132 P. 787 | Idaho | 1913
— This action was commenced by the appellant for the purpose of securing an accounting and for judgment for the value of ore and mineral extracted and removed by the respondents from certain veins and ore deposits beneath the surface of the Ontario mining claim, and for an injunction pendente lite, and for a permanent injunction restraining defendants from further working these ore bodies or removing ore therefrom. Application was made to the trial court for an injunction pending the trial of the action, and that application was denied and an appeal was prosecuted to this court. The order of the trial court was affirmed (Stewart Min. Co. v. Ontario Min. Co., ante, p. 280, 129 Pac. 932). The case thereafter went to trial in the district court in and for Shoshone county on the complaint of the.plaintiff and answer and cross-complaint on the part of the defendant and an answer by the plaintiff to defendant’s cross-complaint. Findings of fact and conclusions of law were subsequently made and filed and judgment was thereupon entered denying the
The appellant is the owner of the Senator Stewart Fraction lode mining claim and holds a patent from the United States for the same. Jonathan Bourne, Jr., of Portland, Or., is the owner of the Ontario lode mining claim, and the Ontario Mining Co., an Idaho corporation, is the lessee thereof and is in the possession of the same working and extracting ores therefrom. These two mining claims are not adjoining or contiguous claims, but are in close proximity to each other, Plaintiff’s exhibit No. 3 is a surface map which has been introduced in evidence in this case, and illustrates the relative positions of these claims and also the strike and dip of the vein in the Senator Stewart Fraction as well as the apex claimed by appellant for this vein. The following is a copy of this exhibit :
“8. That no part of the apex of the said ore bodies lies-within the lines of the Senator Stewart Fraction lode mining-claim.
“10. That within said Senator Stewart Fraction lode mining claim there is a vein or lode of mineral-bearing rock in place which on its onward course crosses the south side line of said Senator Stewart Fraction lode mining claim, and has a course about north 30 degrees east, and the said vein on its. onward course does not reach any other line of said claim. That the said vein is cut off on its onward course by a large-fault near the north line of said claim, called the Osborne-fault in this case. That the said vein on its downward course-passes underneath the east line of said claim, which is described in the patent as the end line of said claim, which line connects corners 1 and 2 of said claim. That the fault which cuts off .said vein on its northerly end has a northwestwardly and southeastwardly course and dips southwestwardly. That the end of the vein against said fault has a course north 41 degrees west. That the end of said vein against said fault has a steeply inclined downward course southeasterly.
“11. That the end of the vein as the same is terminated! on the onward course of the said vein against the fault hereinbefore referred to is the end of the vein on the line of its-dip, and the said vein is undercut by the said fault in such manner that if the country below the fault was eroded, it would present the appearance of an overhanging cliff.
“12. That the said fault which terminates the said vein upon its onward course is a fault of great magnitude, and for a short -distance above the fault has disturbed and broken and slightly deformed the vein, and inclosing rocks in close proximity to said fault in some places for a greater distance from the fault than in others. That the vein is also at various
“13. That the said vein is continuous on its onward course from the line of contact with the said great fault, in this case ■called the Osborne fault, southerly to the ore bodies within the Ontario lode mining claim and has been followed upon the level in the drifts by the miners from the said edge of the vein to the ore bodies in the Ontario mining claim.
