309 N.Y. 132 | NY | 1955
Lead Opinion
The question before us may be stated thus: when Bethlehem Steel Company, in connection with the erection by it of a bridge in Long Island City and the moving of steel from a waterfront dock to the bridge site, had made a contract with this defendant, a trucking corporation, to transport the steel from dock to bridge site, and when the contract specifically provided that all loading and unloading at the bridge site was to be done by Bethlehem and transportation was to be done by this defendant, and this defendant carried the steel from dock to bridge site in its own motor truck driven by its own employed chauffeur and the steel was tied or fastened on to the truck with chains which were part of the truck’s equipment, and the truck and load arrived at the bridge site where a Bethlehem employee took over the direction of unloading, but defendant’s truck driver opened up the chains above referred to without waiting for the hoisting apparatus to put a strain on the steel with the result that some of the steel fell off the truck and injured plaintiff, who was a Bethlehem employee at the job, was defendant’s truck driver absolutely and as matter of law an employee, for the time being, of Bethlehem, since the latter was in charge of the unloading, so that the truck driver was not the agent of defendant in unhooking the chains, and defendant therefore not liable for the truck driver’s negligence?
The Trial Justice, granting defendant’s motion to dismiss at the close of plaintiff’s case, delivered a short opinion, the substance of which is contained in this paragraph: “ I hold here as a matter of law the act of removing these chains was not part of the duty of Bigley under its contract; that Henn in undertaking to remove them, especially in the light of the testimony of the witness Turner, who said that he, for Bethlehem, was in complete control of the unloading operation and that it was his duty to see
On appeal to the Appellate Division, however, that court wrote a brief opinion, in which it pointed out that continuance in the service of the general employer (defendant) is presumed until command is shown to have been surrendered, and that, in the present case, it was a jury question as to whether the chauffeur was acting in the interest of his employer, or of Bethlehem, and as to whether his act of unloosening these chains on his truck was a preparation of that vehicle for unloading, rather than part of the unloading operation itself. The dissenting Justice wrote that since, by the written contract, Bethlehem had the whole duty of unloading, therefore the chauffeur was performing a duty that was exclusively that of Bethlehem and that, for his negligently performing that duty, Bethlehem alone would be responsible. It seems to us that on the facts in this record it cannot be held as matter of law that this truck driver had completely passed from the control of his own employer and into the employment of Bethlehem when, on his own employer’s truck, he was unfastening chains which were a part of that truck, so as to make it possible for Bethlehem to unload the steel. Of cburse, in a sense the truck driver was furthering, and có-operating in, Bethlehem’s contractual duty of taking the steel off the truck, but it would not be irrational to say that at the same time he was doing work that could be said to be that of his own employer, since he was handling chains that belonged to his employer and which he, as a servant of his employer, had, earlier that day, locked around the steel. It is true that a Bethlebem employee (foreman Turner) was in charge of the unloading and had given directions to the truck driver, and that the unloading was Bethlehem’s job per contract, but there is nothing to show that this driver’s employer ever turned the driver over to Bethlehem. It would not be unreasonable for a jury to say that the unlocking of the chains, while a necessary preliminary to unloading, and in that sense part of the unloading, was a necessary incident, also,..of the handling of the truck itself and of its equipment,
“The Carrier will unload at dock and/or railroad yard specified and transport to site above mentioned at a point within reach of Bethlehem’s equipment. Bethlehem will unload carrier’s trucks at the site. Carrier will have on hand a competent foreman who can speak English to take charge of loading Carrier’s trucks and to whom orders can be given. Carrier will furnish all necessary labor, tools, equipment, fuel and lubricants necessary for the above described unloading and transporting. Carrier will deliver girders in upright position.
“ The Carrier will assume all obligations placed upon Bethlehem pertaining to the transporting of structural steel for this project.”
