charges, detained for several hours, and released on his own recognizance. Pet. ¶ 24; Pet. Ex. 1-K; Ret. Ex. 3; 11/22/13 Tr. 5-6. On July 13, 2009, Straker pled guilty in New York state court to Criminal Sale of a Controlled Substance (crack cocaine) in the Third Degree, N.Y.P.L. § 220.39.01, a felony. Pet. ¶ 24; Pet. Ex. 1-K; Ret. Ex. 3. On September 17, 2009, he was sentenced to a five-year term of probation; his driver’s license was also suspended. Pet. ¶ 24; Pet. Ex. 1-K; Ret. Ex. 3; 11/22/13 Tr. 6-7. On August 7, 2012, Straker was discharged, two years early, from probation. Pet. Ex. 1-G, 1-K; Ret. Ex. 3.
On December 28, 2012, Straker was arrested by local authorities in Brooklyn, New York, for a domestic dispute. Dkt. 26 (“Mitchell Decl.”) ¶ 3; see also Ret. Ex. 1, Tr. 7. On December 29, 2012, he was arraigned and taken into custody. Ret. Ex. 1. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) records reflect that he was charged with four misdemeanors: Menacing in the Second Degree with a Weapon, Assault in the Third Degree with Intent to Cause Physical Injury, Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree with Intent to Use, and Menacing in the Third Degree; and one violation, Harassment in the Second Degree. Id. By the time of his arraignment, DHS had lodged a detainer with the Brooklyn Central Booking office of the New York City Police Department (“NYPD”), see Mitchell Decl. ¶ 3, Ret. Ex. 1, which notified the N.Y. PD that, once it ceased to hold Straker on criminal charges, ICE intended to assume custody of him, and requested that the NYPD advise ICE if it planned to release Straker, to enable DHS to assume custody, see 8 C.F.R. § 287.7. At arraignment, bail was set at $250. Mitchell Decl. ¶ 5. Between December 29, 2012, and May 15, 2013, Straker was held on bail in state criminal custody at Rikers Island. Id. ¶ 6. On May 15, 2013, the criminal charges against Straker were dropped pursuant to New York’s speedy trial statute, N.Y.Crim. Procedure Law § 30.30, after the prosecution indicated that it was not prepared to pursue the case. Mitchell Decl. ¶ 8.
C. The Removal Proceedings
On December 31, 2012, two days after Straker’s arraignment, ICE initiated removal proceedings against him by issuing a Notice to Appear (“NTA”). Ret. Ex. 4. ICE contended that Straker was removable because he had (1) overstayed his visa and (2) committed the two drug offenses. Ret. Ex. 1.
Between May 15, 2013, after the domestic-dispute charges against Straker were dropped, and May 16, 2013, Straker was held in state criminal custody pursuant to the ICE detainer. Mitchell Decl. ¶ 9. On
Straker is presently the subject of removal proceedings pending before Immigration Judge Alan Page. Pet. ¶ 35. At a hearing held August 16, 2013, Straker, who is represented by counsel, disputed that his 2009 conviction was an aggravated felony requiring removal. Judge Page rejected that claim. Pet. Ex. 3 (“Vendzules Deck”) ¶ 9.
On August 1, 2013, Straker requested, in Immigration Court, a hearing to challenge his mandatory detention classification under Matter of Joseph, 22 I. & N. Dec. 799 (BIA 1999) (allowing an alien to seek from an Immigration Judge a judgment of whether the alien is properly classified as subject to mandatory detention). Straker contended that he was entitled to a bond hearing. Vendzules Deck ¶ 8. On August 27, 2013, Judge Page held the Joseph hearing. Id. ¶ 11. In arguing that he was not subject to mandatory detention, Straker argued he had not been detained at the moment “when [he had been] released,” see 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c), from criminal custody, as, he contended, is required under
D. Straker’s Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus
On September 30, 2013, Straker filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus with this Court. Reprising his argument before Judge Page, he primarily claims that he is entitled to a bond hearing because the mandatory detention statute does not apply in his case. Dkt. 1. On October 1, 2013, the Court held a telephone conference with the parties and set an expedited briefing schedule.
