Deemer, J. —
The defendant company is a corporation operating a brick and tile factory in Franklin county, Iowa, and defendants Carhart and Stewart are, respectively, superintendent and foreman of the plant, having full power and management thereof. Gillott began work for defendants in August of the year 1908, but was not required to do any work with machinery or under the buildings until January 25, 1909, at. which time he was put in charge of a hoisting machine operated by defendant. He received the injuries from which he died February 2 of the same year, some six or seven days after he began work. Prior to beginning work for defendant, he had been ■ a farmer all his life, and when directed to work about the hoisting- machine he was given no particular instructions and was not warned regarding .the dangers attending the work. At the time of receiving his injuries, Gillott was attending to his duties about the hoisting machine, which is thus described in the testimony:
*374It is the machine which hauls the clay out of the pit into the building. The ear is drawn from the pit by means of a cable operating around a drum, which is worked by a clutch wheel. The drum is caused to revolve by means of a cog pinion connected with a revolving shaft. The operator of the machine has no control over the shaft which operates the drum. The shaft is located on the front part of the frame of the machine and about eighteen inches from the drum and is about eight feet long. The end of the shaft nearest which the operator stands is held in the frame by a collar around the shaft with set screws in it, and they extend out about three-fourths of an inch beyond the collar. Sometimes in the working of a machine, and after the car reached the pit, the cable would slacken and unwind on the drum and the coils of the cable would have to be straightened. I done this both from the rear and from in front of the machine. It could be done either way.
Bor a better understanding of this machine we attach a photograph which shows the drum, the shaft, and the set screw:
The set screws were entirely unguarded, unless the angle bar, a part of which is shown in the photograph. *375may be considered in tbe nature of a guard. No eyewitness saw tbe accident, and tbe following is tbe only direct evidence as to bow it occurred, save a physical fact or condition which will be hereinafter referred to: “I heard Gillott scream tbe day be was injured, and I don’t think it was five minutes thereafter,before I saw him coming downstairs into my room. He sat down on tbe stairs, and I went to bim. I noticed that be was bleeding in tbe armpit -under his arm, and that his coat sleeve was torn off. He said he got caught in the gearing. Said he was pushing tbe cable over on tbe drum at the time. I helped bim to the engine room and telephoned for a doctor.” The physical fact mentioned is shown by the following testimony: “Tbe sleeve of Gillott’s coat was found wrapped around the shaft on the hoisting machine, and it was caught by both the set screws. Tbe end of tbe sleeve near tbe shoulder was on tbe set screws. Tbe rest of the sleeve was wrapped around tbe shaft.”
As already stated, Gillott was not directed as to bow' to do the work of unwinding or winding the cable. Appellant says that be was ordered to do it from tbe rear of tbe machine; but this is an evident mistake.
Section 4999-a2 of tbe Code Supplement of 1907 reads as follows:
It shall be the duty of the owner, agent, superintendent or other person having charge of any manufacturing or other establishment where machinery is used, to furnish and supply or cause to be furnished and supplied therein, belt shifters or other safe mechanical contrivances for the purpose of throwing belts on and off pulleys, and, wherever possible, machinery therein shall be provided with loose pulleys; all saws, planers, cogs,- gearing, belting, shafting, set screws and machinery of every description therein shall be properly guarded. No person under sixteen years of age, and no female under eighteen years of age shall be permitted or directed to clean machinery while in motion. Children under sixteen years p£ age shall *376not be permitted to operate or assist in operating dangerous machinery of any kind.
i. Master and ligemseT'nn-8 guarded machinery: assumption, of risk-In many cases we have held that a failure to comply with the provisions of this law constitutes negligence. Kirchoff v. Supply Co., 148 Iowa, 508; Wolff v. Nauman Co., 128 Iowa, 261; Bromberg v. Laundry Co., 134 Iowa, 38. And we have _ already held that an employee does not ° ° assume the risks incident to the use of a machine which is not guarded as required by statute, although he knows of the unguarded condition and apprehends the danger incident to the use thereof. Poli v. Coal Co., 149 Iowa, 104; Tyrell v. Cain (Iowa) 128 N. W. 536. See, also, Callopy v. Atwood 105 Minn. 80 (117 N. W. 239, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 593.
stmct óf seifpreservation. It is also true, however, that an employee working about’ an unguarded machine may be guilty of contributory negligence. See the Tyrrell case, supra, and the decisions cited therein. Ordinarily, this question of contributory negligence is one of fact # • -i /» i <* i t for a jury and not of law for the court. In this connection we may also announce the further rule many times stated by this court that where there are no eyewitnesses of a transaction in which a party is inj'ured and in which he may or may not have been guilty of contributory negligence, the natural instincts of self-preservation may be considered as bearing upon his conduct. The rule was stated in this language in Dalton v. Railroad Co., 104 Iowa, 26: “It is a recognized rule of human conduct that persons in their sober senses naturally and instinctively seek to avoid danger. Therefore it must be presumed, until the contrary appears, that the deceased, prompted by this natural instinct, did exercise care in approaching and going upon the crossing and whether the circumstances are such -as to overcome the presumption that de*377ceased, prompted by tbe instinct of self-preservation, did exercise the care required of him, was a question for the jury.” See, also, Rothrock v. Cedar Rapids, 128 Iowa, 252.
3 same- ma-guards5; statute' With this statement of the case and of the applicable rules of law, we may now go to the points made for appellant as grounds for reversal. It is contended that there 110 testimony that the machine was not properly guarded. The kind of guard to be used is not defined by statute; but we have said that it must be such an one as reasonably accomplishes its purpose. Kirchoff v. Creamery Co., supra. The photograph discloses that there was no cover or guard over the set screws which fastened the collar to the shaft, and the only pretense of a guard is the angle bar, to which reference has already been made. A jury may well have found that this angle bar was not placed upon the machine as a guard against the dangers incident to the revolving set screws, but as a brace for a lever which controlled the action of the machine. Indeed, we think the photographs, some of which we do not set out, clearly show that this was the purpose of the angle bar. Surely there was enough to take the case to the jury upon this proposition, even though it can not be said as a matter of law that the machine was unguarded.
