237 F. 897 | 6th Cir. | 1916
Lead Opinion
These three appeals are taken from the decree of the lower court in favor of the appellee, in a suit brought by him against all the appellants, seeking to establish his'ownership of two- separate parcels of real estate in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, one possessed and claimed by the appellants in No. 2812, and the other by the appellants in No. 2823. The question as to the ownership thereof is exactly the same as to each parcel, and appellee, therefore, sued the appellants jointly. They have appealed separately and jointly. Hence the three appeals.
The appellee claims the two parcels under a document purporting to have been the will of Elmor Williams, who died Eebruary 9, 1843, executed November 28, 1842, and probate.d as his will Eebruary 14, 1843. He left a large estate. It was principally real estate, worth $250,000, and consisted, mainly, of town lots, mostly improved, in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio. Besides these there was some acreage property in Hamilton county, in which that city is located. The town lots, with slight exceptions, were in the heart of the city. Amongst them was the important block, bounded by Fifth, Vine, and Sixth streets, and Lodge Alley. He left surviving him his wife, Lucy Ann Williams, and, as his only heirs at law, three children of a deceased daughter, Martha Allen, viz. William E. Allen, Rebecca A. Allen, and Maria L. Cary, wife of Samuel L. Cary, all of age; two children of a deceased daughter, Rebecca Gazlay, viz. William E. Gazlay and Allen W. Gazlay, aged, respectively, 19 and 14; and a son, Charles E. Williams, aged 14. By the document numerous devises and bequests were made. These were not confined to the natural objects of his bounty, to wit, his wife and descendants. They included collateral kindred, and, apparently, others not connected with him either by blood' or marriage. Apparently, also, amongst his descendants, his son was decidedly favored. The children of Rebecca Gazlay fared better than those of Martha Allen, and a nephew, Ephraim D. Williams, and his seven children, and one William P. Hulbert, apparently not so connected, fared as well, if not better, than either set of grandchildren. It contemplated that his wife might renounce the provisions in her behalf, and referred to her act, in case she did so, as a “defiance” of his will. There were over 50 different parcels of real estate devised by over 20 separate devises. In the block referred to there were 14 parcels, and of these 11 separate devises were made. All of the devises, with a few exceptions, were of like character. They were of a life estate, with a contingent remainder with a double aspect; i. e., to the first taker for life, remainder to the children of his or her body begotten, and, if no such child, to another. The document indicated marked antipathy toward his son-in-law, James W. Gazlay, and to a certain other individual unconnected with him. The devises to the children of the former were on the express condition that he should have nothing to do therewith, directly or indirectly, and the latter, characterized as “a dangerous man, cannot be trusted in safety,” was forbidden to have the guard
The two parcels claimed by the appellee were in the block referred to, one on Vine and the other on Fifth streets. The Vine street parcel was devised as follows, to wit:
“To Sarah M. Floyd, the daughter - of my sister, Martha Spader, * * * for and during the life of Sarah Floyd, and at her decease * * * to Charlotte C. Williams, the daughter of Miles Williams, and at her decease * * * to the children of her body begotten forever.”
The Fifth street parcel was devised as follows, to wit:
“To my wife, Lucy Ann Williams, * * * to have and to hold during her life, provided she claims, under my will, and at her decease * * * to Charlotte C. Williams, the daughter of my nephew, Miles Williams, and at her decease to the children of her body begotten forever.”
By a subsequent clause it was provided that, “in case Charlotte C. Williams should decease without leaving a child,” her estate was to go “to her father, Miles Williams, forever.” Charlotte C. Williams was born February 22, 1840, and hence was, at the time of the probate, almost 4 years old. She married- John H. Oneal November 22, 1880. There was born to them, July 24, 1883, the appellee, Robert H. Oneal, and he was the only child “of her body begotten.” She -died February 24, 1904. The first two life tenants, Sarah M. Floyd and Fucy Ann Williams, died long before Charlotte C. Williams. Thus it is that the appellee claims these two parcels of real estate.
The appellants claim these parcels also under Elmor Williams, who was the ancestor of all of them except the tenants. Their claim comes about in this way: The widow, Fucy Ann Williams, by proper proceedings taken March 2, 1843, renounced the will. March 11, 1843, the grandchildren—i. e., the children of Rebecca Gazlay and of Maria Allen—brought a suit in chancery in the court of common pleas of Hamilton county against all the other devisees and legatees then in being, including Sarah M. Floyd, Fucy Ann Williams, and.Charlotte C. Williams, the first takers in the devises of the two parcels in suit, and Miles Williams, father of Charlotte C.* Williams, to whom they went in case Charlotte C. Williams died without leaving a child, and the executors named in the document, contesting it as the will of the decedent, and seeking to have it and the probate thereof set aside, which was the mode prescribed by statute for contesting a document admitted to probate as the will of a decedent. The defendants were all duly brought before the court by summons, and guardians ad litem were duly appointed for the infant defendants, including Charlotte C. Williams. On November 15, 1843, an issue “devisavit vel non” was made up, a jury was impaneled and sworn, and after trial on November 30, 1843, the jury returned a verdict declaring that the document was not the will of Elmor Williams. It is not open to question that at this trial the executors of the will and other defendants in good faith endeavored to sustain the document as his will and a fair trial was had. On December 30, 1843, a decree was entered by that court, pursuant to the
Shortly thereafter negotiations began for a compromise of the litigation. To enable it to be effected an act was passed by the Legislature of Ohio February 15, 1844 (42 O. L. p. 70), entitled “An act to enable Charles E. Williams and Allen W. Gazlay to execute deeds of conveyance under certain restrictions,” whereby they were authorized to make deeds of conveyance or other writings, for any part of their interests in the estate of Elmor Williams, providing that their legal acting guardians should severally so advise and counsel their execution. It further provided that all other minors named in the will of Elmor Williams were authorized to make deeds or other writings in .relation to their interests in his estate, provided that the legal acting guardians of such minors should consent to same in like manner. Thereafter an agreement of compromise entitled “Agreement of Partition of the Heirs of Elmor Williams, Deceased,” was entered into'. It bears date May 6, 1844. It was executed by all the heirs and the guardians of Charles E. Williams and Allen W. Gazlay, by the main devisees, but not by all of the devisees, and by none of the legatees. The name of Charlotte C. Williams was subscribed thereto by her father, Miles Williams, who also signed it individually. He had not been appointed her guardian until May 22, 1844, so, though the paper was dated May 8, 1844, it could not have been fully executed and delivered until after May 22, 1844. This agreement did not make much change in the distribution of the estate from that made by the will, apart from the parcels devised to the son, Charles E. Williams, and to the widow, as first takers, and those in which Charlotte C. Williams and the children of her body begotten were interested, one of which was devised to the widow as first taker, and from the nature of the estate given by the different devises. In each instance the parties amongst whom the estate was to be divided were to have a fee-simple estate, instead of for life, with remainder as stated and as provided for in the will.
