This is an appeal by defendant from a final judgment and decree of permanent injunction under the Fair Trade Act (Bus. & Prof. Code, div. 7, pt. 2, eh. 3), certain orders modifying findings and judgment and denying modification in other respects and from the judgment as. modified. As the preliminary steps have no separate importance and no separate errors have been submitted the appeal will be treated as one from the judgment as modified.
Thе complaint alleges in effect that defendants (sued under several fictitious names) with knowledge of the fair trade agreements signed and maintained between plaintiff’s predecessors and a great number of California retail dealers but rejected by defendants, and despite plaintiff’s repeated protests, sell commodities the subject of these contracts and identified by trade marks, brands or names belonging to plaintiff, among others Dr. Lyon’s Tooth Powder, at prices substantially less than the prices stipulated in said contracts; that defendants purchased huge stocks of one or more of these commodities with the plan of selling them at cut-rate prices under the pretense of “close-out” sales; that they plan to continue such price cutting, and, as a second cause of action, that defendants committed acts of unfair competition by advertising and selling Dr. Lyon’s Tooth Powder below the minimum price stipulated in said contracts; that the conduct of defendants described in both causes of action was oppressive and malicious and intended to injure plaintiff and damage its business, with prayer for a permanent injunction, temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction and compensatory and exemplary damages.
*396 The case was decided below on stipulations to the effect that the hearings on the motion for a preliminary injunction should be deemed the final trial of the action, evidence introduced by affidavits should have the force of oral testimony, the complaint should be deemed an affidavit as well as a pleading and plaintiff should be deemed to have filed affidavits supporting all allegations of the entire complаint, defendant should be deemed to have denied those allegations of the complaint denied or controverted by affidavits actually filed in its behalf and moreover certain specified allegations, to have filed affidavits supporting all of those denials and to have alleged affirmatively that defendant's acts complained of involved only “war surplus” goods, that plaintiff discriminated against defendant by bringing this actiоn against it alone, whereas it had otherwise waived its fair trade rights with regard to “war surplus” goods by not proceeding with reasonable diligence to prevent such sale by others, and that sales of “war surplus” goods, even if within the Fair Trade Act, are closeout sales which are and continue within an exception of the Fair Trade Act.
The court found in all respects in accordance with the complaint restricting its allegations to defendant Benatar, a California corporation, and made moreover specific findings as to the oppressive and malicious character of said defendant’s conduct, the character of the commodity so sold by defendant and plaintiff’s diligence in stopping violations of its rights under the Fair Trade Act by others. It issued a permanent injunction against cut-rate selling, etc., by defendant of any of the stated commodities distributed by plaintiff except where all reference to trade marks, brands, etc., showing derivation from plaintiff were omitted or under circumstances bringing the transaction under one of the three exceptions of section 16902, subdivision (b) of the Business and Professions Code and granted plaintiff $1.00 as nominal damages, $200 as exemplary damages and costs.
Appellant’s main argument is that the sales in dispute relatеd only to war surplus property purchased by appellant indirectly from the War Assets Administration and that such property is not subject to the California Fair Trade Act. This argument is not based on any express exemption in the statute but on contentions that war surplus goods are a kind of commodity separate and distinct from regular merchandise and unknown in the year 1941 when the Fair Trade Act was added to the Business and Professions Code and that the Legislature *397 would not have made the act applicable to war surplus goods had they existed at the time because the application would seriously hamper the sale of these goods by the United States government and would be detrimental to the general public both as taxpayer and as consumer. In support of the separate character of war surplus goods appellant points to certain statutory enactments in this state, among which section 17531.5 of the Business and Professions Code added by Statutes 1945, chapter 1144, which requires advertisement of sales of war surplus material clearly to indicate the war surplus character thereof.
The contentions are without merit. Even if it were accepted that war surplus goods form a separate species of the genus “commodities” which are the subject of the act and that that species was unknown at the time when the act became law, such would not exclude the applicability of the act. “ Where a statute deals with a genus, and the thing which afterward comes into existence is a species thereof, the language of the statute will generally be extended to the new species, although it was not known and could not have been contemplatеd by the legislature when the act was passed; . . .” (59 C.J. 973-74;
Hurley
v.