II. Jurisdiction
This Court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear Straker’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). The Court is not deprived of jurisdiction by 8 U.S.C. § 1226(e), which prohibits judicial review of “[t]he Attorney General’s discretionary judgment” regarding “the detention or release of any alien or the grant, revocation, or denial of bond or parole.” That is because the issue presented by Straker’s petition is the construction of the mandatory detention statute, not a discretionary decision whether or not to grant release on a bond. See, e.g., Garcia v. Shanahan,
III. Discussion
This case calls for the Court to construe the meaning of a single clause within 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c). The Court refers to this clause, which reads “when the alien is released,” as the “when released” clause.
By way of background, federal law contains two distinct provisions governing an alien’s detention while removal proceedings are pending. Section 1226(a) allows federal immigration authorities to detain an alien during removal proceedings, subject to a bond hearing. 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a). Section 1226(c), entitled “Detention of criminal aliens,” however, provides for mandatory detention of certain criminal aliens. Immigration authorities may not provide such aliens with a bond hearing. They may release such aliens only for limited purposes not relevant here, relating to the alien’s service as a testifying or cooperating witness. Id. § 1226(c)(2).
Section 1226(c) — with the “when released” clause highlighted — reads in full:
(c) Detention of criminal aliens
(1) Custody
The Attorney General shall take into custody any alien who—
(A) is inadmissible by reason of having committed any offense covered in § 1182(a)(2) of this title,
(B) is deportable by reason of having committed any offense covered in § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), (A)(iii), (B), (C) , or (D) of this title,
(C) is deportable under § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) of this title on the basis of an offense for which the alien has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least 1 year, or
(D) is inadmissible under § 1182(a)(3)(B) of this title or deportable under § 1227(a)(4)(B) of this title,
when the alien is released, without regard to whether the alien is released on parole, supervised release, or probation, and without regard to whether the alien may be arrested or imprisoned again for the same offense. (2) Release
The Attorney General may release an alien described in paragraph (1) only if the Attorney General decides pursuant to § 3521 of Title 18 that release of the alien from custody is necessary to provide protection to a witness, a potential witness, a person cooperating with an investigation into major criminal activity, or an immediate family member or close associate of a witness, potential witness, or person cooperating with such an investigation, and the alien satisfies the Attorney General that the alien will not pose a danger to the safety of other persons or of property and is likely to appear for any scheduled proceeding. A decision relating to such release shall take place in accordance with a procedure that considers the severity of the offense committed by the alien.
Id. (emphasis added). Originally, the authority and duties imposed by § 1226(c) were those of the Attorney General; today, they belong to DHS. See 6 U.S.C. §§ 202, 251, 557; Vasquez v. Holder,
A. The Meaning of “When”
Straker’s first argument is that the phrase “[DHS] shall take into custody any alien who [meets the requirements of one of subsections (A) through (D) ] when the alien is released,” § 1226(c) (emphasis added), imposes on DHS a deadline within which it must act to exercise its mandatory detention authority. He construes the word “when” to mean that DHS can subject an alien to mandatory detention only if it detains him at, or around, the time he is released from criminal custody for the removable offense. Straker Br. 7-18. If, however, DHS waits to detain the alien, the statutory basis for mandatory detention evaporates. This construction of “when” — which the Court refers to as the “time-limiting” construction — would place Straker outside the reach of the mandatory detention statute. That is because his two qualifying convictions (for possession of crack cocaine, in 2008, and for sale of crack cocaine, in 2009) resulted in noncustodial sentences that were completed long before DHS assumed custody of Straker in 2013.
