For nearly ten years appellant Edwin Stern, then incorporated as E. H. Stern, Inc., operated a successful card and gift shop in a neighborhood shopping center on West Paces Ferry Road in Atlanta. In 1974 he was approached by a leasing agent of Lenox Square, Inc. (Lenox), relative to opening a similar store at the Lenox Square regional mall. Stern agreed to do so, phased out the operation at his original location, and opened for business at Lenox in October of that year, closing the original store approximately three months thereafter. 1
Stern expended a considerable sum of money on remodeling and refixturing his new location. His patrons included not only former customers who followed him to his new store but also mall shoppers who passed his desirable location in great numbers, and, according to sales tax returns and other relevant documents, he enjoyed good sales from the commencement of the Lenox operation. In 1976 he spent approximately $82,000 on advertising, the greatest portion going to the production of an elaborate catalog designed to promote both mail-order sales and the new location of the retail operation. On October 15, 1976, ownership of Lenox Square passed from Lenox Square, Inc., to Corporate Property Investors, Inc., and its management subsidiary, Pembrook, Inc. (hereinafter collectively referred to as CPI).
Prior to moving into the new premises in the Fall of 1974, Stern had pointed out to Lenox’ leasing agent evidence of leaks in the ceiling area and was assured that although there had been leaks, they had been repaired. In December 1976, at about the same time that roofers hired by the new management began installing a new roof,
The record indicates that the former Lenox management had been aware for some time of the need for a new roof on the building in which Stern’s was located, but had delayed having it replaced because of the pendency of the sale of the shopping center; and that, moreover, the urgency of the need for a new roof had been conveyed to the prospective new management both orally and in at least two letters. Approximately one month after new management took over, a contract for reroofing was let to Tip-Top Roofers. The reroofing method contracted for did not require removal of the old roof but only, after some preparatory work, the application of a new “membrane” over the existing roof. Work did not actually begin until about mid-December, and because of holidays and winter rains, was not completed until some time in February. It was while the reroofing was in process that the January series of catastrophic leaks occurred. During this time the mall’s assistant manager at least twice urged the roofers to proceed more expeditiously, going so far as to suggest that work be done on Sundays and holidays to make up for the days lost to rain. Other stores in the same building sustained lesser water damage during this period, but the position of Stern’s store relative to the slant of the roof and to certain old but currently unused openings in the roof caused the Stern store to receive the lion’s share of the leakage and the ensuing damage.
After the January catastrophes Stern conferred almost daily with the shopping center’s manager. He prepared a list of the merchandise
April passed, and no insurance payment had been made. The premises remained in disrepair, with the merchandise displayed in makeshift fashion. In the meanwhile, according to Stern’s testimony, he either approached or was approached by at least two merchants (one already a Lenox Square tenant) regarding the possibility of subletting his space at a rate which would produce a profit for him. When Stern, pursuant to the lease provisions cited, supra, approached the mall’s manager to ask for his consent to a sublease to one or another of these prospects, the latter replied that it was contrary to CPI’s policy to sublease but that if Stern would submit a written proposal from one or more of the would-be subletters, he would consider terminating Stern’s lease and allowing one of them to rent directly from CPI. Because such an arrangement would yield Stern no financial relief, he pursued the subletting idea no further. 2 Also in the meanwhile, both immediately prior to and during the period when Stern was attempting either to collect funds from CPI’s insurer to finance the necessary remodeling or to arrange for a sublease, Stern was preparing, in accordance with a stipulation in his lease, to open a branch store in another location; according to Stern, this endeavor drained the funds which he might otherwise have advanced for the repair and remodeling of the Lenox Square store.