‘ ‘ 14. That the top or apex of said vein which on its onward ■course crosses the south side line of said claim is practically level. ’ ’
A great many maps and models have been introduced in ■evidence and have been submitted for our consideration. Defendants have submitted a model showing the course and dip •of the vein as it extends through both the Stewart Fraction ■claim and the Ontario, and illustrating all the underground workings, including all tunnels, shafts, drifts, cross-cuts, stopes, winzes, etc., and also showing the Osborne fault where it cuts off the vein. A photographic view of this model will be incorporated herein as an aid to an understanding of such ■of the evidence as we may refer to hereafter. The section shown on the right of this view extending northwest and ■southeast represents the Osborne, fault, and the Frank and Gray stopes are beneath the surface of the Ontario claim, and the Osborne fault as here shown is within the Stewart Fraction:
The evidence in this case, it seems to us, is abundantly sufficient to show the following facts: That the vein to which appellant claims extralateral rights extends in a northeasterly and southwesterly course, and that its course is about north thirty degrees east. This vein crosses the south side line of the Stewart Fraction at about right angles. It extends to within about 100 feet of the north side line of the Stewart Fraction and is there cut off in its onward course or strike by what is known throughout that mining section as the “Osborne fault.” This fault is some miles in width and extends lengthwise for a number of miles across the country and is not peculiar to this vein alone, but is well known by miners and prospectors throughout that mining region. This fault has a course from southeast to northwest and bears about 41 degrees west of north. The dip of this fault is southwestwardly. Of this fault and the effect it had on the end of the vein where it cut the' same off on its onward course, Mr. Lawson, Professor of Geology in the State University of California, who testified in the case, said:
“Following the level along the general strike of the vein in a northeasterly direction, the vein terminates against a fault, and it has not been discovered as far as I am aware— I at least have not seen it beyond that fault, but the fault is the one which has been referred to in this ease frequently as the Osborne fault. The Osborne fault is- a fault of very considerable magnitude, and of great extent, which has been mapped by the geological survey in its publications in this district, but I -do not vouch for the correlation of this fault
It is further shown by some of the experts that this vein at the edge where it is cut off along the Osborne fault is at various places turned, curled, or cupped upward, caused by the disturbance which created the fault and cut off the vein. It further appears that this vein is undercut by the Osborne fault in such a manner that if the fault were eroded, or washed away, it would leave the vein standing out as an- overhanging cliff. The dip of this vein to the southeast and at right angles to the strike is perhaps about 40 degrees; some- witnesses say about 30 while others place it at 40 or 50 degrees.
The Stewart Fraction is a patented mining claim, and it seems to be conceded that the discovery upon which the location was made and patent procured was not upon this vein. The evidence does not disclose the course of the discovery vein or lode in the Stewart Fraction. At the close of the trial and prior to making findings of fact and conclusions of law, and, — I presume from the bench, — the court announced his
“In this case of the Stewart Mining Co. against the Ontario, I have paid very close attention during the trial, and very considerable thought and investigation since. I have determined in favor of the defendant in this action. There may be some little dispute about the apex of that vein, but there is no question in my mind as to its course, and there is no question in my mind as to the law of the ease. I have a settled conviction, which it would take a decision of the supreme court of the United States,to remove, that when a vein crosses the side line on its course, that that side line becomes an issue and that it is the end line of that claim where it crosses, whether it crosses both end lines or not, and it is upon that ground chiefly that I award the decision to the defendants.”
Appellant assigns as error that part of this statement of the court wherein he held that the southerly side line of the Stewart Fraction claim is in fact an end line, and in consequence thereof the owner is not entitled to any extralateral right to the veins southerly of the vertical plane of such line. We shall have occasion hereafter in' this opinion to refer to the principle of law here involved, but for the purposes of disposing of this assignment of error it is sufficient to say that under the statutes of this state and the rule of law frequently announced by this court these remarks or observations of the trial court were no part of the decision of the court. The decision consists of the findings of fact and conclusions of law which must be in writing and filed with the clerk. (Sec. 4406, Rev. Codes; Hamilton v. Spokane etc. Ry. Co., 3 Ida. 164, 28 Pac. 408; Caldwell v. Wells, 16 Ida. 463, 101 Pac. 812.)
The important and decisive assignment of error is lodged against the finding of the court that the termination of the vein in the Stewart Fraction along the Osborne fault is not the top or apex of the vein. There is some difference among the witnesses as to the inclination and apparent strike of the vein at certain points in this edge where it is curled up along the Osborne fault, but, taken as a whole, the evidence
The definitions of the word “apex” as used in the statute (sec. 2322, U. S. Rev. Stats.) all reach the one inevitable conclusion that it is the highest point in the vein (Flagstaff Silver Min. Co. v. Tarbet, 98 U. S. 469, 25 L. ed. 253, 9 Morr. Min. Rep. 607; Lindley on Mines, 2d ed., secs. 305, 309; Costigan on Mining Law, p. 137, sec. 35; Duggan v. Davey, 4 Dak. 110, 26 N. W. 887, 17 Morr. Min. Rep. 59; Del Monte Min. Co. v. Last Chance Min. Co., 171 U. S. 55, 18 Sup. Ct. 895, 43 L. ed. 72, 19 Morr. Min. Rep. 370), but this is only a general definition, and its application to any particular vein or peculiar location may and often will call for further particularity of description. It must be the top or terminal edge of the vein on the surface or the nearest point to the surface, and it must be the top of the vein proper rather than of a spur or feeder, just as the highest point in the roof of a house would be taken to be the apex of the house, and not the chimney or flagstaff. Again, an apex is a point from which the vein has a dip as well as strike or course else it confers no extralateral right. (Costigan, Mining Law, p. 414; Gilpin v. Sierra-Nevada Con. Min. Co., 2 Ida. 696 (662), 23 Pac. 547, 1014, 17 Morr. Min. Rep. 310.)
