Stеven E. LANDIS, Plaintiff-Appellee v. David PHALEN, Fairfield County Sheriff, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
No. 07-4262.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Oct. 15, 2008.
MERRITT, Circuit Judge.
I.
Plaintiff Steven E. Landis sued Fairfield County Sheriff‘s Deputies Greg Storts (“Deputy Storts“) and Jamey Allen (“Deputy Allen“) and Sergeant Marian DeVault (collectively “Defendants“) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, alleging federal аnd state law claims arising out of his arrest on July 17, 2004. On October 7, 2007, 2007 WL 2902940, the district court entered an opinion and order granting in part and denying in part Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. In pertinent part, the district court denied Defendants’ request for qualified immunity on Plaintiff‘s Fourth Amendment claim of excessive force in violation of
Defendants аppeal the district court‘s denial of qualified immunity. Plaintiff moves this court to dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction under
II.
In the early morning hours of July 17, 2004, Deputies Storts and Allen responded to a domestic disturbance call at a local residence. On arrival, they observed Plaintiff‘s son, Steven M. Landis, standing outside and spoke with him. The son stated that he and Plaintiff had been drinking and had since gotten into an argument about whether the son was sober enough to leave by car.
Shortly after the Deputies’ arrival, Plaintiff came outside. Deputy Storts told Plaintiff that, if the son was not drunk, he was legally entitled to leave because he was an adult. Deputy Allen then administered a sobriety test, found the son was sober enough to drive, and permitted him to leave. Around this time, Plaintiff‘s wife, Norma Rooker-Landis (“Rooker“), also arrived on the scene and began speaking to the Deputies.
After the son left, Plaintiff went back inside the residence while Rooker remained outside, speaking to the Deputies. Some time later, Plaintiff stepped out on his porch to yell (at times obscenely) at the Deputies to get off his property and to tell Rooker not to talk to them anymore. He then returned inside. This process repеated itself several times and, eventually, Deputy Storts warned Plaintiff that, if he stepped outside again, he would be placed under arrest. Undeterred, Plaintiff persisted in coming outside and was placed under arrest.
The central facts surrounding the arrest itself are as follows. Deputy Storts arrested Plaintiff on the porch. He struggled to put Plaintiff in handcuffs, and called for the momentary assistance of Deputy Allen (who, until then, was talking to Rooker). Once handcuffed, Deputy Storts escorted Plaintiff to a nearby police cruiser for a
There were five witnesses to the arrest: Plaintiff, Deputy Storts, Deputy Allen, Rooker, and Shawn Nutter, a friend of Deputy Allen‘s brother who was on a police ride-along and watched from the police cruiser. Their depictions оf the encounter vary.
Plaintiff testified that, as he was being handcuffed on the porch, he turned around to ask what the charges were. Steven E. Landis Depo., J.A. at 114. When told he was under arrest for obstruction of justice, he replied “bullshit” and was shoved through his screen door by Deputy Storts, knocking him out. Id. at 114-15. He regained consciousness to find himself being choked by Deputy Storts while bent over the back of the police cruiser, at which point both his hands were in handcuffs. Id. at 115. He then lost consciousness a second time, only to regain consciousness once on the ground of his gravel driveway. Id. When he came to, his right hand was free and Deputy Storts was оn top of him, smashing his face into the gravel. Id. Plaintiff then outstretched his arms in submission and twice exclaimed to Rooker that he was not resisting. Id. Deputy Storts then smashed his head into the gravel a final time and warned him to keep quiet or he would “break [his] neck.”2 Id.
Deputy Storts testified to the same sequence of events (that is, from the рorch to the cruiser to the ground), but insisted that Plaintiff had resisted arrest throughout the encounter. Greg Storts Depo., J.A. at 550-57.
Although Deputy Allen twice offered assistance to Storts — first helping to handcuff Plaintiff on the porch and later to grab Plaintiff‘s errant hand on the ground — he had his back turned for most of the encounter because he was talking to Rooker. Jamey Allen Depo., J.A. at 479-80. In turn, he “[d]id not see any resisting arrest.” Id. at 480. Deputy Allen did, however, overhear Plaintiff yell “uh” or “ooh” as if someone was “falling down” and Deputy Storts say “How did you get out of those handcuffs?” just before the two men fell to the gravel driveway. Id. at 480-81.