Ultimately, in response to Stern’s almost daily inquiries, the mail’s manager informed him that the insurer was of the opinion that his claim (based largely on the consultant’s proposal, together with contractors’ estimates for repair and redecorating and Stern’s own list of his damaged merchandise and his out-of-pocket costs) was too high. In response to Stern’s inquiry, however, the manager declined to specify which particular items were too high. The record indicates that CPI’s insurer subsequently offered to settle for $25,000 Stern’s claim of more than $50,000, and that Stern rejected the offer and ulti
Stern’s complaint alleged negligence against Tip-Top; and against CPI/Pembrook, negligence, breach of the leasing contract to maintain or repair the premises, and breach of the landlord’s statutory duty of repair. Stern sought damages for each of these alleged wrongs and also for lost profits, loss of the value of the leasehold, and loss of the value of a going business. At the end of August 1977, approximately six weeks after filing the suit, he vacated his Lenox Square premises and went out of business.
CPI/Pembrook answered the complaint, denying appellant’s allegations, crossclaiming against Tip-Top, and counterclaiming against Stern’s for several thousand dollars in back rent allegedly due (Stern’s had paid no rent since approximately April 21; the store was still in disrepair and the plastic sheet was still blocking the rear half of the selling space). CPI subsequently acknowledged that a portion of this sum consisted of deferred rentals which had accrued before ownership of the shopping center was transferred, and which therefore belonged to the previous owner; CPI dropped this portion of its claim. At the close of evidence, appellant moved for a directed verdict on the issue of appellee CPI’s allegedly unreasonable withholding of consent to sublease; the trial court denied the motion. Stern attempted unsuccessfully to have admitted into evidence the consultant’s report and proposal for renovation of the Lenox Square store.
The jury was instructed to return special verdicts in .question- and-answer form. The jurors found CPI negligent and Tip-Top not negligent with regard to the roof, and further found that CPI’s negligence was the proximate cause of Stern’s damages. Further, the jury found that CPI as landlord had violated its statutory duty to keep the premises in good repair, and that such violation was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s damages. On the issue of breach of lease agreement, however, the jury found that CPI had committed no breach of its contractual duty either by failing to keep the roof in good repair and to make repairs, or by unreasonably withholding consent for Stern to sublease the premises. On the damages issue, the jury further found damages in the amount of $10,000 with regard to merchandise, fixtures, equipment, and improvements (the amount submitted by Stern as his initial appraisal of damages and out-of-pocket expenses prior to retaining the consultant), but awarding nothing for lost profits or value of the leasehold. The jury also found that Stern had taken all reasonable steps to mitigate damages; that the landlord’s actions or inaction with respect to repair or restoration of Stern’s premises were wilful, wanton, and malicious; and that the plaintiff was entitled to punitive damages in the amount of $16,000. On the landlord’s
CPI/Pembrook moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, contending that plaintiff was barred from recovery by certain exculpatory provisions in the lease. Stern then moved for a new trial on the general grounds, challenging the adequacy of the judgment in the light of the evidence adduced, and also on the ground that the verdict was “internally inconsistent, irreconcilable, and therefore illegal.” The trial court denied these motions, and Stern’s appealed from the judgment, enumerating as error the court’s failure to direct a verdict on the allegedly unreasonable withholding of consent to sublease, and the insufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict awarding zero damages for lost profits. CPI filed a timely cross-appeal from the trial court’s denial of its motions for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issues of Stern’s alleged failure to procure certain insurance and of the court’s charging the jury on punitive damages. Held:
The painstaking but necessary detail with which the facts of this case are delineated above may have provoked in the reader a provisional diagnosis of legal logorrhea. Notwithstanding the risk of insuring such an accusation, the following evaluation of this case unfortunately demands commensurate volume.
1. On CPI’s cross-appeal, we find no error in the trial court’s charging the jury on punitive damages. It is the duty of the trial court to instruct the jury on matters pertaining to the issues raised by the evidence. Because there was evidence from which the jury was authorized to find wanton and wilful conduct on CPI’s part with respect to the latter’s refusal to reimburse Stern’s for expenses necessitated by the leaking roof, a jury charge on punitive damages was appropriate.