So far as the distribution of the estate was concerned, what seems to have been done was, substantially, to give to the Allen children and Allen W. Gazlay sufficient parcels above those devised to them in the will to place them on an equality with the son, Charles E. Wil
Thereafter a quitclaim deed, bearing date May 20, 1844, was made to Allen W. Gazlay for the Vine street parcel, and one bearing date July 19, 1.844, to the Allen children for the Fifth street one, each of which was subsequently acknowledged. The name of Charlotte C. Williams was signed to each deed by her father, Miles Williams, that to the Vine street parcel being signed “Charlotte C. Williams, by Miles Williams, Eegal Acting Guardian,” and that to the other, “Charlotte C. Williams, by Miles Williams, Miles Williams, Eegal Acting Guardian.” Thereafter, at the April term, 1845, of the Supreme! Court,- the following order was entered in the appeal therein pending, to wit:
“It being made known to tbe court since tbe trial of tbis cause in the court of common pleas an act of legislation has been passed by the Legislature of Ohio authorizing the heirs and devisees of Elmor Williams, the testator named in the pleadings in this cause, to settle and compromise the matter in controversy, and it being admitted that under said act the parties have settled and compromised and deeds executed and delivered, and the defendants making known to the court their desire to abandon the appeal taken in the cause, and the costs of suit having been paid, it is, therefore, ordered and decreed that the appeal be dismissed, and that the parties go hence without prejudice to the rights of the legatees of the said Elmor Williams to charge their respective legacies on the lands devised by the said testator.”
Allen W. Gazlay lived until June, 1889, and the appellants in No. 2812 claim the Vine street parcel under his will. He and they have been in continuous possession thereof since 1844, claiming it as their own, and it now rents for $1/1,000 a year, and, upon renewal of lease, will rent for $20,000. In a division amongst the Allen children, the Fifth street parcel fell to Rebecca A. Allen, and the appellants in No. 2823 claim under her by will and descent. She and they have also
In this connection it may be noted that the parcel which went to Miles Williams in the division was conveyed to him by quitclaim deed, dated September 23, 1844. By a deed dated November 10, 1859, made pursuant to a decree of the superior court of Cincinnati, in a suit brought by Gideon C. Burton against Miles Williams and his daughter, Charlotte C., he conveyed same to Ephraim D. Williams in trust for Charlotte C. and her heirs. On the death of Charlotte C., in 1904, it passed to appellee by descent, subject to the life estate of his father.
It is now in order to consider the questions raised by these facts as to the ownership of the property.
The case comes clearly, therefore, within the principle of virtual representation, recognized by the Supreme Court in the case of McArthur v. Scott, 113 U. S. 340, 5 Sup. Ct. 652, 28 L. Ed. 1015; and by this court in Pugh v. Frierson, 221 Fed. 513, 137 C. C. A. 223. These cases merely recognized this principle. They did not apply it. There was no occasion to apply it, as neither case came within it. In McArthur v. Scott, which involved a will contest in Ohio, the heirs at law, one of whom brought the suit contesting the will, in reality represented both sides to the contest, and the executors, who held the legal title in trust for the grandchildren, not then in being, had resigned, and no other personal representative, had been appointed and represented this interest. In Pugh v. Frierson necessity was wanting, as the parties claimed to have been affected by the adverse judgment were then in being, and had not been made parties to the suit. Cases where it has been applied are the following, to wit: Gifford v. Hart, 1 Schoales
We do not understand that in cases coming within the principle there is any fiduciary relation between the parties defendant representing 'the nonparties not in being. The representation is not of the interest of such nonparties, but, the interests being identical, the representation is of the questions, on which their interests depend. The matter is thus put in Hale v. Hale, supra:
“If persons' In being are before the court who have the same interests (as the unborn) and. are equally certain to bring forward the entire merits of the question, and thus give such interests effective protection, the dictates of both convenience and justice require that there should be a complete decree.”
_In this case the interests of the numerous defendants were identical with that of appellee; i. e., to uphold the will. The record of this suit and all papers in it were destroyed by fire in the burning of the courthouse of Hamilton county on March 29, 1884, and proof as to them was made by an attorney who had taken notes in regard thereto in an examination of title. This did not show that the executors were parties defendant to the suit. And it was thought that, under McArthur v. Scott, this affected the validity of the decree of the common pleas court. But this, to say the least, is questionable. The executors there had the legal title to the property in contest and held it in trust for the unborn grandchildren. No such relation existed here between the executors and plaintiff. And in Ohio it is no part of the duty of an executor to defend a will against a contest. Andrews v. Andrews, 7 Ohio St. 143. Besides, one of the executors and the other and his children were substantial devisees. They were defendants in their individual capacities, and their interests were sufficient to lead them to do all in their power to uphold the will. But, however this may be, by the discovery of the original papers in another suit, the character of which is hereafter, indicated, after decree on the original hearing in the lower court and introduced in evidence upon rehearing, it was shown that the executors were parties defendant to the suit.