Inhabitants of South Thomaston,
The question whether in the interest of an efficient and advantageous disposal of the war surplus goods exemption from the state Pair Trade Act is desirable evidently also belongs solely to the province of the Legislature. It is not contended that any federal statute excludes the applicability. It may nevertheless be pointed out that the federal government has given no indication whatever . that it desires such exemption. As set out at length in the opinion of the learned trial judge the Surplus Property Act of 1944 (50 U.S.C.A. App. § 1611 et seq.) mentions in effect among its declared objectives (§ 1611) orderly disposal without dislocation of markets, dumping, speculation or excessive profits and utilizing normal channels of trade and commerce; there is in that statute no mention whatever of an exception to fair trade laws, although the federal provision which permits minimum price agreement for trade-marked commodities (15 U.S.C.A. § 1) is referred to as applicable in section 1629. Moreover the position taken by the War Assets Administration is shown clearly by its “General Disposal Letter No. 20,” which instructs its regional and district offices to give notice that the resale or use of branded or trade-marked drug and cosmetic items offered for sale and/or sold by the government may be affected by applicable state “Pair Trade” Practice Acts, or other similar regulatory laws.
Appellant further maintains that its sales of war'surplus material below fair trade prices were “close out sales” as exempted in section 16902, subdivision (b) (1), Business and Professions Code, arguing that the government sales of war surplus goods were “close out sales” and that its sales of goods indirectly acquired from the government retained the same character. The provision referred to permits dеviation from fair trade prices: “ (1) In closing out the owner’s stock for the purpose of discontinuing delivering any such commodity.” It does not give a general exemption from fair trade prices for goods bought at a close out sale independent from the circumstance whether the reseller himself also intends to discontinue, delivering any such commodity. It seems very doubtful whether a merchant who, like appellant, bought large quantities of a war surplus commodity for the express purpose of selling them below fair trade price, can be said to be “closing out the owner’s stock,” even if he does not intend to further carry the same commodity. (See National *399 Distillers Products Corp. v. Louis Greenwalds Liquors, U.S.D.C. Colo. 1939, C.C.H. Trade Beg. Service 8th ed. vol. Ill, No. 25, 352.) But appellant intended to continue selling Dr. Lyon’s Tooth Powder, also after his war surplus lot would be exhausted. It is undisputed that appellant at the samе time at which he advertised and sold the war surplus Dr. Lyon’s Tooth Powder, also had for sale Dr. Lyon’s Tooth Powder in containers of the same size, bought through the regular channels and that he intended to continue carrying this regular commodity. The court found that there were some differences between the packaging and cans of the war surplus and the regular supply but that trade mark, brand and name, quantity, quality and all other charaсteristics of the two supplies were the same, and that all differences were due to shortages of material and production problems which since World War II caused variations in the cans, whether war surplus or not. It cannot be said that such small differences caused the regular supply not to be “any such commodity” as the war surplus supply and the court was justified in finding in accordance with the plaintiff’s allegation that appellant did not have any intention of closing out its stock for the purpose of discontinuing delivery. To hold otherwise would undermine the purpose of the statute.
It is true that section 16902, subdivision (b), Business and Professions Code contains also an exemption from fair trade prices “When the goods are damaged or deteriorated in quality, and notice is given to the public thereof” and that according to appellant the fact that goods were war surplus indicated in itself that such goods were damaged and deteriorated. However appellant advertised the war surplus supply here involved as guaranteed “to be in 100% perfect condition,” a fact which evidently prevents it from bringing them under the last mentioned exemption.
Next appellant urges that it could not be liable for exemplary damages because it believed in good fаith that it had the right to sell war surplus goods at less than fair trade prices and did so openly and therefore did not act with malice, fraud or oppression which section 3294, Civil Code, requires for the allowance of such damages. The complaint alleged and the court found otherwise. It was alleged among other descriptions of appellant’s intent and purpose that appellant acted wilfully and knowingly “and in defiance of plaintiff’s repeated protest and notices” and further that its conduct
*400
“was oppressive and malicious and for the purpose of annoying and injuring plaintiff and damaging plaintiff ’s lawful business. ’ ’ Such allegations are a sufficient basis for the recovery of exemplary damages
(Morgan
v.