Allmond v. Walker,
2. As to CPI’s enumeration of error regarding Stern’s failure to procure certain insurance which CPI alleges was required by the lease agreement, our analysis of the record leads us to conclude that the type of insurance required under that agreement is not insurance against the landlord’s negligence — that is, not as between the two parties to the lease, as CPI contends — but rather is insurance of the type which would protect both landlord and tenant against the claims of third parties. Because the dispute in the instant case is over the liability
vel non
of CPI, the landlord, to its tenant, Stern’s, this contention is irrelevant to the facts of the case at bar.
Tuxedo Plumbing &c. Co. v. Lie-Nielsen,
The statutory criterion for granting either a directed verdict or a judgment notwithstanding the verdict is that “there is no conflict in the evidence as to any material issue and the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions therefromf,] shall demand a particular verdict.” The evidence in the case at bar did not meet this standard, and the trial court did not err in denying CPI’s motions for judgment n.o.v. on these issues.
3. It is the general rule in this state, when the owner of a business seeks to recover lost profits, that recovery can be had only if the business has a proven “track record” of profitability. The jury is not permitted to speculate as to what the allegedly lost profits might have amounted to.
Southern Crate &c. Co. v. McDowell,
The jury in the instant case had before it evidence of the “track record” of appellant’s business in its Lenox Square location — a record that as yet showed only a loss; the jurors determined, on the basis of that evidence, that appellant was not entitled to an award for lost profits. Appellant contends, however, that the
weight
of the evidence demands a verdict awarding lost profits. It is well settled that the appellate court must confine its review to the sufficiency of the evidence, not its weight.
Spivey v. Rogers,
4. Although questions of reasonableness and unreasonableness are most often questions of fact requiring the consideration of the
The lease contract between Stern’s and Lenox Square, Inc., CPI’s predecessor, contains the following provisions relevant to appellant’s first enumeration of error. Article XIII, Section 1, reads as follows: “Tenant shall not assign or in any manner transfer this lease or any interest therein, nor sublet the leased premises or any part or parts thereof, . . . without the previous written consent of the Landlord.” Article XX, Section 5, provides that all the covenants and other agreements of the lease shall be binding upon the parties and their heirs, successors, and assigns. Article XXI requires that “insofar as there is any conflict between the special stipulations . . . and the above and foregoing provision, the special stipulations shall be controlling.” Special Stipulation # 8 states: “Landlord agrees that when under this lease provision is made for Tenant securing the written consent of Landlord, such written consent will not be unreasonably withheld.”
Our reading of the cited terms of the lease contract compels us to conclude that no matters of fact are at issue here, and, moreover, that there exists no ambiguity in the contractual language except perhaps for the word “unreasonably.” Under established principles of law, it would become the duty of the court to interpret or construe this single word. “Where no matter of fact is involved, the construction of a plain and definite contract, if needed, is a matter of law for the court. But a contract is not ambiguous, even where difficult to construe . . . unless and until an application of the pertinent rules of interpretation leaves it uncertain as to which of two or more possible meanings represents the true intention of the parties.”
Crooks v. Crim,
Because there appear to be no Georgia cases directly on point (compare
Duff’s Enterprises v. B. F. Saul Real Estate &c. Trust,
The modern trend is clearly towards requiring “reasonableness” (as defined in the preceding paragraph) even when there is no clause expressly requiring that consent not be unreasonably withheld. During the past decade or so, at least three jurisdictions have enacted statutes prohibiting arbitrary refusal of consent with respect to certain leases: Delaware (1974), Alaska (1975), and New York (1981). Decisions from these and other jurisdictions reflect this trend; e.g., Alabama, Florida, Illinois, and Missouri. Even those jurisdictions which
As long ago as 1909 the Missouri Supreme Court, considering a case in which the lease had no specific provision forbidding unreasonable withholding of consent, observed: “It is likely [the landlord’s] refusal would have to stand on something better than mere caprice and whim. It is likely the law would compel such landlord to acquit himself by acting with reason, and that courts would hold that the contract implied he would so act.”