Although no federal appellate court has adopted this construction, a number of courts in this District have adopted it. See Jean v. Orsino, No. 11 Civ. 3682(LTS) (S.D.N.Y. June 30, 2011) (oral decision attached as Appendix A to Straker Br.); Aparicio v. Muller, No. 11 Civ. 0437(RJH) (S.D.N.Y. April. 7, 2011) (same); Louisaire v. Muller,
DHS reads the word “when” differently — as creating a pre-condition for DHS to exercise its mandatory detention authority, but not as setting a deadline for its use. This interpretation was adopted by the BIA in Matter of Rojas, 23 I. & N. Dec. 117 (BIA 2001). There, the BIA held that “this statutory language impose[s] a duty on the Service to assume the custody of certain criminal aliens and specifie[s] the point in time at which that duty arises.” Id. at 121 (citations omitted). The BIA further explained that the “when released” clause “modifies] the command that the Attorney General [now DHS] shall take into custody certain criminal aliens by specifying that it be done when the alien is released from criminal incarceration.” Id. Under this interpretation, the “when released” clause does not place an expiration date on DHS’s duty under § 1226(c); if an alien who meets the requirements of § 1226(c) is released from criminal custody
The Court refers to this as the “duty-triggering” construction of the “when released” clause. Both federal courts of appeals to consider this question have adopted this construction. See Sylvain v. Attorney Gen. of U.S.,
As a matter of textual interpretation, although neither reading is conclusive, the Court finds DHS’s reading (that the word “when” triggers its duty and authority to pursue mandatory detention) more persuasive than Straker’s (under which DHS’s authority to achieve mandatory deportation exists only where it takes the alien into custody immediately upon an alien’s release). Section 1226(c)(1) does not expressly put a time limit on DHS’s mandatory detention authority. There were ready ways for Congress to set an outside deadline on agency action: Had Congress so intended, it could have given DHS a timetable to effect a mandatory detention after the alien’s release. Congress did not do so. It did not state that DHS loses that authority if it delays to act. See Sylvain,
To find for DHS on the proper meaning of the word “when,” however, the Court need not rely on an assessment that DHS’s construction is superior to Straker’s. At best for Straker, the term “when released” is ambiguous as to whether DHS’s obligation to detain the alien is limited to the instant of, as opposed to triggered by, the alien’s release from criminal custody. And the latter interpretation, DHS’s, was adopted by the BIA in Rojas. Accordingly, the Court must defer to DHS’s interpretation of the statute, if deemed ambiguous, if it is a reasonable agency interpretation of an ambiguous statute. See Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,
Under Chevron and its progeny, “where a statute’s plain terms admit of two or more reasonable ordinary usages, the [responsible agency’s] choice of one of them is entitled to deference.” Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs.,
The Court has carefully considered the reasoning of the courts to conclude that Straker’s time-limiting construction is superior. Such courts have commonly reasoned that “[t]he clear purpose of § 1226(c)(1) is to authorize the mandatory detention of immigrants who have committed offenses enumerated within § 1226(c)(l)(A-D) immediately upon their release from criminal sentences for those same offenses.” Louisaire,
As to the first point, it is certainly true that the word “when” does connote immediacy. But that DHS’s duty to take the criminal alien into detention ripens imme
Straker makes several additional arguments as to why this interpretation is the only reasonable one. The Court finds none persuasive. First, he argues that § 1226(c) is an exception to a general principle favoring bond hearings set forth in § 1226(a). Straker Br. 12. But that is not necessarily so: The statute can alternatively be read simply to set out various preconditions for mandatory detention, without creating a presumption against it. And even if there were a general principle favoring bond hearings, Straker does not explain why the exception to that principle must be comprised only of aliens whom DHS instantaneously detains following their release from criminal custody. Second, Straker asserts that, in providing for mandatory detention, Congress did not have in mind aliens who had already reintegrated into the community. Straker Br. 12-13. But Straker does not supply authority for this claim. And Straker’s thesis conflicts "with the Supreme Court’s assessment that Congress, in § 1226(c), more broadly aimed to remedy INS’s “near-total inability to remove deportable criminal aliens.” Demore,
Quite the contrary, the BIA’s reading of § 1226(c) in Rojas is more consistent with the history and purpose of the mandatory detention statute, as canvassed by the Supreme Court in Demore. Accounting for that provision, the Supreme Court stated, “Congress adopted [§ 1226(c)] against a backdrop of wholesale failure by the INS to deal with increasing rates of criminal activity by aliens.” Demore,
For these reasons, the Court defers to the BIA’s interpretation of § 1226(c) in Rojas. It is not only reasonable, but persuasive. Under that interpretation, DHS’s duty to detain a criminal alien who meets the requirements of § 1226(c)(l)(A-D) arises “when the alien is released.” That duty and authority does not terminate if DHS cannot, or does not, act expeditiously.
