Lead Opinion
This ease asks us to decide whether I.C. § 67-5908(3) or I.C. § 12-120(3) allows an award of attorney fees to an employee bringing a successful employment discrimination claim under the Idaho Human Rights Act.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellant, Anissa Stout, brought four claims against Respondent, Key Training Corp. (Key Training): (1) violation of the Idaho Human Rights Act (I.C. § 67-5909); (2) termination in violation of public policy; (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (4) breach of contract. Key Training then moved for summary judgment. The district court granted the motion on all claims except for the statutory claim. The district court noted that the parties agreed there were issues of fact оn the statutory claim and that the parties agreed Key Training was entitled to summary judgment on the public policy claim.
A jury trial was held on the statutory claim in which Stout contended her former employer, Key Training, violated the Idaho Human Rights Act by discriminating against her because of gender and pregnancy. After a trial, the jury awarded Stout $50,927.16. Stout then moved the district court for an award of reasonable attorney fees pursuant to I.C. § 12-120(3) and I.C. § 67-5908. The district court denied Stout’s request for attorney fees. Stout timely appealed that order to this Court.
II. ANALYSIS
The district court’s decision to award attorney fees is reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. Contreras v. Rubley,
Stout argues that she is entitled to an award of attorney fees on her successful employment discrimination claim pursuant to I.C. § 67-5908(3) and I.C. § 12-120(3). Additionally, both parties argue they are entitled to attorney fees on appeal. Each argument is addressеd in turn.
A. Stout is not entitled to attorney fees under I.C. § 67-5908(3)
Stout argues that she is entitled to attorney fees pursuant to I.C. § 67-5908(3) because she would be entitled to attorney fees under federal employment discrimination law and because the legislature intended the courts have broad remedial discretion when enforcing the Idaho Human Rights Act.
Idaho Code § 67-5908(3) states:
In a civil action filed by the commission or filed directly by the person alleging unlawful discrimination, if the court finds that unlawful discrimination has occurred, its judgment shall specify an appropriate remedy or remedies therefor. Such remedies may include, but are not limited to:
(a) An order to cеase and desist from the unlawful practice specified in the order;
(b) An order to employ, reinstate, promote or grant other employment benefits to a victim of unlawful employment discrimination;
(c) An order for actual damages including lost wages and benefits, provided that such back pay liability shall not accrue from a date more than two (2) years prior to the filing of the complaint with the commission or the district court, whichever occurs first;
(d) An order to accept or reinstate such a person in a union;
(e) An order for punitive damages, not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000) for each willful violation of this chapter.
We construe a statute so as to give effect to legislative intent. Carrier,
The district court correctly analyzed Stout’s claim:
Stout asserts that the ... language of [I.C. § 67-5908(3)], especially when read in conjunction with the federal statutes it implements, permits an award of attorney fees. The Idaho Human Rights Act itself does not contain any express provision relating to attorney fees. The Court has reviewed the relevant federal statute, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e~5. That statute contains a provision similar to that sеt forth above, in that it allows a court to grant “any other equitable relief.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(1). However, unlike the Idaho statute, the federal statute also contains an express provision for an award of attorney fees. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k). The Court has compared the above-quoted language to similar language in thе Idaho Consumer Protection Act, Idaho Code § 48-608(1), which provides that the court may grant “other appropriate relief.” That statute also contains a specific section relating to attorney fee awards, 48-608(4). The Court concludes from its review of the foregoing authorities that since the Idaho Human Rights Act does not make express allowance for an award of attorney fees, the legislature did not intend that such an award would be available.
In this ease, an analysis of federal law does not lead to the conclusion that the Idaho Human Rights Act includes the remedy of attorney feеs. The federal Civil Rights Act specifically provides for attorney fees while the Idaho Human Rights Act does not. Furthermore, the federal Civil Rights Act provi
No language in the Idaho Human Rights Act indicates that the legislature contemplated remedies which go toward the legal expense of enforcing the act. As demonstrated by the language in the Idaho Consumer Protection Act, when the legislature intеnds to provide for an award of attorney fees, it does so. It is reasonable, then, to infer that the legislature did not intend the expense of enforcement to fall under the I.C. § 67-5908(3) statutory remedial provision especially in light of the fact that the federal civil rights law expressly allowed for an award оf attorney fees when I.C. § 67-5908(3) was enacted. Therefore, we affirm the district court and hold that I.C. § 67-5908(3) does not allow for an award of attorney fees.
B. Stout is not entitled to attorney fees under I.C. § 12-120(3)
Stout argues she should be awarded attorney fees pursuant to I.C. § 12-120(3), which allows attorney fees in actions relating to сontract for services, because based on a sequence of events below it would be unfair to deny her attorney fees under this statute. Key Training argues that Stout is not entitled to attorney fees under I.C. § 12-120(3) because Stout prevailed on a statutory claim, not a contract claim.
We have held that termination of employment at will in violation of public policy is a contract action which results in contract damages. Hummer v. Evans,
First, Stout’s assertion that it would be unfair to refuse her attorney fees she would have received from her termination in violation of public policy claim is without merit. Key Training agreed thát the federal definition of “sex discrimination” which includes discrimination based on pregnancy and childbirth, would apply to the Idaho Human Rights Act. Key Training also agreed that the Idaho Supreme Court has noted federal case law is instructive to claims under the Idaho Human Rights Act. However, those concessions in no way require that the provisions of the Idaho Human Rights Act be ignored and that all federal law provisions be adopted in order to decide Stоut’s Idaho Human Rights Act claim.