The fundamental position therein is that the effect o'f the appeal was to vacate the decree. He supports it by two subordinate positions. One is that in those days, in case of an appeal from a judgment or de
There can be no question that the trial in the Supreme Court on appeal from the common pleas court was de novo. From the first Constitution of tire state, adopted in 1802, to that of 1851, appeals were provided from any judgment or decree of the common pleas court, including that in a will contest, to tire Supreme Court. Thereafter until now appeals were provided for from that court to an intermediate court, first styled district court, and then circuit court, and now Court of Appeals. On these appeals, from the beginning until now, the trial in the appellate court has been de novo. ■ There has been, since the Constitution of 1851, a limitation of the cases in which an appeal may be taken; - i. e., to a case in which “the right to demand a jury therein did not exist.” And the right to make such a demand has not been limited to actions at law. But in all cases which have been appealable since this limitation was made the trial in the appellate court has been de novo, precisely as it was before then in every case. Seemingly, as compensation for the loss in jury cases of the right of securing by appeal a trial de novo in the appellate court, provision has been made for a second trial as of right in the common pleas court. So, always, from the beginning until now, it has been provided that any judgment of the common pleas court may be brought to the appellate court by proceedings in error, first until the Constitution of 1851 by writ of error, and afterwards by petition in error, in which case the trial in the appellate court is not de novo, but upon the record in the lower court as to errors of law. And, since the limitation upon the right of appeal to nonjury cases and the prescribing a new test as to cases in which a jury trial may 'be had, it has, in some instances, been a delicate question to determine whether the right to go to the appellate court was limited to proceedings in error or might be in both ways. The method of carrying a case to the appellate court by appeal and there having "a trial de novo has been more than once noted by the Supreme Court of Ohio as a peculiarity in the method of her appellate procedure. In tire case of Grant v. Ludlow, 8 Ohio St. 1, 31, Judge Swan said:
*905 "One of the peculiar features of this appellate jurisdiction was that, unlike a writ of error, which passes upQn the record, and unlike an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, the appeal to the Supreme Court of Ohio took up the subject-matter of the action at the point where the court below took it up, and proceeded from that point, in respect to pleadings, necessary parties in chancery, testimony, trial, and judgment, in like manner as if the cause had never been tried below.”
And in the case of Mason v. Alexander, 44 Ohio St. 318, 327, 7 N. E. 435, 438, Judge Spear said:
“The practice in Ohio is essentially different from the practice in other states in removing cases from general trial courts to appellate courts. While in many of the states, and in perhaps all except our own, an appeal from a court of general jurisdiction is in the nature of a writ of error, whereby the appellate court passes upon the recorras to facts as well as law, does not hear additional or other evidence, but' confines its adjudications to errors appearing upon the record, in Ohio the appeal itself vacates, without revisal, the whole proceeding as to findings of fact as well as law,, and the case is heard upon the same or other pleadings, and upon such competent testimony as may be offered in that court. It takes up the subject of the action de novo, in respect to pleadings, necessary parties, trial, and judgment, in like manner as if the cause had never been tried below.”
But does it necessarily follow, from the fact that, on appeal, trial in the appellate court is de novo, that the effect of the mere appeal, without anything more, is to vacate the judgment or decree appealed from? Thought must be consistent with itself. But cannot the judgment or decree retain its vitality upon and after the appeal; ,i. e., coexist with the fact of a trial de novo? Is there any inconsistency be-' tween the two? Is it essential that the judgment or decree be devitalized in order to the trial de novo ? These questions would seem to answer themselves. Of course, the judgment or decree appealed from necessarily becomes devitalized upon the entering of a judgment or decree in’ the appellate court. A judgment or decree in both qourts cannot coexist. -The judgment or decree of the appellate court ipso facto must vacate and take the place of the judgment or decree of the lower court. But until the entering of the judgment or decree in the appellate court, logically, the judgment or decree can retain its vitality along with the right to and fact of a trial de novo. In cases that come.here on error of appeal, it is not essential that the judgment or decree of the lower court be vacated, in order that this court may retry the questions of law presented in the one case and the questions of law and fact presented in the other. It is not vacated until it is held that error has been committed and it is so adjudged. It is true that in such cases this court is limited to the record in trying them. But the mere fact that the freedom of action on the part of the appellate court may be so great as to permit it to handle the case exactly as the lower court had done does not require that the judgment or de-. cree be vacated in order to do this. That, logically, the judgment or decree appealed from can retain its vitality along with the right to and fact of a trial de novo until a judgment or decree is rendered in the appellate court, is witnessed by the case of Menuez v. Grimes Candy Co , 77 Ohio St. 386, 83 N. E. 82, 11 Ann. Cas. 1037. By section 5235,
“This * * * was an appeal with a view to a trial de novo, the steps necessary to perfect the appeal being taken in the original suit and requiring neither further pleadings nor process. When defendant perfected its appeal by giving thp required notice and bond, the case by operation o.f law at once passed from the jurisdiction of the common pleas into the jurisdiction of the circuit court. A part of the ease which so passed was the perpetual injunction from which the appeal was taken. Thereafter authority to suspend, modify, or enforce the ‘pending motions’ was exclusively in the circuit court.”
The conclusion, therefore, cannot be resisted that there is nothing in the character of the proceedings in the appellate court, after an appeal, which necessitates that the effect of the appeal shall be to vacate the judgment or decree appealed from. Notwithstanding their character, it can retain its vitality until a judgment or decree is rendered by the appellate court, when of necessity it must cease to exist. If the appeal has such an effect, it must be because the statute authorizing the appeal so provides, or the Supreme Court of Ohio has construed it as so providing.