B. The Meaning of “Released”
Straker alternatively argues that he was not “released” within the meaning of the statute. DHS’s duty to detain an alien under § 1226(c) arises only when the alien is “released” from custody. Straker argues that “released” must mean release from physical custody — that is, imprisonment — pursuant to a conviction for the offense that qualifies the alien for mandatory detention under § 1226(c)(l)(A-D). In Straker’s case, the parties agree, he was never sentenced to, nor served, a term of imprisonment, on either his 2008 conviction for crack possession or his 2009 conviction for crack distribution. And the arrest which led to his detainer and eventually to his ICE custody was on domestic-dispute charges that were dropped; the parties agree that the arrest on these charges cannot be the source of DHS detention authority. Therefore, if Straker’s construction of “released” is accepted, DHS never acquired the duty or authority to subject him to mandatory detention, and he is entitled to a bond hearing.
DHS reads “released” more broadly. It makes two arguments in this direction. First, DHS argues, “release” also applies where an alien is arrested for an offense that qualifies under § 1226(c) for mandatory detention, released from custody pending trial, and thereafter convicted. This reading, if adopted, would appear to cover Straker, because his crack convictions appear to come within § 1226(c)(1)(B),
1. Does Pre-Conviction Release Following an Arrest Constitute “Release”?
DHS argues that an alien’s release after an arrest made as part of the process that later leads to a qualifying conviction under § 1226(c)(1)(B) is a “release” within the meaning of the statute. But the statute’s plain language makes that construction unsustainable. In mandatory terms, the statute requires that DHS “shall take into custody any alien who ... is deportable by reason of having committed any [covered] offense ... when the alien is released.” 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(B) (emphasis added). And the four categories of aliens listed in § 1226(c)(1)(B) all refer to aliens who have been convicted of covered offenses. See 8 U.S.C. § 122T(a)(2)(A)(ii) (alien who after admission “is convicted of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude”); id. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (alien who after admission “is convicted of an aggravated felony”); id. § 1277(a)(2)(B) (alien who after admission “has been convicted of a violation of ... any law ... relating to a controlled substance”); id. § 1227(a)(2)(D) (alien who at any time “has been convicted” of enumerated miscellaneous crimes.)
The statute’s text thus naturally fits the paradigm in which the alien (1) is convicted of an offense enumerated in § 1226(c)(1)(B), (2) serves a prison sentence for such a conviction, and thereafter (3) is released to DHS. But, by definition, an alien who is (1) arrested, (2) released, and only later (3) convicted of and sentenced for a covered offense, is not and cannot be eligible to be taken into DHS custody pursuant to the mandatory detention statute at the moment of his release. That is because, at that point, the alien’s guilt or innocence as to the qualifying offense remains sub judice. The same analysis holds under § 1226(c)(1)(C). An alien who is arrested and released prior to his conviction cannot come within that provision, which provides for mandatory detention upon release “on the basis of an offense for which the alien has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least 1 year,” 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(C), because, at that point, no sentence has been imposed.
DHS’s thesis that pre-conviction release satisfies the statute thus cannot be squared with the statute’s command that detention becomes mandatory “when the alien is released.”