Next, Stout is not entitled to an award of attorney fees under I.C. § 12-120(3) because she did not prevail on her contract claim; she prevailed only on her statutory claim. As the district court pointed out:
In Atwood v. Western Construction, Inc.,129 Idaho 234 ,923 P.2d 479 (Ct.App.1996), which involved claims very similar to those alleged by Stout but based on age discriminаtion, the court held that although Idaho Code § 12-120(3) applies to employment contracts, it generally does not apply to claims in which the gravamen of the cause of action is a claimed violation of a statute such as the Idaho Human Rights Act. See also Northwest Bec-Corp.*199 v. Home Living Service [ ],136 Idaho 835 ,41 P.3d 263 (2002). Here, the only theory on which Stout prevailеd was one for discrimination based on gender under the Idaho Human Rights Act. Therefore, Stout is not entitled to attorney fees pursuant to Idaho Code § 12-120(3).
In Northwest Bec-Corp., we noted that a party was properly denied attorney fees under I.C. § 12-120(3) when its claims were “based in rights created by statute or tort.”
C. Neither party is entitled to attorney fees on appeal
Stout argues she is entitled to attorney fees on appeal on the same basis she is entitled to attorney fees for the trial below. Since we hold Stout is not entitled to attorney fees for the trial below, we also hold she is not entitled to attorney fees on appeal.
Key Training argues it is entitled to attorney fees on appeal pursuant to I.C. § 12-121. That statute allows an award of “reasonable attorney’s feеs to the prevailing party____” I.C. § 12-121. Attorney fees are awarded to the prevailing party only if “the Court determines that the action was brought or pursued frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” Baker v. Sullivan,
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s denial of attorney fees to Stout. Furthermore, we decline to award either party attorney fees on appeal. Costs to Respondent.
Notes
. Idaho Code § 67-5901 states:
The general purposes of this chapter are: (l)[t]o provide fоr execution within the state of the policies embodied in the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended, and Titles I and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k) was enacted in 1964. Pub.L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 259. Idaho Code § 67-5908 was enacted in 1980. 1980 Id. Sess. Law, ch. 97, § 3, p. 216.
. Key Training also argues that Stout’s request for fees under I.C. § 12-120(3) contains issues not raised below and therefore that should not be considered on appeal. While Stout’s arguments here for entitlement to an award under that subsection is riot identical to her arguments below, in her motion for attorney fees, she specifically referenced I.C. § 12-120(3). Thus, the issue of whether she is entitled to attorney fees under I.C. § 12-120(3) was raised below.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the decision of the Court. Emphasis must be on respectful in this case, because the Court has properly applied prior case decisions. However, after struggling for many years with the application of I.C. § 12-120(3), it is time to go back to the statute itself and apply it as written. The Court’s decisions, in which this author has participated, have created a patchwork of application that commonly requires more analysis than the substance of the claims in the lawsuit. The Court signaled a change in attitude in Blimka v. My Web Wholesaler, LLC, a Maine Limited Liability Company, and Lisa DePalma,
In any civil action to recover on an open account, account stated, note, bill, negotiable instrument, guaranty, or contract relating to the purchase or sale of goods, wares, merchandise, or services and in any commercial transaction unless otherwise provided by law, the prevailing party shall be allowed a reasonable attorney’s fees to be set by the court, to be taxed and cоllected as costs.
The term “commercial transaction” is defined to mean all transactions except transactions for personal or household purposes. The “party” is defined to mean any person, partnership, corporation, association, private organizatiоn, the state of Idaho, or political subdivision thereof.
Idaho Code § 12-120(3).
In Hummer v. Evans,
A transaction involving the sale of 26,500 pairs of jeans is not made for personal or household purposes. Rather, it is a business or commercial transaction, as Blimka obviously intended to market the jeans rather than wear them. From time to time the Court has denied fees under I.C. § 12-120(3) on the commercial transaction ground either because the claim sounded in tort or because no contract was involved. The commercial transaction ground in I.C. § 12-120(3) neither prohibits a fee award for a commercial transaction that involves tortious conduct (see Lettunich v. Key Bank Nat’l Ass’n,141 Idaho 362 , 369,109 P.3d 1104 , 1111 (2005)), nor does it require that there be a contract. Any previous holdings to the contrary are overruled. We hold that Blimka is entitled to a fee award on appeal with respect to his fraud claim, as he is seeking recovery of damages sustained as a result of the commercial transactiоn involved in this case.
Blimka rerouted this Court in the proper direction and interpretation of I.C. § 12-120(3), overruling eases to the contrary. The same logic is applicable in this case. The Court should take the same step it took in Blimka with regard to the interpretation of a commercial transaction when аn allegation of tortious conduct was made. If the underlying transaction, though couched in terms of a statutory right, involves a qualifying contract or a commercial transaction, attorney fees should be awarded to the prevailing party. The maze of guesswork should be taken off the table, and those who litigate should be aware that the statute means exactly what it says without judicial overlay.