This brings us to the second subordinate position taken by appellee, to wit, that the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that, under the statute in force at the time of the taking of the appeal in question here, the effect of an appeal was to vacate the judgment or decree appealed from. In view of the fact that such statute had an express provision on the subject, and of its nature, it would be strange, indeed, if it has so held. The statute then in force was an act entitled “An act to regulate the practice of the judicial courts,” passed March 8, 1831 (29 O. L. p. 58). By section 112 thereof (Swan’s Statutes of Ohio, p. 683) it was provided:
“That when an appeal shall be granted, and bond and security given therefor as aforesaid, the judgment or decree rendered in such case, in the court of common pleas, shall thereby be suspended.”
Now “vacate” and “suspend” are not synonymous. Vacate means to, annul, set aside, or render void; suspend, to stay. When a tiring is vacated it is devitalized. It is not when suspended. It may be suspended, and yet retain its vitality. Yet notwithstanding this, it must be conceded that the Supreme Court of Ohio, in referring to the effect of an appeal upon a judgment or decree appealed from, has frequently spoken of the appeal as vacating it. In the case of Long v. Hitchcock, 3 Ohio, 274, decided in 1827, the Supreme Court said:
“The defendant in this case had perfected his appeal before his death. When that was done, the verdict and judgment were vacated.”-
“A compliance with these requisitions is held necessary to vacate the judgment of the court of common pleas. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court only attaches to the case when the judgment rendered in the court of common pleas has been thus vacated.”
In the case of Lawson v. Bissell, 7 Ohio St. 129, 132, decided in 1857, Judge Swan said:
“The effect of an appeal of a cause tried by a jury is to vacate the submission to the jury, the verdict and judgment; and the district court proceeds in the action appealed as if there had been no trial in the common pleas. So, if the issues are submitted to the court of common pleas, and verdict and judgment rendered by the court, an appeal vacates the verdict and judgment.”
In the case of Bell v. Crawford, 25 Ohio St. 402, 409, decided in 1874, Judge McIlvaine said:
“In case of appeal from such judgment, not only the judgment, but the report also, is vacated and entirely superseded, and the ca,se stands in the appellate court as though no reference had been made.”
In the case of Aultman v. Seiberling, 31 Ohio St. 201, 204, decided in 1877, Judge White said:
“The effect of an appeal, under our system, is to vacate the order, decision, or decree appealed from, and to carry the cause into the appellate court, both upon the law and facts, the same as if no decision had been made.”
In these five cases the judgment or decree itself is said to be vacated by the appeal. Sometimes no reference is made to the judgment or decree as being vacated. It is what preceded it that is vacated.
In Grant v. Ludlow, supra, 8 Ohio St. 30, decided in 1857, Judge Swan said:
“The appeal itself vacated, without revisal, the operation of all the law decided by the court below, and all the findings of fact by the court or jury below.” '
And In the case of Mason v. Alexander, supra, 44 Ohio St. 328, 7 N. E. 439, decided in 1886, Judge Spear, in the quotation from his opinion made above, said:
“The appeal itself vacates, without revisal, the whole proceeding as to findings'of fact as well as of law.”
~ In each of these seven cases the statutory word "suspend” is not used. And if one looked to them alone, he would not have the slightest suspicion that what the statute provided was that the effect of the appeal was to “suspend” the judgment or decree appealed from. But we find cases where it is used alternately with the word “vacate.” As, for instance, in the case of Teaff v. Hewitt, 1 Ohio St. 511, 519, 59 Am. Dec. 634, decided in 1853, Judge Bartley said:
“An appeal from a decree is nothing else than a proceeding in the original cause, which continues the case by vacating or suspending the decree till the final hearing in the appellate court.”
And in the case of Pittsburg, etc., v. Hurd, 17 Ohio St. 144, 145, decided in 1866, Judge Scott said:-
“The effect of such appeal clearly is to vacate or suspend the effect of the order or decree appealed from, till the matter is heard in the appellate court.”
“The effect of perfecting an appeal to the district court is to render inloperative the judgment of the court of common pleas. The judgment is suspended, and no proceedings can be had under or by force of it, after the appeal is actually tahen.”
Again:
“The suspension of the judgment, however, by filing the appeal bond, necessarily suspends and puts an end to all proceedings by execution or otherwise on the judgment.”
And again:
“The appeal haying Intervened and suspended the operation of the judgment and the proceedings under it, before the sale was rendered effectual by confirmation, and the confirmation being a material step under the execution, we are of opinion that the court below did right in refusing to confirm the sale, after the judgment was rendered inoperative and in effect vacated by the appeal.”
It will be noted that the word “vacated” is here used, but it is the effect of the judgment, and not the judgment itself, which is vacated.
Now in none of these cases was the exact effect of the appeal on the judgment or decree, as between vacation and suspension, involved, and they are not authorities in support of the position that the effect thereof is to vacate and not merely to suspend. But how did it come about that, in describing such effect, the word “vacate” was used, and not “suspend.” Surely some explanation is to be found of this.' The Supreme Court cannot have intended to substitute one word for tire other in the statute. And it is to be found, principally, in the legislation on the subject of appeals before the act of March 8, 1831. The first act after the adoption of the Constitution of 1802 providing for appeals from the common pleas court to the Supreme Court was an act entitled “An act organizing the judicial courts,” passed April 15, 1803 (1 O. D. p. 35). Section 9 thereof provided for the allowance of such an appeal, of course, bond to be given for prosecuting the appeal to effect. This was the sole provision on the subject. Nothing was said as to the effect of the appeal on the judgment or decree appealed from, or as to the procedure in the Supreme Court on tire appeal. No provision was contained therein as to granting a new trial in either court. In the act entitled “An act to reduce into one, the several acts organizing the judicial courts, defining their powers and regulating their practice,” passed February 16, 1810 (8.O. D. p. 259), by section 11 thereof, the Supreme Court and courts of common pleas were empowered to grant new trials in cases where there had been trials by jury for tire reasons for which new trials had usually been granted in the courts of law, provided that not more tiran two new trials be granted to the same party in the same cause. And by section 12 it was provided that, if a new trial be granted, “the former judg
“That when an appeal is granted and bond and security given therein as aforesaid, the judgment or decree rendered in such cause in the court of common pleas shall thereby be rendered void.”