Rooker testified that, in arresting Plaintiff on the рorch, Deputy Storts grabbed Plaintiff by his face and “whipped him around to put the cuffs on him.” Norma
Nutter, present for the ride-along, testified that Plaintiff was “throwing his shoulders around” and yelling as Storts attempted to handcuff him on the porch, but did not recall the incident at the cruiser. Shawn Nutter Depo. J.A. at 927, 929. Nutter stated that the confrontation “somehow” got to the gravel, where Plaintiff and Storts continued “scuffling” and, in Nutter‘s opinion, Plaintiff continued resisting. Id. at 929, 931. Although Nutter never saw Plaintiff‘s “face аctually pushed down in the gravel,” he conceded that when the paramedics arrived Plaintiff had bruises, dirt, and some scratches on his face. Id. at 922, 932.
On these facts, the district court ruled that Defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff‘s excessive force claim. It reasoned:
[G]enuine issues of material fact exist аs to what transpired during Plaintiff‘s arrest. Plaintiff claims that he was being choked, that he was gasping for air, and that his face was beaten into the gravel driveway. In contrast, Deputy Storts testified that he had difficulty trying to re-cuff Plaintiff‘s loose hand and ended up in a scuffle on the driveway. According to Deputy Allen, who helped to re-сuff Plaintiff, Deputy Storts used about fifty percent of his body weight on Plaintiff while on the driveway and it took both of them to recuff the Plaintiff. In short, the testimony reveals two very different versions of the arrest. Such issues must be resolved by a jury. If a jury credits Plaintiff‘s testimony that he was incapacitated yet choked and beaten into the gravel driveway, the jury could conclude that the Deputies acted unreasonably and violated Plaintiff‘s Fourth Amendment rights during the arrest on the evening in question. On the other hand, if a jury credits the Defendants’ testimony, then Plaintiff‘s Fourth Amendment claim fails. Since there are genuine issues of material fact regarding the Plaintiff‘s arrest, the Defendants arе not entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff‘s excessive force claim and summary judgment is inappropriate.
Op. and Order, J.A. at 1127-28 (internal citations omitted). The court conceded that Plaintiff‘s claim to have gone in and out of consciousness might “undercut [his] version of events,” but held that “this remains for the jury to decide.” Id. at 1128 n. 9.
III.
Appellate jurisdiction is limited to “final decisions” of the district courts.
The Supreme Cоurt created an exception to this standard where a district court‘s denial of qualified immunity turns on a disputed issue of material fact and one side‘s version of those facts is “blatantly contradicted” and “so utterly discredited by the record that no reasonable jury could believe it.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 1776, 167 L. Ed. 2d 686 (2007). However, Scott‘s exception applies only to the “rare” case at the “outer limit” where a district court makes a “blatan[t] and demonstrabl[e] error.” Wysong v. City of Heath, 260 Fed. Appx. 848, 853 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting in part Blaylock v. City of Philadelphia, 504 F.3d 405, 414 (3d Cir. 2007)).
IV.
In challenging the district court‘s denial of summary judgment, Defendants implicitly3 ask this panel to reconsider the district court‘s determination that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether excessive forсe was used during Plaintiff‘s arrest. As noted above, review of this factual determination is permissible only in the “rare” event of a blatant and demonstrable error in interpreting the facts by the district court. Wysong, 260 Fed. Appx. at 853. Absent such error, this court may not revisit the factual basis behind a denial of summary judgment.4
The district court concluded that, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, there was a genuine issue of material fact on the issue of resistance and excessive force. Op. and Order, J.A. at 1127-28. Defendants argue that this was in error because there was insufficient evidence to support Plaintiff‘s claim that he was not resisting arrest — an interpretation of the facts expressly at odds with the District Court‘s statement of the factual dispute. Id. at 1128. Because Defendants do not concede the facts alleged by Plaintiff, the instant appeal is permissible only if the district court committed blatant and demonstrable error in by deferring to Plaintiff‘s account below. The answer to this questiоn can be found by reference to those cases in which courts did find district courts guilty of such error.