A construction of “released” under which a mere arrest for a qualifying offense under ' § 1226(c)(1)(B) triggers DHS’s mandatory duty to detain an alien would create other discord with the statutory framework. Upon such an arrest, DHS would be obliged to place the alien in immigration detention, despite the ongoing criminal proceedings. And, under § 1226(c)(2), DHS would ordinarily not be at liberty to release him to state or federal criminal authorities in order to serve his criminal sentence. See 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(2) (“The Attorney General may release an alien described in paragraph (1) only if the Attorney General decides pursuant to § 3521 of Title 18 that release of the alien from custody is necessary to provide protection to a witness.... ”). An alien defendant thereby might elude criminal punishment altogether, either by being DHS detained so as to prevent the criminal trial from commencing, or by being removed from, the United States before a criminal sentence was imposed or served. Yet Congress clearly did not contemplate such a windfall for alien defendants. See 8 U.S.C. § 1228(a)(3) (“Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the Attorney General to effect the removal of any alien sentenced to actual incarceration, before release from the penitentiary or correctional institution where such alien is confined.”); 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(4)(A) (ICE “may not remove an alien who is sentenced to imprisonment until the alien is released from imprisonment”); cf. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Pub.L. No. 100-690, 102 Stat. 4181, former 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2) (Supp. I 1989) (the predecessor to § 1226(c), which provided that “[t]he Attorney General shall take into custody any alien convicted of an aggravated felony upon completion of the alien’s sentence for such conviction.”) (emphasis added).
To be sure, the BIA has twice rendered a contrary interpretation, to the effect that release from a pre-conviction arrest constituted a statutory “release.” See Matter of West, 22 I. & N. Dec. 1405, 1410 (BIA 2000); Matter of Kotliar, 24 I. & N. Dec. 124, 125 (BIA 2007). To the extent these rulings extended to pre-conviction releases — as opposed to the post-conviction release of a defendant who had been held by criminal authorities since arrest — these interpretations are unreasonable, for the reasons stated above. See Chevron,
The BIA’s decisions are particularly unworthy of deference, in that West contained little reasoning in support of its conclusion on this point, and Kotliar none. See G & T Terminal Packaging Co., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric.,
Only in two sentences at the end of its ruling did the BIA in West address whether a preconviction release following an arrest satisfied this term. Stating that it does, West explained only that “[w]e find support for this interpretation in the fact that [§ 1226(c)(1) ] requires detention “when the alien is released, ... without regard to whether the alien may be arrested ... again for the same offense.’ ” 22 I. & N. Dec. at 1410 (ellipses in West) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)). The BIA apparently read § 1226(c) to mean that federal immigration authorities may have the duty to take an alien into mandatory detention on the basis of a release from an arrest, without a conviction, and viewed the “without regard” clause as supporting this reading, because only an alien who has not yet been convicted could be arrested again for the same offense. In other words, according to the BIA, the “without regard” clause serves as an admonition to federal immigration authorities that their duty to take an alien into mandatory detention is not defeated by the fact that the criminal authorities may seek to “arrest[ ] or imprison[] [the alien] again for the same offense.” 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1).
The problem with this reading, as mentioned previously, is that prior to a conviction, guilt or innocence remains unresolved. As to a mandatory detention under subsections (B) and (C), which explicitly require a conviction, this problem is fatal to the BIA’s reading: DHS cannot be obliged to take an alien into mandatory detention before the alien has definitively qualified for mandatory detention. And the statutory clause on which West relied is otherwise explained. First, some of the listed offenses in subsection (A), and all of the listed offenses in subsection (D), do not require a conviction. See supra, n. 7. For example, an alien who “has engaged in a terrorist activity” is inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B), and subject to mandatory detention under § 1226(c)(1)(D), even if he has not been convicted of such conduct (presumably, the statute would require some administrative determination that he had “engaged in a terrorist activity”). Such an alien could conceivably be subject to mandatory detention before being convicted; that is, in a situation where he might be “arrested or imprisoned again for the same offense.” Second, even subsection (B) includes a class of crimes as to which the alien may have been convicted prior to admission to the United States. Specifically, § 1226(c)(1)(B) applies to convictions listed in 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(D), which, unlike the other portions of 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2) listed in § 1226(c)(1)(B), applies to “any alien who at any time has been convicted” of an enumerated offense. Such an alien, even if prosecuted and convicted in a foreign jurisdiction, may potentially be “arrested or imprisoned” anew in the United States based on the same conduct. These examples give meaning to the phrase “without regard to whether the alien may be arrested or imprisoned
The Court therefore holds that Straker’s post-arrest releases, prior to each of his crack-related convictions, did not constitute a “release” within the meaning of § 1226(c)(1). The Court therefore turns to DHS’s second argument for why Straker was subject to mandatory detention without a bond hearing: that his release from probation, or court supervision, met the statutory requirement of a “release.”