Thus it was provided in express terms that the effect of the appeal was to render void—i. e., to vacate—the judgment or decree appealed from, just as it would have been so rendered,or vacated by the granting of a new trial in the common pleas court.. The granting of a new trial and the taking oí an appeal were placed on exactly the same basis so far as their effect on the judgment or decree of the common pleas court was-concerned. The provisions as to the effect of granting a new trial and taking of an appeal were continued in the act entitled “An act to organize the judicial courts and regulate their practice,” passed February 26, 1816 (14 O. L. p. 310).
By section 2 of an act entitled “An act regulating judgments and executions,” passed February 16, 1805 (3 O. L. p. 69), provision was made for a lien on the real estate of a judgment debtor to secure the judgment. Of course the effect on such liens of the talcing of an appeal from a judgment after the act of February 16, 1810, whereby the judgment was rendered void, which was continued in the act of February 26, 1816, was the same as granting a new trial; i. e., to vacate and remove the lien. Such continued to be the effect of an appeal on a judgment or decree and the lien to secure same until the act entitled “An act to organize the judicial courts and regulate their practice,” passed February 18, 1824 (22 O. L. p. 50). By section 100 thereof it was provided that on an appeal—
“the lien of the opposite party upon the real estate of said appellant created by said judgment shall not be by said appeal removed or vacated, but the real estate of said appellant shall be bound in the same manner as if said appeal had not been taken, until the final determination of the cause in the Supreme Court.”
This provision was inconsistent with a provision that the effect of an appeal from a judgment or decree would be to render it void. So we find that the provision in the acts of 1810 and 1816 to this effect was not contained in the act of 1824. Instead thereof it was provided in section 102:
“That when an appeal is granted and bond and security given thereon as aforesaid, the judgment or decree rendered in such ease in the court of common pleas shall thereby be suspended.”
And from that day to this these two provisions as to the existence of the lien after appeal and the effect of an appeal have been continued in the statutes oí Ohio.
It is thus seen that the use by the judges of the Supreme Court of the word “vacate” to describe the effect of an appeal from adjudgment or decree is a mere reminiscence of the days when such was in fact the effect thereof. Having got in the habit during those days of so de
“It is true that section 9, before quoted, differs in language from the former statutes respecting appeals. Under the old law, an appeal'vacated the judgment appealed from, but preserved its lien; the present statute declares that the judgment shall be ‘suspended.’ But the purpose in both statutes is, we imagine, the same—namely, to preserve the lien—for the Legislature could not have intended that there should be two judgments in force; one rendered by the common pleas, and the other by the district court.”
The statute, section 9 of which he had quoted, was.an act entitled “Regulating appeals to the district court,” passed March 23, 1852 (50 O. L. 93). It was precisely the same as section 102 of the act of February 18, 1824, and section 112 of the act of March 8, 1831, heretofore quotqd; i. e., it provided, the same as they did, that the effect of the appeal was to suspend the judgment or decree appealed from. It is apparent that Judge Thurman thought that the statutes prior to the act of March 23, Í852, provided that the effect thereof was to vacate such judgment or decree, not as the act of March 23, 1852, which provided that the effect was to suspend. Where, then, did he get any such notion? Certainly not from a consideration of the former statutes themselves. A consideration thereof would have shown him that they were precisely the same as the then existing statute of March 23, 1852. He could only have gotten it from the decisions of the Supreme Court, in which, as shown above, the effect of the appeal was almost uniformly described as being to vacate. That he had such notion accounts .for his not realizing that the vacation of a judgment and preservation of a lien to secure it cannot coexist in thought. It was aided by the consideration that, though an appeal did not vacate the judgment of the common pleas, judgment thereon in the Supreme Court did, as it was not possible, as he stated, for the two judgments to be in force; i. e., at the same time.
There-, is nothing,-therefore, in this use of the word “vacate” to describe the effect of an appeal, by the judges of the Supreme Court, to conclude the question as to what was really the effect thereof after
But beyond these considerations the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that, the necessary effect of which is that the effect of an appeal is not to vacate, and lias said in so many words that such is not its effect. We have referred to the fact that from the very beginning, not only has the losing party in the common pleas court had the right to carry a case to the appellate court by appeal, but also by proceedings in error. Whilst the acts of 1810 and 1816 were in force by which it was provided that the effect of an appeal was to “render void” —that is, to vacate—it is not conceivable that these remedies could be prosecuted contemporaneously. There would be no room for a reversal on error of a judgment which had already been vacated or rendered void by appeal. But after the act of 1824, and during the existence of all subsequent acts, if the effect of an appeal was not to vacate, but merely to suspend, as the statute provided, it is conceivable that they could be so prosecuted. And when it became a delicate question as to which was the proper remedy, lawyers began to pursue both remedies, so as not to fail of a hearing in the appellate court because of a mistake in the choice of remedy. Where this was (lone, and the case was appealable, the right to pursue the remedy in error necessarily involved the question as to the effect of the appeal on the judgment or decree appealed from. If it was to vacate it, the proceeding in error must fail, for, as stated, there is no room to reverse on error a judgment or decree that has aieady been vacated by appeal.