French,
The stipulation that “plaintiff shall be deemed to have filed affidavits supporting all allegations of the entire complaint” togethеr with the stipulation to the effect that such stipulations shall have the same force and effect as sworn oral testimony applies also to said allegations and gives them evidentiary support, which necessarily creates a conflict in the evidence with respect to appellant’s good faith and supports the findings made responsive to plaintiff’s allegations.
(Moore
v.
Moffatt,
Appellant also claims that exemplary damages must be based on actual damages and that where only $1.00 nominal damages were allowed no punitive damages or at least no punitive damages disproportionate to that $1.00 could be granted. It is true that exemplary damages are generally not recoverable in the absence of a showing of actual damages, but upon the question whether the money extent of the actual damages must be found to permit a finding of punitive damages there is a hopeless conflict in the decisions
(Clark
v.
McClurg,
Clearly the case before us is of the latter kind. The *401 court found to be true the allegations of paragraph XI of the complaint which recite among other things that the result of defendants’ conduct “has been and will continue to be, great and irreparable damage to plaintiff’s business and the goodwill pertaining thereto and to the said trade marks, brands and names” and also that “ [i]t would be extremely difficult to ascertain the amount of compensation which will afford adequatе relief to plaintiff for the damage which, as herein alleged, is resulting and will continue to result from said scheme, plan and acts of defendants.” Even without the support of the stipulations mentioned before, the truth of the allegations with respect to the damage caused by defendant’s cut-rate sale of large quantities of plaintiff’s fair trade goods is obvious. The question in this case therefore is not whether punitive damages can be recovered where no actual damage was suffered, but whether such punitive damages are recoverable when actual damage has been sustained and that fact found but the extent of the damage not determined because of the difficulty in ascertaining it.
Although, as stated, there is a split in the authorities on this point we answer the question in the affirmative. In so doing we follow what according to 15 American Jurisprudence 708,
supra,
is the weight of authority and what we think is the better reasoning. The reason given for the rule that punitive damages are not recoverable in the absence of actual damage is that they are mere incidents to the cause of action and never constitute the basis thereof
(Clark
v.
McClurg, supra;
Appellant contends that the injunction granted is too broad in scope because it deprives appellant of the right to sell below fair trade prices also in the situаtions excepted in section 16902 of the Business and Professions Code and because it lists 23 articles of plaintiff’s fair trade commodities which appellant is enjoined from selling at less than listed price whereas it was proved with respect to only one of these commodities that appellant actually so sold it. The first contention is frivolous as the injunction carefully provides for all statutory exceptions. The sеcond contention is also wholly without merit. The general rule in this respect is that when one has been found to have committed acts in violation of a, law he may be restrained from committing other related unlawful acts. The scope of the injunction must depend upon the circumstances of each ease, the purpose being to prevent violations, the threat of which in the future is indicated because of thеir similarity or relation to the unlawful acts found to have been committed.
(National Labor Relations Board
v.
Express Publishing Co.,
Finally appellant contends that respondent was not entitled to an injunction because respondent did not proceed diligently to prevent price cutting by others, and thereby waived its fair trade rights, which it cannot be allowed to enforce discriminatorily against appellant only. Contrary to this contention the court found “that plaintiff has diligently and impartially acted to stop, and has actually stopped, all violations of its rights under the Fair Trade Act which have come to plaintiff’s attention,” and further in substance that plaintiff’s Fair Trade contracts were generally observed by dealers and that its rights under the Fair Trade Act have not been waived. Said findings find substantial support in the evidence, especially in the supplemental affidavit of C. R. Danielson, plaintiff’s Pacific Coast manager, dated March 15, 1948. Appellant’s last contention therefore lacks all factual basis.
The judgment is affirmed.
Goodell, J., and Dooling, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied November 9, 1950. Schauer, J., voted for a hearing.