Appellant lays great stress on the words “downward course” as employed in the statute (sec. 2322), and counsel have devoted many pages of their brief to a discussion of the authorities which treat of this subject. In this statute the words “downward course” and “course downward” are used
Some confusion has obtruded into this case through an attempt to extend the language of the courts in Bunker Rill & Sullivan M. & C. Co. v. Empire State etc. Co., 134 Fed. 268, and Last Chance Mining Co. v. Bunker Hill & Sullivan M. & C. Co., 131 Fed. 579, 66 C. C. A. 299, to an unwarranted length. The suggestion contained in those cases that it makes no difference whether the vein be followed more on the dip than the strike, provided it be “between vertical planes drawn downward through its adjudicated end lines, ’ ’ is not the vital holding or ruling of the court in either case, and as we understand the decisions of the supreme court, does not find unqualified support in any of the decisions of that court. The supreme court always qualifies its holdings in this respect by the condition of the statute that the course between those vertical planes must he downward. So far as we are aware, the authorities are quite uniform in holding that the extra-lateral right awarded by the statute (sec. 2322) must in all cases be pursued more upon the dip than the strike of the vein, — more upon the downward than upon the onward course of the vein. To pursue a vein in the direction of its strike at an angle of less than 45 degrees to the course thereof would clearly not be following the vein on its “downward course” as authorized by the statute.
Mr. Lindley, in vol. 2, 2d ed., of his work on Mines, at sec. 589, summarizes the rule as follows: “ So the downward course of the vein which may be followed in the exercise of
It is clear to us from the wording of the statute and the reasoning of the opinions that there can be no extralateral right on the strike of the vein. (Argentine Min. Co. v. Terrible Min. Co., 122 U. S. 478, 7 Sup. Ct. 1356, 30 L. ed. 1140, 17 Morr. Min. Rep. 109; Southern Nevada Gold & S. Min. Co. v. Holmes Min. Co., 27 Nev. 107, 103 Am. St. 759, 73 Pac. 759; Colorado Cent. Consol. Min. Co. v. Turck, 50 Fed. 888, 2 C. C. A. 67; McCormick v. Varnes, 2 Utah, 355; Tombstone Mill & Min. Co. v. Way Up Min. Co., 1 Ariz. 426, 25 Pac. 794; Larned v. Jenkins, 113 Fed. 634, 51 C. C. A. 344, 22 Morr. Min. Rep. 94; Costigan, Min. Law, p. 414.)
Now, there is no doubt in. the present case about the vein crossing the southerly side line of the Stewart Fraction at about right angles to that line. If this were the Stewart Fraction discovery vein or lode, its course or strike clearly would convert this side line into an end line, and the end lines of the location on the ground would become side lines. (Flagstaff Silver Min. Co. v. Tarbet, 98 U. S. 469, 25 L. ed. 253, 9 Morr. Min. Rep. 607; Del Monde Min. Co. v. Last Chance Min. Co., 171 U. S. 55, 18 Sup. Ct. 895, 43 L. ed. 72, 19 Morr. Min. Rep. 370; Iron Silver Min. Co. v. Elgin Min. & S. Co., 118 U. S. 196, 6 Sup. Ct. 1177, 30 L. ed. 98, 15 Morr. Min. Rep. 641; Argentine Min. Co. v. Terrible Min. Co., 122 U. S. 478, 7 Sup. Ct. 1356, 30 L. ed. 1140, 17 Morr. Min. Rep.