This question came before the Supreme Court of Ohio in two late cases, to wit, Hull v. Bell, 54 Ohio St. 228, 43 N. E. 584, and Jenney v. Walker, 80 Ohio St. 100, 88 N. E. 123. In each case appeal lay. In one, the right of appeal was questioned; in the other, it was not.
“The judgment rendered on tlie appeal becomes the final judgment fixing the rights of the parties, and that appealed from is no longer operative; and its ailirmance on error, before trial had on the appeal, can give it no ‘additional or different’ effect that it did not have without such affirmance.”
It therefore dismissed the proceeding in error before it, prosecuted to the judgment affirming the judgment of the common pleas court.
In Jenney v. Walker, appeal was taken from a judgment of the probate court to the common pleas court, and afterwards proceedings in error were presented to the same court. Thereafter the appeal was dismissed, and thereupon the defendant in error moved to dismiss the proceeding in error on the ground that there was no judgment to reverse for error, as the judgment of the probate court had been vacated by the appeal. The common pleas court sustained the motion. The circuit court reversed the action of the common pleas court, and the Supreme Court affirmed its action. Of course, if the effect of the appeal had been to vacate the judgment appealed from, the common pleas court was right in dismissing the proceeding in error.- It was only because such was not the effect of the appeal that it could be said that it was wrong in so doing.
The case of Willson Improvement Co. v. Malone, 78 Ohio St. 232, 85 N. E. 51, is not in point here. There both appeal and error were prosecuted. But, as the case was held not to' be appealable, the appeal was not in the way of the 'proceeding in error. In both Hull v. Bell and Jenney v. Walker, however, the case was appealable. That being so, if the effect of the appeal was to vacate the judgment appealed from, it was error on this ground alone for the circuit court to affirm the judgment of the common pleas court in the one case, and not error for the common pleas court to dismiss the proceeding in error in the other. And the action of the Supreme Court in refusing to reverse the judgment of the circuit court in the one case, and its affirming the judgment of the circuit court, reversing the judgment of the
The other thing which the Supreme Court of Ohio has held, the necessary effect of which is as stated, is that an appeal in a proper case and properly taken may be dismissed by the appellant on his motion, and upon such dismissal the judgment appealed from becomes operative. In the case of Irwin v. Lloyd, 65 Ohio St. 55, 61 N. E. 157, suit was brought by a creditor against an assignee for benefit of creditors in the court of common pleas to compel the allowance of his claim by the assignee. It dismissed the petition on the ground that the .claim was barred by the statute of limitations. An appeal was taken from this judgment, and subsequently dismissed by the appellant. During the pendency of the appeal the creditor sued the debtor and obtained judgment against him, and after the dismissal of the appeal brought another suit in the common pleas court against the assignee, to compel the allowance of the judgment. It was held that this suit was not maintainable. Though the only thing decided, according to the syllabus, which is the law of the case, was that a judgment against a debtor obtained after assignment is not a valid claim against an assigned estate, in the course of his opinion in the case Judge Davis said:
“Here the trustee ha.d exercised Ms statutory privilege by rejecting the original claim, for the reason that it was barred by the statute of limitations. In this he was sustained by the judgment of the court of common pleas. Having appealed to the circuit court, the plaintiffs saw fit to dismiss their appeal without prejudice. Although not so in terms, this was in effect a final dismissal, because there could be no second appeal. The contention as to that claim thereafter was res ad judicata as far as it concerned the assigned estate, represented by the trustee.”
According to this, therefore, an appeal is subject to dismissal by the appellant, and after dismissal the judgment appealed from is res adjudicata. The case of B. & O. R. R. Co. v. City of Washington, 34 Weekly Law Bulletin, 266, was affirmed without opinion. We gather, from the report of the case there made, that the suit brought in the common pleas court was decided in defendant’s favor. The plaintiff took an appeal from the judgment dismissing his petition. Thereafter, in the appellate court, plaintiff moved to be permitted to dismiss the suit without prejudice. This was overruled, and the appeal was dismissed for want of prosecution. The plaintiff brought error to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgment of the lower court, thus holding that plaintiff had no right to' dismiss his case, but that his appeal might be dismissed for want of prosecution. The argument of defendant against plaintiff’s right to dismiss his case was that a plaintiff, by appealing from an adverse judgment and then dismissing his case on the appeal, could commence over again, follow the same course, and thus prevent defendant from having or obtaining a final adjudication of the controversy. The argument of plaintiff against the right to dismiss the appeal was that the appeal vacated the judgment of the-lower court and vested the appellate court with complete jurisdiction
The appellee relies on the case of Banning v. Kirby, 7 Am. Law Record, 601, a decision of the district court of Hamilton county, as aiding him in another particular. It was decided therein that one of several appellants in a will case could not dismiss the appeal against the objection of the others. This decision presupposes that all the appellants could dismiss it. If all could not dismiss, why argue whether some could?
Apart from these de.cisions, unless there was an express provision against the dismissal of an appeal, one- would expect it to be dismissible. And, if dismissible, a dismissal should leave the judgment appealed from in force the same as if no appeal had ever been taken. This it could not do if the effect of the appeal was to vacate the judgment.
In addition to all this, it has been set forth in so many wprds, in an opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio, that the effect of an appeal was not to vacate. This was done in the case of Jenney v. Walker, supra, by Judge Crew. He said:
“The error of such contention or claim is found in the fallacy of the premise upon which it rests, namely, that the appeal cancels and destroys the judgment. The effect of the appeal is not, as assumed by counsel, to vacate and destroy the judgment appealed from; but its only effect is to suspend such judgment, and to stay proceedings to enforce its execution. It' does not operate to annul the judgment, or to otherwise impair its vitality and obligation than by merely suspending its enforcement during the pendency of the appeal. The lien, if any, created by the judgment, is not removed or vacated by the appeal, but subsists and continues in the same manner and to the same extent as if the appeal had not been taken.”