In Scott v. Harris, the plaintiff sued a police officer for excessive force during a high-speed car chase based on his use of a Precision Intervention Technique (PIT), which causes the fleeing vehicle to spin out of control. 127 S. Ct. at 1773. The officer movеd for summary judgment, asserting qualified immunity because the plaintiff‘s attempted high-speed escape placed pedestrians and other motorists in grave danger. The plaintiff responded that “there was little, if any, actual threat to pedestrians or other motorists, as the roads were mostly empty.” Id. at 1775. Viewing the facts in
Although on summary judgment courts must draw reasonable inferences “in the light most favorable to the [nonmoving] party,” United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S. Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962) (per curiam), there was “an added wrinkle in this case” — the existence of video from the police cruiser‘s dashboard camera which recorded the chase. Scott, 127 S. Ct. at 1775. The video depicted “a Hollywood-style car chase of the most frightening sort,” and showed the plaintiff “swerve around more than a dozen other cars” and “force cars traveling in both directions to their respective shoulders to avоid being hit.” Id. at 1775-76. The Supreme Court reversed the denial of qualified immunity, holding that courts need not defer to the plaintiff‘s version of events if “blatantly contradicted” and “utterly discredited by the record” such that “no reasonable jury could believe it.” Id. at 1776.
The Sixth Circuit has twice relied on Scott to overturn denials of qualified immunity in excessive force cases. See Wysong, 260 Fed. Appx. 848; Marvin v. City of Taylor, 509 F.3d 234 (6th Cir. 2007).
In Wysong, the plаintiff, a diabetic, admitted that he had no memory of his arrest due to a blackout caused by low blood sugar. Wysong, 260 Fed. Appx. at 849, 853. Despite that admission, the district court denied qualified immunity based on the plaintiff‘s otherwise unsupported claim that he was not resisting arrest. On appeal, this court found that because the plaintiff ”had no conscious memory of what happened and could not affirm or deny any of his actions” during the arrest and “presented no other witnesses or physical evidence to confirm his story,” there were no facts in dispute and the denial of qualified immunity was thus inappropriate. Id. at 850-51 (emphasis in original).
In Marvin, the plaintiff‘s account of his arrest was contradictеd by video of the incident from the police cruiser and inside the jail. Marvin, 509 F.3d at 245-51. Ruling on qualified immunity before Scott, the district court denied qualified immunity despite the discrepancy. During the appeal, the Supreme Court decided Scott and, accordingly, this court reversed the district court‘s decision because the video made it impossible to credit the plaintiff‘s vеrison of the events. Id.
The present case does not fit the mold of Scott, Wysong, or Marvin. Unlike Scott and Marvin, there is no irrefutable evidence (such as video) establishing that Plaintiff resisted arrest at the cruiser and on the ground. And unlike Wysong, Plaintiff was not unconscious throughout his arrest. Rather, he remained conscious through much of it and testified only as to what he actually remembered. See Steven E. Landis Depo., J.A. at 114-19. In particular, he specifically recalled being choked against the cruiser and, once on the ground, having his face smashed into the gravel — all while not resisting. Id. Although Plaintiff‘s testimony is disputed by that of the arresting officer (Deputy Storts) and, to a lesser extent, by that of an onlooker (Nutter), it cannot be described as “blatantly contradicted” and “utterly discredited” so that “no reasonable jury could believe it.” Scott, 127 S.Ct. at 1776. Moreover, Plaintiff, also unlike Wysong, has the benefit of an additional onlooker (Rooker) whose testimony contradicts the arresting officer‘s account and corroborates portions of Plaintiff‘s version of events. Therefore, the district court made no blatant and demоnstrable error in finding a disputed issue of material fact,
V.
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff‘s motion to dismiss Defendants’ interlocutory appeal for lack of jurisdiction is granted and Defendants’ appeal is hereby dismissed.