2. Does Termination of Non-Physical Custody Constitute A “Release”?
DHS argues that the termination of non-physical custody, e.g., the conclusion of judicial supervision over a defendant’s case, or the end of a term of probation, is a “release” that triggers DHS’s mandatory detention obligation under § 1226(c). Significantly, as to this point, the BIA, in West, construed the statutory term “released” to require release from physical restraint, and not the termination of judicial or probationary supervision; in other words, to reject DHS’s present interpretation. At argument, DHS appeared to acknowledge that deference was due to the BIA’s interpretation in West. The Court agrees. Because the term “release” is ambiguous, deference is due to that reasonable agency interpretation.
“[W]here a statute’s plain terms admit of two or more reasonable ordinary usages, the [responsible agency’s] choice of one of them is entitled to deference.” Brand X
Here, the BIA has determined that “released” in § 1226(c)(1) “refer[s] to the release of an alien from a restrictive form of criminal custody involving physical restraint.” West, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 1409. The BIA noted that the “ ‘when released’ language of [§ 1226(c) ] ... is modified by the subsequent clause! ]: ‘without regard to whether the alien is released on parole, supervised release, or probation, and without regard to whether the alien may be arrested or imprisoned again for the same offense.’ ” Id. at 1408. It reasoned: “The natural reading of the words ‘released on’ within the context of these clauses of [§ 1226(c)(1) ] suggests that Congress is referring to the release of an alien from a restrictive form of criminal custody involving physical restraint to a less restrictive form of criminal custody without physical restraint.” Id. at 1408-09. The BIA stated that its reading of “released” to connote
Further supporting this construction, the BIA noted that, throughout § 1226, “the use of the words ‘release’ or ‘released’ ... consistently appears to refer to a form of physical restraint.” Id. at 1409-10.
The Government has not disputed that West merits deference, or claimed that West’s is an unreasonable construction. At argument, the Government instead relied on a different decision, Matter of Kotliar, 24 I. & N. Dec. 124 (BIA 2007). There, the respondent alien argued to the BIA that “he [was] not subject to mandatory detention because he did not serve a jail term and was apprehended from his home while on probation, rather than when he was released from criminal custody.” Id. at 125. The BIA rejected that argument. It noted that § 1226(c)(1) “states that an alien is subject to mandatory detention and shall be taken into custody when the alien is released, without regard to whether he was released ‘on parole, supervised release, or probation.’ ” Id. On the basis of this statement, the Government asks the Court to conclude that Kotliar, in effect, sub silentio overruled West.
The Court disagrees. There is undeniably some tension between the BIA’s rejection of alien Kotliar’s argument, and the
Further, Kotliar’s main reason for denying the alien’s challenge to his mandatory detention was West’s later holding that a release of a defendant who had been released following an arrest but before conviction can constitute a “release” under the mandatory detention statute. See Kotliar, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 125 (“Moreover, we have held that an alien who is released from criminal custody (including from an arrest preceding a conviction, as the respondent implicitly conceded took place here) after the expiration of the Transition Period Custody Buies ... is subject to mandatory detention pursuant to [§ 1226(c) ], even if the alien is not immediately taken into custody by immigration officials when released from incarceration.”). Viewed holistically, Kotliar appears to conclude that an alien’s release on probation does not erase the fact of a previous § 1226(c) “release,” whether from a post-conviction term of imprisonment, or from a pre-conviction release from an arrest. This Court, however, has already held that although the former (the termination of a prison sentence) would give rise to a statutory “release,” the latter would not. See supra; see also Saysana v. Gillen,
The Court, accordingly, holds, in deference to the BIA’s reasonable interpretation in West, that an alien’s release from non-physical restraints such as court supervision, probation, parole, or supervised release does not qualify as a release that triggers DHS’s duty to detain an alien under any part of § 1226(c), see West, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 1408-10. Under the statute, an alien’s release to probation or supervised release, from a period of imprisonment, assuredly counts as a “release” within the meaning of the statute. However, the cessation of such forms of supervision, where there has been no antecedent term of imprisonment from which the alien has been released, does not qualify as a “release.”