There is nothing in the opinion in Drake v. Tucker, 83 Ohio St. 97, 93 N. E. 534, inconsistent with or in conflict with this statement of Judge Crew in the slightest particular. The statement therein that on an appeal the trial is de novo is not so. There can be, as we have shown, a trial de novo without devitalizing the judgment appealed from.
Several odds and ends remain to be disposed of before our consideration of this fundamental position of appellee, that the effect of the appeal in question here was to vacate the decree of the common pieas court setting aside the document probated as the last will of Elmor Williams, is complete. The appellee relies on the case of Long v. Hitchcock, supra, in support of his position. That was an action at law for slander. By the common law, then in force, the death of defendant in such an action abated the action. The plaintiff recovered judgment in the common pleas court. The defendant appealed to the Supreme Court. After the appeal, and before trial therein, he died. It wás held that the action, and not the appeal, abated by his death. This
Again, by section 23 of an act entitled “An act relating to wills,” passed March 23, 1840 (Swan’s Statutes of 1841, p. 895), in force at the time of the probate of the will in question and the proceedings in the common pleas and Supreme Courts in relation thereto, it was provided as follows:
“In such a suit in chancery an issue shall be made up, whether the writing produced be the last will of the testator or not, which shall be tried by a jury, whose verdict shall be final, between the parties, unless the court shall grant a new trial or the cause be appealed to the Supreme Court.”
Here it is true that the granting of a new trial and the taking of an appeal are treated alike, but not in their effect on the vitality of the verdict and judgment thereon, but upon the right to retry the question as to whether the document was the last will of the testator. So far the effect of granting a new trial and the taking of an appeal are exactly alike.
And again, the suit, papers in which were found after the original hearing in the lower court and introduced in evidence upon rehearing, heretofore referred to, was a suit by seven of the legatees in the will, whose legacies amounted, in the aggregate, to $4,000, and who had received slight payment on them from the personalty, to recover the balance of them from the parties amongst whom the real estate was divided. They obtained in the court of common pleas a decree, and this decree was affirmed in the Supreme Court. This record was introduced by appellants to show that the executors were parties defendant to the suit contesting the will. Appellee contends that it had a boomerang effect, in that it shows that the Supreme Court had held that the will was still in force, notwithstanding the decree of the common pleas court setting it and the probate thereof aside, and this it could only have done on' the ground that the effect of the appeal was to vacate that decree. But it was not held therein that the will was still in force. It is true that the provisions of the will were construed as if it were still in force, and it was held that the will charged the legacies against the rents of the real e.state, in case of a deficiency in the personal estate. This, however, was because it was an express term of the agreement of compromise that the persons amongst whom the real estate was divided should not have to make up any deficiency in the personal estate, unless such was the proper construction of the will. The parties evidently acted upon the idea that this was the only question in the case, and that, if such was the proper construction thereof, such persons were bound to meet such deficiency, and that because of the agreement, and not because of the will.
The appellee makes much ado about the fact that no provision whatever was made therein for his mother Charlotte C. Williams, and himself. She was the only one of the existing beneficiaries for whom no provision was made, except the widow, who had renounced the will and taken under the law. All the other existing beneficiaries, except Charles E. Williams, the son, had received under the agreement substantially the same' that they would have received under the will arid that absolutely. There is, however, no occasion for one being wrought up on behalf of appellee as against appellants here because of this. Charlotte C. Williams is not here complaining. Charles E. Williams, the infant son, who,' along with her-, suffered by the agreement, as compared with the will, seems never to have complained- of his treatment. The childreñ of the bodies begotten of all the other first takers of the real estate, as ‘well as appellee, lost out, and it does not appear that any of them, of whom there must have been some, ever so complained. Charlotte C. Williams in the course of time received what had been conveyed to her father, Miles Williams, and on her death it passed to appellee, subject to his father’s life estate. Beyond all this, the fact of a wrong having been done Charlotte C. Williams and appellee by the agreement depends entirely on whether the document in question was the last will of Elmor Williams. A jury, after a fair trial, found it not to be his last will. On its face it is marked by eccentricities, to wit, unusual generosity to those not the natural objects of his bounty, favoritism amongst those who were, unkind attitude towards his wife, antipathy to his son-in-law and another person, and
The meaning of all this is that we are not in position to form any judgment that the document was the last will of Elmor Williams, and, in the-absence of such a judgment, there is no room to be concerned about any injustice done Charlotte C. Williams and appellee by the agreement. It is possible that the real wrong done thereby was to the grandchildren, under whom appellants claim, and the infant son, and the withholding from Charlotte C. Williams and appellee of any part of the fruits of this wrong was not by them, but by those who brought it about. What we have to do with here, then, is a purely legal question; i. e., whether the circumstance that the appeal was dismissed pursuant to this agreement of compromise, whereby the estate was divided and distributed as therein provided, makes any difference from what would have been the result if it had been dismissed without any concession made to the appellants therein, and solely because of a feeling by them that it was useless to further prosecute the appeal, in which case appellee here would have been barred.
In the case of Holt v. Lamb, 17 Ohio St. 385, Judge Welch said:
“Tbe verdict of a jury is the only instrumentality given by which to invalidate or set aside the probate.”