There is only one consideration which can possibly prevent treating the southerly side line of the Stewart Fraction as an end line in measuring appellant’s right to pursue the vein beyond the exterior boundaries of its location, and that is the rule announced in Iron Silver Min. Co. v. Elgin M. & S. Co., 118 U. S. 196, 6 Sup. Ct. 1177, 30 L. ed. 98, 15 Morr. Min. Rep. 641, Last Chance Min. Co. v. Tyler Min. Co., 157 U. S. 683, 15 Sup. Ct. 733, 39 L. ed. 859, 18 Morr. Min. Rep. 205, Walrath v. Champion Min. Co., supra, and Del Monte v. Last Chance Min. Co., supra, that the course of the primary or discovery vein definitely determines the end lines and side lines for all veins having their apices within the exterior boundaries of the location. (See Costigan on Mines, p. 448; Snyder on Mines, sec. 885; Cosmopolitan Min. Co. v. Foote, 101 Fed. 518, 20 Morr. Min. Rep. 497.) In other words, the courts have held that the locator of a mining claim cannot treat the end lines of his location as the true end lines for the purpose of one vein having its apex within the surface boundary of the claim and pursue his extralateral rights on that vein in one direction, and then claim that those same end lines are side lines with reference to another vein having its apex within the surface boundaries of the location, so as to enable him to pursue his extralateral right on the secondary
It is claimed by appellant that the Stewart Fraction, being a patented claim, and the vein in controversy for which extra-lateral rights are asserted not being the discovery or primary vein, and there being no evidence as to the course or strike of the discovery vein, we must assume that the surface location was made along the course of the vein (Calhoun Gold Min. Co. v. Ajax Min. Co., 182 U. S. 499, 21 Sup. Ct. 885, 45 L. ed. 1200, 21 Morr. Min. Rep. 381; Work Min. & Mill Co. v. Dr. Jack Pot Mining Co., 194 Fed. 620; Enterprise Min. Co. v. Rico-Aspen Consol. Min. Co., 167 U. S. 108, 17 Sup. Ct. 762, 42 L. ed. 96, 18 Morr. Min. Rep. 661; Ajax Gold Min. Co. v. Hilkey, 31 Colo. 131, 102 Am. St. 23, 72 Pac. 447, 62 L. R. A. 555, 22 Morr. Min. Rep. 585), and that the end lines cross the discovery vein and become the end lines for all veins having their apices within the surface boundaries of the location. In the absence of proof as to the course of the discovery vein, this presumption undoubtedly arises, but it is doubtful if it has any application in¡ a case where no question arises over any fact, the existence of which was essential to secure the patent, or where the action in no way involves the discovery vein or the right of the locator to pursue it in any manner or direction, and the party against whom the presumption is invoked was- not a party or privy to the location or patent proceedings. But for the purposes of this case, we shall proceed on the theory that a legal presumption arises from the issuance of patent to the Stewart Fraction that the end lines as established on the ground are the true end lines for all the purposes of this case. If, then, the edge of the vein along the Osborne fault would meet the requirements of the statute as the apex of a vein, appellant would doubtless be entitled to pursue this vein beyond the vertical plane of its south side line as long as it could do so on the downward course of the vein. Under no rule or definition to which our attention has been called can the end edge of the vein along the Osborne fault be treated as an apex of the vein and ore bodies here in question which are being worked beneath the
310.) Yet in that ease the court denied the Sitting Bull any extralateral rights, on the ground that it had no apex within its exterior boundaries.