Straker was therefore never “released” within the meaning of § 1226(c). His only releases from physical custody were pre
3. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
In a final argument opposing Straker’s petition, the Government argued that Straker had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, because, before the Immigration Judge, he had not made the argument he makes here with regard to the term “released” within the “when released” clause. Gov. Br. 20 (citing Howell v. I.N.S.,
C. Due Process and Parole
Because the Court finds for Straker on the “release” argument, it has not occasion to reach his alternative claims, i.e., that his continued detention without a hearing offends due process, or that DHS may release him on parole on the basis of “urgent humanitarian reasons” or “significant public benefit” under 8 C.F.R. § 212.5(b). See Straker Br. 21-25.
CONCLUSION
In sum, the Court holds that Straker, who was never sentenced to nor served any term of imprisonment, was never “released” from physical custody within the meaning of that term in § 1226(c). DHS therefore lacked the authority to detain him under that statute, the mandatory detention statute.
DHS’s authority for detaining Straker during removal proceedings instead lies under § 1226(a), under which he is entitled to a bond hearing. The Court directs the Government to provide Straker with a bond hearing, consistent with § 1226(a), by December 20, 2013.
SO ORDERED.
Notes
. It is undisputed that Straker is presently being held at the direction of DHS, which contends that his detention is mandatory pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c). The parties agree that Kenneth T. Jones, Acting Administrator of the Orange County Correctional Facility, where Straker is held, Pet. ¶ 9, is a proper respondent in this habeas proceeding; they disagree whether the federal respondents are properly sued in habeas. Gov. Br. 1 n. 1; Straker Reply Br. 1 n. 1. DHS is, however, defending this matter on behalf of all respondents, and it has not argued that dismissal of the other respondents would obviate the need to resolve the merits issue presented: whether Straker is properly held pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c), which does not provide for a bond hearing. The Court accordingly declines to determine which additional respondents are properly sued, and refers to respondents collectively as "DHS.”
. The mandatory detention statute was passed by Congress as § 236(c) of the INA and is codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c). For ease of reference, the Court cites it as § 1226(c).
. Explaining the early termination of probation, Straker represents that after this arrest, he attempted to turn his life around, including enrolling in GED classes, gaining employment, and moving in with his girlfriend. Pet. ¶¶ 26-34. In 2011, his girlfriend gave birth to their daughter, Malaysia, id. Ex. I, for whom Straker has been a primary caregiver. Id. ¶¶ 29, 34-35.
. DHS asserted in the NTA that Straker was removable because, inter alia, his 2009 conviction for criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree, N.Y.P.L. § 220.39.01, qualified as an aggravated felony, in that it constituted "illicit trafficking in a controlled substance.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43) (definition of aggravated felony). Before Judge Page, Straker appears to have argued that the New York State offense of criminal sale of a controlled substance does not categorically constitute "illicit trafficking in a controlled substance,” as required for it to qualify as an aggravated felony under the INA. See Vendzules Decl. ¶ 9. Straker relied on United States v. Savage,
. Straker represents that his brother "was violently assaulted upon his return to Trinidad and Tobago and [he] fears the same will happen to him.” Vendzules Deck ¶ 12.