In view of this it is possible that if, whilst the case was in the common pleas court, a consent decree had been entered setting aside the probate and dividing the estate as provided in the agreement, without the intervention of a jury, the decree would have been invalid even as to the parties to the proceeding. Walker v. Walker, 14 Ohio St. 157, 82 Am. Dec. 474; Holt v. Lamb, supra. Certainly it would have been invalid as to the appellee here, and all other persons not such parties. Such a case would have been one for the application of the doctrine of McArthur v. Scott in its full force. Possibly, also, notwithstanding the verdict of the jury in the common pleas court after a fair trial and decree therein, if the appeal to the Supreme Court had not been dismissed, but such a consent decree had been entered there, the same result, would have followed. We are not concerned to determine this. No such nor any other decree was entered there. It is not possible to say, therefore, that the decree of the common pleas court was vacated by a decree in the Supreme Court on the appeal, which took its place. All that was done was to dismiss the appeal. The agreement was a thing done out of court. It was hot made the decree. of the Supreme Court. Its sole function was to supply the motive for dismissing the appeal. If, whilst the right to take an appeal still existed, but before it had been taken, the agreement had been entered into,
We are therefore constrained to hold thát the ownership of the property in dispute is with appellants. The decree of the lower court is reversed, with directions to dismiss the bill.
Rehearing
On Petition for Rehearing.
Appellee has not apprehended the exact and only ground upon which we have decided against him, and the sole necessity for making response to his petition is, if possible, to render it plain to him what that ground is. This consideration alone makes it worth while that we say something further. In doing so we do not admit that the opinion is not clear on this point.
The appellants are in possession of the property in controversy, and appellee seeks to recover it from them. The question in the case is whether he is the owner, and not whether they are the owners, thereof. We put it this way, not because of any doubt as to whether they are the owners, but that this\ question may be viewed aright. Appellee claims to be the owner by virtue of the probate, February 14, 1843, of the document of date November 28, 1842, as the last will of Elmor Williams. If that probate is still in force, he is the owner. We conceded as much in the opinion. It is equally true that, if it is not still in force, he is not the owner. Appellee has not contended otherwise. His case depends on the truth of the proposition that it is still in force.
The probate was set aside and held for naught Decembér 30, 1843, •by the decree of the commofa pleas court. This decree was a binding decree as to appellee, as well as to the parties to the suit in which it was entered. And, if it is still in force, as it was from the time it was entered until January 15, 1844, when the appeal to the Su
This decree is now in force, as it was then, and it has been so in force ever since April, 1845. This is so because at that time the appeal therefrom was dismissed. As the sole effect of the appeal was to suspend the decree during its pendency and until a decree in the Supreme Court, a dismissal thereof before such a decree put it in force thereafter, just as it woúld have been had no appeal been taken.
That the manner in which the dismissal of the appeal was brought about did not vacate the decree was practically conceded by the appellee. This he did by the position which he took that the appeal itself vacated the decree. Of course, if this was the éffect of the appeal, the dismissal thereof did not reinstate it, and the decree has not been in existence, much less in force, since it was taken; whereas, on the other hand, the probate has been in force since the dismissal of the appeal, and appellee is the owner. It was here that we differed with the appellee. A careful consideration of the statutes of Ohio and the decisions of the Supreme Court of Ohio drove us to the conclusion that the effect of the appeal was to suspend, and not to vacate, the decree.
The exact and only ground, therefore, of our decision against appellee, was that the probate, the sole basis of his claim, is not still in force. This is because of the decree, which set it aside; and, though it was suspended by the appeal, the dismissal put it in force again, and it has been so ever since. This is not sophistry. It is downright truth.
Appellee has it that we decided against him on the ground that he had been deprived of his title by the agreement of May 8, 1844, and deeds thereunder, pursuant to which the appeal was dismissed. He charges us with assuming that his mother, though only four years old, was authorized by the statute of February 15, 1844, to execute the agreement and deeds, and that she and he were parties to them and bound by them. He says that he was surprised to find that the court rested its opinion largely upon this assumption, and that it is the only possible basis therefor. Furthermore, he gathers from the opin
Nowhere in the opinion did we take position that appellee was affected by the agreement or deeds. Nor is there the slightest warrant for the claim that we made the assumption stated. It would seem that the thought that we so assumed arose from the consideration that,.in setting forth the facts of the case, we stated that the agreement, though dated May 8; 1844, could not have been fully executed and delivered until after May 22, 1844. This was an inference from the fact that Miles Williams, who signed the name of his daughter thereto as guardian, was not appointed guardian until that date. Appellee thinks that we drew that inference as a basis for the position that the agreement was binding on his mother and him. And it is on this slight thread that he hangs the claim that we so assumed, and that this assumption was the basis of the decision. The inference, we still think, was a sound one; but there was no motive behind it, other than a historical oñe—i. e., to state all the facts in regard to the agreement as we gathered them from the record. Not only did we not make any such assumption; we did not think that there was any basis whatever therefor. In our opinion, then and now, appellee’s mother and he were no parties legally to the agreement or deeds. They were not bound by them, and appellee’s rights were not affected thereby. We did not express ourselves to this effect, because there was no occasion for us to do so. Appellants were not claiming that appellee was affected by them, as he himself notes, and it was palpable that he was not.
We said nothing intimating that the agreement was meritorious; nor did we sanction it by the conclusion we reached. It is true that we expressed no opinion as to whether there was any fraud in the transaction and that we were not shocked by it. Here, too, there was no occasion to express any opinion, as, conceding that there was fraud, appellee’s case was not bettered thereby. As before stated, the sole possible effect thereof was that appellee was entitled to have the dismissal of the appeal set aside and the appeal reinstated. The effect thereof was not to vacate the decree which set aside the probate, the sole basis of appellee’s claim. It is the decree which is in the way of appellee’s success, and not the agreement and deeds, 'and until he can show that in some way it has been vacated he can make no progress. He does not show it by making good that his grandfather, Miles Williams, sold out his mother and him.
It is true that we were not shocked by the transaction pursuant to which the appeal was dismissed. We were not shocked for two reasons. One is that we conceive that it is rarely, if ever, a good thing for a judge, whose prime function is to see things as they are, ever to be shocked. It is not essential to doing justice. It may result in injustice. T. & N. R. R, Co. v. W. U. Tel. Co. (D. C.) 218 Fed. 91, 95.
The petition for rehearing is overruled.