Counsel for respondent have incorporated in their brief a diagram showing the Sitting Bull location and line of vein exposure, and the Stewart Fraction and vein, for purposes of comparison, and we are appending it herein for the purpose of showing the similarity between the two veins in the matter of strike and dip:
The maps and models introduced all tend to support the contention that any pursuit of this vein by appellant beyond the south side line of the Stewart Fraction along a line parallel to the vertical plane of its east end line would be about horizontal rather than downward. This brings us to a principle of law which has been recognized or in some respect adverted to in some of the extralateral rights cases, to the effect
Some suggestion has been made in the briefs to the effect that the Stewart company discovered and developed this vein, and that the Ontario company thereafter took advantage of appellant’s discovery and development of the vein and thereupon prosecuted the work within the planes of their own boundary lines so as to tap this ore body and extract and remove it from the claim, and that the Ontario company is in fact profiting from the discovery made by the Stewart company. The evidence discloses that the principal ore bodies in the Ontario have been opened up and worked by the Ontario company through what is known as the Silver King adit or tunnel, for a half interest in which the Ontario company paid the appellant herein the sum of $10,000, and it was known and understood at the time of this purchase that the purpose of procuring the right to use the tunnel was to develop, open up and work the ore bodies in the Ontario claim. This tunnel transaction would in no way preclude or determine any legal right which appellant had to pursue a vein beneath the surface of the Ontario claim, but it does in a measure refute 'the charge of bad faith which has been suggested by appellant. It might be said, with equal support
Lastly, appellant complains of that part of the judgment of the court which enjoins and restrains appellant from “asserting any right, title or interest in or to the said Ontario mining claim or the ores or minerals therein, adverse to the Ontario mining company.” The appellant was the owner of the Switchback claim shown on the first diagram herein, and it now claims that this decree prejudices the Stewart mining company from subsequently asserting an apex right to this vein in the Switchback claim, and that no decree should have been entered which would in any way affect their rights under the Switchback location. The Ontario company filed a cross-complaint, and, among other things, alleged and charged that the Stewart mining company had no right whatever in or to the ore bodies beneath the surface of the Ontario location, and asked that the Stewart company be required to come in and set up whatever right or claim it might have by reason of any of its locations to the ore bodies beneath the surface of the Ontario location. To this cross-complaint the appellant herein answered, setting up its rights under the Switchback location, and that the Switchback is adjacent to and situated easterly of the Senator Stewart Fraction claim, and that it is also adjacent to and situated northerly of the Ontario location. It then alleged ‘ ‘ That the vein or lode hereinbefore described, the apex of which is within the Senator Stewart Fraction quartz lode mining claim, extends on its strike into said Switchback mining claim, and the apex thereof is within the boundaries of said Switchback mining claim and follows an easterly direction along said claim for a considerable distance, and said vein has a downward course from said apex in a southerly direction and toward said Ontario mining claim. That said vein and the apex thereof within said Switchback claim have not been explored or developed sufficiently to determine the extent to which said vein and the
Evidence was introduced showing that this vein at the end edge along the Osborne fault passes beneath the westerly end line of the Switchback upon the same inclination of its general dip along that fault. It is also shown that a drift was driven from the Switchback into these same ore bodies in the Ontario. While the Switchback has not been worked to any extent, the evidence in this case shows clearly the course and dip of the vein, and if the northerly end edge of this vein along the' Osborne fault did not constitute an apex within the surface boundaries of the Stewart Fraction, it does not constitute an apex within the boundaries of the Switchback, and the appellant could not recover under its Switchback location for the same reason that it cannot recover under the Stewart Fraction location.
Again, in the answer to the cross-complaint, as above quoted, it was alleged that this vein passed through the Switchback in an easterly direction on the course of its strike. As we have above set forth, the strike of this vein is not easterly or southeasterly as claimed by appellant, but it is southerly, and so for this reason they could not recover under the right to pursue this vein into the Ontario under the Switchback location.
We think the court properly entered its decree quieting respondent’s title as well against the Switchback location as against the Stewart Fraction location. (Lawson v. United States Min. Co., 207 U. S. 1, 28 Sup. Ct. 15, 52 L. ed. 65; Last Chance Co. v. Bunker Hill Co., 131 Fed. 579, 66 C. C. A. 299.)
Under the statute of this state, see. 4538, Rev. Codes, an action to quiet title may be brought by any person against another who claims an estate or interest in any real property adverse to him, for the purpose of determining such adverse claim. (Fry v. Summers, 4 Ida. 424, 39 Pae. 1118; Johnson v. Hurst, 10 Ida. 308, 77 Pac. 784; Shields v. Johnson, 10 Ida. 476, 79 Pac. 391, 3 Ann. Cas. 245; Coleman v. Jaggers, 12 Ida. 125, 118 Am. St. 207, 85 Pac. 894; Wilson v. Linder, 18 Ida. 444, 138 Am. St. 213, 110 Pac. 274.)