. Consistent with the district-wide stay issued that day by Chief Judge Preska, entitled “In re Stay of Certain Civil Cases Pending the Restoration of Department of Justice Funding,” the Court held that the Government's briefing deadline would be triggered by restoration of government funding. The Assistant United States Attorneys assigned to this matter had represented that, pending that restoration, they were prohibited from returning to work. Dkt. 4.
. See § 1226(c)(1)(B) (subjecting to mandatory detention an alien who, per 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), "is convicted of an aggravated felony,” or, per 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), "has been convicted of a violation of ... any law ... relating to a controlled substance”); Ret. Ex. 4 (charging Straker with having been convicted of (1) an aggravated felony, (2) an offense relating to the illicit trafficking of a controlled substance, and (3) a violation of a law or regulation relating to a controlled substance).
. Were § 1226(c)(1) limited to provisions (c)(1)(A) and (c)(1)(D), which mandate detention based on behavior falling short of a criminal conviction, DHS's construction would appear not to suffer from this flaw. See, e.g., 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(A) (providing for mandatory detention of aliens inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2), which includes, inter alia, at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(C), "[a]ny alien who the consular officer or the Attorney General knows or has reason to believe — (i) is or has been an illicit trafficker in any controlled substance or in any listed chemical.”); 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(D) (providing for mandatory detention of aliens inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B), which includes an "alien who 'has engaged in a terrorist activity’ ”). But the statute is not so limited. And in practice, subsections (B) and (C), which require a conviction, appear to be the dominant, if not exclusive, bases on which DHS has pursued mandatory detention. At argu
. The Third Circuit has three times followed West and Kotliar, but without substantive analysis of the proposition that a pre-conviction release following an arrest is a "release” under § 1226(c). See Desrosiers v. Hendricks,
. The specific issue before the BIA in West was the meaning of "released” as used in a temporary version of the mandatory detention statute: the Transition Period Custody Rules ("Transition Rules”). See 8 U.S.C. § 1226 note. In 1996, Congress enacted the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, Pub.L. 104-208, Div. C, 110 Stat. 3009-585 ("IIRIRA”). Section 303 of IIRIRA created, in § 236 of the INA (8 U.S.C. § 1226), both the mandatory detention statute and the Transition Rules. The latter provided for the mandatory detention of a narrower class of aliens. The Transition Rules were to be in effect, in lieu of the mandatory detention statute, for one or two years, in the event the Attorney General promptly notified Congress "that there is insufficient detention space and Immigration and Naturalization Service personnel available” to carry out the permanent mandatory detention regime.
For two reasons, although West applied the Transition Rules and not the mandatory detention statute that was to take permanent effect after the Transition Rules ceased to be in force, West’s holding applies equally to the mandatory detention statute. First, in analyzing the term “released” in the Transition Rules, the BIA construed that term as used in the mandatory detention statute. The BIA concluded that "released” as used there “refer[s] to the release of an alien from a restrictive form of criminal custody involving physical restraint.” 22 I. & N. Dec. at 1409. Second, West noted, "released” has the same meaning in the Transition Rules as in the mandatory detention statute. See id. at 1407-OS (“[Fjocusing its argument on the 'when released’ language of § 1226(c), the Service asserts.... We assume that the Service would make essentially the same argument regarding the "released after” language of [the Transition Rules].”); id. at 1408 (referring to the identical "when released” clauses in 1226(c) and the Transition Rules); id. at 1409 ("The natural reading of the words ‘released on’ within the context of these clauses of § 1226(c)(1) of the Act suggests that Congress is referring to the release of an alien from a restrictive form of criminal custody involving physical restraint to a less restrictive form of criminal custody without physical restraint.”); id. at 1409-10 ("The use of the words ‘release’ or ‘released’ in § 303 of the IIRIRA consistently appears to refer to a form of physical restraint.”).
. The Court has no occasion here to consider how the requirement of a "release” would apply to the circumstance in which an alien was arrested, eventually released from custody on bail, later convicted, and still later sentenced to a term of time served. On neither narcotics conviction was Straker sentenced to time served.