Underwood Typewriter Co. v. Century Realty Co.,
In
Beck-Klein v. Solow Mgt. Corp.,
In
Fernandez v. Vazquez,
supra, the owner of certain business property entered into a five-year lease with appellant Fernandez and Hialeah Bakery. The lease contained a provision forbidding subletting or assigning the premises without the lessor’s written consent. About
Of the decisions cited, supra, the determination as to reasonableness vel non was made in some instances by a jury, and in others by the court, as on motions for summary judgment or for declaratory judgment. Thus, although as we have noted, supra, the question of reasonableness or unreasonableness is most often a jury issue, in plain and palpable cases the determination may be made by the court. Moreover, it is well settled that where a lease contract contains disputed provisions, it will ordinarily be construed against the draftsman — who in most instances, as in the case sub judice, is the lessor.
In contrast to the majority of the cases cited, supra, the lease contract in the instant case contains a clause expressly prohibiting unreasonably withholding consent to a sublease. The shopping center manager’s letter to appellant’s attorney states: “It has been a longstanding policy of Lenox Square not to permit subletting the premises. Any new lease entered into on the Stern’s premises would have to be made with the landlord under ordinary circumstances.” We regard this letter as prima facie evidence of conduct which, in the circumstances of the case, must be denominated arbitrary; that is, unreasoned and unreasoning, and therefore “unreasonable.”
The fact that a lease states that no assignment or subletting can take place without the lessor’s consent clearly implies the reciprocal; namely, “that assignment [is] possible and that such prior consent [will] not be withheld under any and all circumstances, reasonable or unreasonable.” 21 ALR4th p. 203. This being so, CPI, as successor to
It is true that, as CPI argues, Stern never presented to CPI a formal written proposal for subletting to a specific tenant on specific terms. It is also true that Stern never reached a specific agreement with either Bounds or his other prospective subtenant as to the terms of any proposed sublease. The record includes testimony, however, that when Stern inquired orally of the manager regarding the possibility of subletting his premises, the manager gave him no direct answer, and that upon a second oral inquiry, he categorically refused. The manager’s letter to appellant’s counsel, supra, was equally categorical in its refusal to consent to a sublease. Moreover, the manager testified at trial that he had never seen a set of circumstances under which CPI would have felt it appropriate to depart from its stated policy. CPI contends, however, that the manager never had any occasion officially either to grant or to deny consent to any proposed sublease, and that Stern’s contention that consent was “unreasonably withheld” is therefore without foundation.
Stern alleges (and there was corroborating testimony) that some preliminary discussion was held as to what the terms of a proposed sublease might embrace, but that he did not go so far as to draw up a formal proposal because, after receiving the manager’s rebuffs, he believed the effort would be futile. Stern thus alleges that the manager’s actions frustrated his efforts and produced a chilling effect which deterred him from going through the motions of preparing a formal proposal for a transaction on which the manager’s conversation and letter had seemingly already closed the door — and that, being in dire financial straits at that point, he gave up and made plans to vacate the premises.
OCGA § 9-11-50 (a) sets forth the following criteria for the granting of a directed verdict: “If there is no conflict in the evidence . . . and the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions therefrom, shall demand a particular verdict, such verdict shall be directed.” On the issue of reasonableness no evidence was adduced as to any valid reason for withholding consent to sublease, nor was there any contention that CPI, as successor and assignee of Lenox Square, Inc., was not bound by the express terms of the existing lease. We hold, therefore, that appellant was entitled to a directed verdict on this issue, and that the trial court erred in denying his motion.
In so holding, we are mindful that “ ‘[i]t is our duty to construe the evidence to uphold the verdict instead of upsetting it.’ ”
Bailey v.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Notes
Stern had recently been divorced and desired to sever the landlord-tenant relationship
The record shows that Stern’s attorney contacted the manager regarding the possibility of Stern’s subletting the premises, and that the latter wrote in reply that permitting a sublease was contrary to CPI’s policy.