There is no doubt or dispute that under this contract defendant was to do transportation only and Bethlehem was to retain the bridge site unloading functions. On the afternoon of November 12, 1953, acting under this contract, defendant, the trucking company, took on board one of its trucks, a load of steel consisting of two very large structural steel pieces weighing about five tons each and together being about five feet wide. Defendant, through the services of a “ loader ’ ’ employed by it and of its truck driver Henn, secured these steel pieces onto its trailer pulled by its tractor truck, by fastening around the steel pieces long steel chains belonging to the trucking company. Each of these chains had some kind of hook arrangement which could be, and was, tightened to secure the load for “ the safety of the load at all times ”. The truck and trailer, with the steel on board, travelled to the job site. As was the practice, a foreman employed by Bethlehem took over when the load arrived at its destination, and this foreman told defendant’s chauffeur where to put the truck and assigned a crew of men, employed by Bethlehem, to unload the steel. The unloading itself was done by a Bethlehem crane, the hook of which was attached to steel cables (not, of course, the chains above referred to) which steel cables belonged to Bethlehem and were tightened
On this occasion, when the truck arrived at the site, the Bethlehem foreman told the truck driver where the former wanted the steel unloaded. The foreman, as was his custom, told the driver where to put the truck, and then the foreman assigned plaintiff and another Bethlehem employee to unload the steel. Then he directed that the crane be brought for unloading to the place where the truck was. The foreman then told the chauffeur that the steel was going to be unloaded, and the foreman went away to other duties. As he left, he saw the chauffeur begin to take the front chain off but the foreman did not consider there was any danger at that point since the rear truck chain was still on and the Bethlehem men were hooking the cable on to the steel load. Stone, the plaintiff, who was one of the Bethlehem men assigned by the foreman to the job, testified that when he came to the job the front truck chain had
The Trial Term dismissal of the complaint was based largely on the terms of the contract between defendant and Bethlehem, whereby the former Avas to do transportation only and Bethlehem Avas to do all the bridge site unloading. From this, Trial Term concluded that the truck driver was necessarily acting for Bethlehem. We think there is a missing term in that argument, or an erroneous assumption that because Avhat the truck driver did in unloosening the chains took place between two of the
The Appellate Division'majority, in reversing, pointed to the settled law of New York (citing Delisa v. Schmidt, Inc., 285 N. Y. 314; Wawrzonek v. Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp., 276 N. Y. 412, and Bartolomeo v. Bennett Contr. Co., 245 N. Y. 66) that, absent conclusive proof of surrender of control by the' general employer, the presumption is that the general employment continues. The Delisa opinion, after stating this presumption, ‘ says, in effect (supra, p. 319), that the surrender of control may be by an agreement binding on the general employer, but there is no evidence in the present case of any specific agreement tó transfer the truck driver from one employment to the other. Defendant cites the Delisa case as one of its prime authorities, but what the Delisa opinion said (p. 319) is that when workers in a general employment are doing work which primarily benefits a special employer, but which work is substantially though indirectly beneficial to the general employer, a jury may' draw the inference that an employee who is furthering the interests of his immediate employer is acting witliin his authority as agent of the latter. Delisa, if it be authority here' at all, is an authority that the holding in the present case was one of fact for the jury.
We will analyze, briefly, the other principal authorities cited by defendant. In Braxton v. Mendelson (233 N. Y. 122, 124), the' opinion says that where there is a written contract, the question is for the court'not the jury. But that case must be read'in the light of its facts. What the court actually held was that when a trucking company agreed to do the delivery work for a milk company at a fixed price per day for truck and driver, the driver remained the servant of the trucking company even though he was delivering the milk company’s milk and taking orders from the milk company’s officers.
In McNamara v. Leipzig (297 N. Y. 291), defendant rented a passenger automobile and chauffeur from a garage company for three months for a fixed sum with the garage company paying all expenses; the court held that the defendant had no control over the driver except merely to tell him between what places to drive the car, and that the defendant, therefore, was not liable for the driver’s negligence. Again, as applied to our case, the result deduced from McNamara (supra) would be that defendant alone and not' Bethlehem would be liable, if we held it was a question of law rather than of fact. Anderson v. Boyer (156 N. Y. 93) deals with a charter of a ship. Its master and crew had been turned over absolutely to the charterer or lessee and the court held that there was a complete surrender of control and possession to the lessee or charterer since the owner of the lighter had nothing whatéver to do with it or its operation after the charter was made. Irwin v. Klein (271 N. Y. 477), besides restating the rule of presumption of continuance of control in the general employer, points out that the decisions in this field’can be reconciled only by the analysis of the specific facts in each case, although the rule itself is simple enough, that is, that the servant of one
Appellant’s counsel makes much of what appellant claims are concessions and admissions by plaintiff that the loosening of the truck chains was an unloading act, citing statements, at the trial, of plaintiff’s attorney, and various parts of plaintiff’s bill of particulars, at all of which points the plaintiff’s counsel said in words or effect that the accident happened during the 1 ‘ unloading ’ ’ of the steel. Similarly, appellant cites testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses that this accident happened while the steel was being “ unloaded ”. To all of this, plaintiff answers that these are the statements of counsel and witnesses and are not conclusive, but merely somewhat loose verbiage which cannot fairly be considered as binding or conclusive on plaintiff. We think that is so. We have the exact and undisputed facts as to what happened and, while the remarks of counsel and witnesses are illuminating, they cannot preclude the courts from ruling that there is a question of fact not as to whether unloading was going on at the time, or as to whether the truck driver’s activities expedited unloading, but as to whether the truck driver thus was transferred from one employment to another.
