After the trial court denied his motion to suppress, Timothy Tyrone Stokes was convicted in a bench trial of trafficking in cocaine. His motion for new trial was denied, and he appeals, asserting that his motion to suppress should have been granted. Because the officers who approached Stokes did not go beyond the permissible scope of inquiry, we affirm.
When an appellate court reviews a trial court’s order concerning a motion to suppress evidence, the appellate court should be guided by three principles with regard to the interpretation of the trial court’s judgment of the facts. First, when a motion to suppress is heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as the trier of facts. The trial judge hears the evidence, and his findings based upon conflicting evidence are analogous to the verdict of a jury and should not be disturbed by a reviewing court if there is any evidence to support it. Second, the trial court’s decision with regard to questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless clearly erroneous. Third, the reviewing court must construe the evidence most favorably to the upholding of the trial court’s findings and judgment.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Tate v. State,
Construed to support the trial court’s decision, the evidence shows that on June 27, 1996, at approximately 3:52 p.m., the officer and his partner were “just riding around known drug areas” and pulled into the parking, lot of a convenience store and gas station. The *231 property was placarded with “no loitering” signs, and the property owner had asked the officers to try to keep people from loitering there. In the parking lot, the officers saw a burgundy Pontiac Grand Am with Stokes in the driver’s seat and another man standing next to the driver’s door, leaning on the car. The men were not near the gas pumps or the store entrance, and “[a]s far as I could tell they were loitering. They were just on the parking lot not doing anything but talking.”
The officers approached the car, identified themselves, and asked the men what they were doing. According to the officer who testified, the men “both kind of just looked at each other” and Stokes said that he was there to use the telephone. The car was parked approximately 20 feet from the telephones, and there were no other cars or people in the parking lot between it and the telephones. The officer then asked the man standing beside the car if he knew the man sitting in the car; he did not know Stokes’s name. Stokes also did not know the other man’s name. The officer “found that very odd, especially the way I’d first observed them. They seemed to be real intimate with each other.”
At that point, the officer asked Stokes if he would step out of the vehicle, and Stokes “said he didn’t mind.” In response to questioning from the trial court, the officer reiterated that he did not order Stokes out. He also testified that he asked Stokes to step out “for my own safety and my partner [’s] safety. He could have denied that and that would have been the end of it.”
When Stokes stepped out of the car, the officer saw a plastic bag containing what appeared to be crack cocaine and powdered cocaine beside the seat and a scale sticking out from beneath the seat. Stokes was arrested, and a field test performed on the contents of the bag was positive for the presence of cocaine.
After hearing the evidence, the trial court denied Stokes’s motion to suppress. On appeal, Stokes argues that he was unlawfully “seized” by the officer before the drugs were discovered. We disagree.
At least three types of police-citizen encounters exist: verbal communications involving no coercion or detention; brief “stops” or “seizures” that require reasonable suspicion; and “arrests,” which can only be supported by probable cause.
Verhoeff v. State,
A first-tier encounter never intrudes upon any constitutionally protected interest, since the purpose of the Fourth Amendment is not to eliminate all contact between police and citizens, but simply to prevent arbitrary and oppressive police interference with the privacy and personal security of individual citizens.
Verhoeff,
supra at 503. On the other hand, a second-tier encounter may violate the Fourth Amendment if the officer briefly “stops” or “seizes” a citizen without
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an articulable suspicion. Articulable suspicion requires a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that a citizen is involved in criminal activity. See
Painter v. State,
Stokes’s actions and behavior, in combination with his presence in a known drug area and inability to name the person with whom he was in “real intimate” conversation a few moments before, might be sufficient to produce a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal conduct. See
Thompson v. State,
It is well established that an officer’s approach to a stopped vehicle and inquiry into the situation is not a “stop” or “seizure” but rather “clearly falls within the realm of the first type of police-citizen encounter.”
McClain v. State,
Even when officers have no basis for suspecting a particular individual, they may generally ask questions of that individual; ask to examine the individual’s identification; and request consent to search — as long as the police do not convey a message that compliance with their requests is required.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.)
State v. Westmoreland,
Barnes v. State,
In contrast, the evidence presented here shows a first-tier encounter, neither requiring reasonable suspicion nor invoking Fourth Amendment protection for Stokes. The record reflects that the officers approached Stokes’s already parked car to inquire what was going on, and Stokes and his companion readily responded. Nothing in the record shows that the officer threatened or coerced Stokes, or that he restrained Stokes’s movements in any way. While an order or instruction to roll down a car window or open a car door may constitute physical force or a show of authority sufficient to constitute a “seizure,” see generally
State v. Smith,
Judgment affirmed.