The latest decision in our court on this general subject is Dicenzo v. New York Shovel & Crane Corp. (308 N. Y. 871), decided in March, 1955, a case where decedent was crushed to death between a revolving cranehomse on a crane and the back of the crane’s truck cab. The crane was being operated by a man named Salvante who was being paid by the general contractor, but Salvante himself was one of four owners of the
The order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs, and judgment absolute directed against the appellant on the stipulation herein.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). The facts are thus stated succinctly at the beginning of the Per Curiam opinion of the Appellate Division:
“ On October 12, 1953, plaintiff was injured when certain fabricated steel fell upon him and caused the loss of a leg among other injuries. Plaintiff was an employee of Bethlehem Steel Company, which was erecting a bridge in Long Island City. Bethlehem had a contract with defendant, a trucking company, under which the latter was to pick up fabricated steel at docks and railroad yards, and transport the same to the job site. The contract provided that unloading of the steel from the trucks at the job location was to be performed by Bethlehem.
“ On the day in question, two exceptionally large pieces of structural steel were loaded on a truck of defendant driven by one Henn. It was impossible to use the ordinary side stakes or stays. In order to secure the load, two encircling chains, property of defendant, were wrapped around the load and trailer platform at each end.
“ When the vehicle arrived at the job, plaintiff and a coworker climbed on the load to fasten cables known as ‘ chokers ’ in*144 preparation for lifting the steel from the truck by means of a hoisting crane. Henn, in accordance with what witnesses said was the customary activity of a driver in such situations, ^removed the front encircling chain, and then attempted to remove the rear one. He did so, however, before the chokers were made taut. Thereupon, the large pieces of steel slid off the trailer, and plaintiff rolled underneath them and was injured.
“ The complaint was dismissed upon the ground that,,as the contract between defendant and. Bethlehem required the latter to unload the steel, the act of Henn in removing the chains was part of the unloading process and thus the work of Bethlehem, so that defendant was no longer liable for negligent acts of Henn.”
Under the authorities and upon the evidence in this case, it seems to me that dismissal of the complaint upon the law was correct. The contract between Bethlehem and defendant (described therein as “ The Carrier ”), in evidence as plaintiff’s Exhibit 1, provides that “ Bethlehem will unload carrier’s trucks at the site ”. It is not disputed that the latter clause applies to this operation. The reason for this clause was to enable the carrier to load the truck, and then transport it to the destination without bringing the unloading crew to that point where- Bethlehem already had its crew and the necessary unloading machinery. The only employee whom the carrier needed to have accompany the load was the driver of the truck.
These steel beams had been securely enclosed by encircling chains by the carrier’s loading crew, when they were placed upon the truck. The driver’s function on behalf of the carrier was to move the truck. It was apparent that he could not undertake to unload the truck alone, or commence, to unload it, and therefore the responsibility for unloading was placed by "the contract in unambiguous words upon Bethlehem.
■ The evidence is undisputed that Bethlehem’s unloading crew had taken over by commencing the operation of unloading before this accident occurred. There is mo contradiction of the testimony to this by Wilfred Turner, foreman of Bethlehem’s unloading gang of five men whose function and duty it was to unload this truck with the help of a crane. It was imposible- for the driver of the truck himself to unload these steel beams, and
Again Turner testified, at all times as a witness for plaintiff: “ You could stop that truck driver, couldn’t you, from removing that chain at any time you wanted to? Couldn’t you? A. Yes, I.could. I could tell him not to take it off. Q. You have that right, haven’t you? A. Yes, I would have.”
“ Q. The two chains then holding, the load would then be removed after the crane held the load, is that right? A. Yes, sir.’ ’
This accident resulted from loosening the chains during the unloading operation before the crane was attached.
A coworker of plaintiff testified that “ There is one safe way you can do it: leave the safety line on there. Hook it, and then when you have got it with the crane, take your safety off, whatever it happens to be, chain, line, or whatever it is, leave it alone. Like this, they never should have been taken off.”
There is no doubt that the chauffeur took the chains off too soon. Neither is there any dispute in the evidence that Bethlehem’s unloading gang had already taken over and commenced the unloading operation. The foreman testified that the steel lie am s which did this injury rolled off during the unloading operation.
Thereafter the following occurred: 1 ‘ The Court: Mr. Turner, you as the foreman were responsible for efficiency, to see that the job was done right for the boss? The Witness: Yes. The Court: And for safety, too? The Witness: That is right.”
Plaintiff himself had confirmed that the unloading operation had commenced by testifying that he and his coemployee Baker had already been on the truck before these steel beams fell off. Referring to a time before the accident, the court inquired: ‘ ‘ Did any of your team go on the truck to do unloading, or did others do unloading and did you pick up the steel as it was unloaded? The Witness: Mr. Baker and myself.”
Conway, Ch. J., Dye, Fuld, Froessel and Burke, JJ., concur with Desmond, J.; Van Voorhis, J., dissents in an opinion.
Order affirmed, etc.