The trial court instructed upon this matter of guards^ as follows:
(4) It is the law of this state that it shall be the duty of the owner, agent, superintendent, or other person having charge of any manufacturing or other establishment where machinery is used, to provide all saws, planers, cogs, gearing, belting, shafting, set screws, and machinery of every description therein with proper guards, and a failure to do so is negligence on the part of such owner, agent, superintendent, or other person having charge of such manufacturing or other establishment where the machinery is used.
*378(5) So, in this case, if you find that the plaintiff has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant company did own and operate a plant where machinery was used, and that the said Malcolm Gillott was employed therein by the said company for the purpose of working in the plant of said company with, or at, or about a machine where there were set screws and a revolving shaft used in connection therewith, and that said set screws and shaft were unguarded, such conditions existing would constitute negligence on the part of the said defendant company, rendering it liable for any injury to the said Malcolm Gillott resulting from his coming .in contact with the said set screws or revolving shaft, if you further find that the plaintiff has proven that the said Malcolm Gillott did not by his own negligence contribute to the said injury, or that the defendant has not proven that the said Malcolm Gillott did assume the risk of such conditions.
(8) The owner of premises on which machinery with set screws and revolving shaft is used or operated should avoid danger to his employees working about or with such machinery by guarding the set screws and revolving shaft used therein. The employer is not required, however, to insure- his employee an absolutely safe place to work, and the duty to furnsh a safe place is performed when the employer, has used all reasonable care and diligence to make the place safe; but such reasonable care and dili'gence would require the employer to fully comply with the requirements of the law.
(9) The burden is upon the plaintiff in this case to establish by a preponderance of the evidence the claim that set screws in question and the revolving shaft were not guarded as required by law, and it is for you to determine from all the evidence before you whether or.not the plaintiff has sustained this proposition. If the plaintiff has failed in this, he can not recover, and you should find for the defendants.
*3794. Same: instructions. *378It is said that these instructions,' and particularly the eighth, are erroneous for the reason that no rules were given whereby the jury might determine whether or not proper care was taken to guard the machine and no in*379straction was given as to what would constitute a proper guard. These propositions' are to our minds without merit. The eighth instruction is not subject to the criticism lodged against it. The law does not state what the guard must be. It says that such machinery must be provided with proper guards, and, in the absence of -definition, the question is one of fact for the jury, unless the case be so plain as to call for an expression from the court that the machine either was or was not properly guarded as a matter of law. Had the trial court squarely instructed in this ease that the set screws were not properly ■ guarded as required by law, we should not have been disposed to- criticise the instruction.
5. Same: contributory negstinct of seifpreservation. III. The thirteenth instruction reads as follows: “(13) In considering this case on the question pertaining to due care ánd want of negligence on the part of the deceased, Malcolm Gillott, at the time of the . . . , , injury complamed 01, you are instructed that positive evidence that the said Malcolm -1-Gillott did not by his own negligence contribute to the injury is not required, where such evidence can not be obtained, as, in this case, it is proper for you. to consider the instincts of men which naturally lead them to avoid danger, as evidence of due care on the part of the said Malcolm Gillott.”
This is challenged because of the reference to the instincts of self-preservation. As there were no eyewitnesses of the accident, the instruction is correct unless the physical facts, taken in connection with the other testimony, show without question that the deceased could not have received his injuries except he were in a position where he had no right to be or in such a position that he must be held guilty of contributory negligence in assuming that "position. The testimony shows that deceased must have been in front of the machine or have reached over the end of the shaft in order that his sleeve may have been *380caught upon the set screws. But we can not say as a matter of law that being in either position would have constituted contributory negligence. Any one of many things may have excused him in going in front of the machine, and some of them may have excused his reaching over the journal which carried the shaft. We must assume, then, giving heed to the instinct of self-preservation common to mankind in general, that deceased was exercising due care for his own safety in performing the work he was then doing, and it was not error to give the instruction. Of course, if deceased could not have assumed a position to get his sleeve caught by the set screws without being guilty of contributory negligence, then the instruction was erroneous. But the record does not disclose such a situation.
tributary neg-IV. What we have said in the last preceding subdivision of this opinion answers the proposition that deceased was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.' It is not true, as. defendant’s counsel contend, that where there are two methods of doing a given work, one of which is safe and the, other dangerous, the mere choice of the dangerous method constitutes contributory negligence as a matter of law. Pierson v. Railroad Co., 127 Iowa, 13; Gibson v. Railroad Co., 107 Iowa, 596; Steele v. Grahl-Peterson Co., 135 Iowa, 418. Such a situation is properly for a jury, but is not conclusive upon the question of contributory negligence. See authorities last cited above.
7- sumption of ■ V. The trial court instructed the jury upon the theory that assumption of risk, if shown, was a defense to the action. Under these instructions the jury found that this defense was not made out. Contention is now made that there should have been a verdict for defendant under these instructions. The claim is without merit. There is no showing that deceased was instructed as to the' dangers and *381no testimony aside from inference that he knew thereof. Bnt a few days had he worked about the machine, and while we may well suppose that he knew of the unguarded screws, of the revolving shaft, and the physical conditions in general, there is no room for inferring as a matter of law that he knew of the risks and dangers attendant upon the doing of his work about the machine, of which he was not advised, and thereafter assumed the risks. Koch v. Clinton Chair Co., 144 Iowa, 548, relied upon by appellant, is not in point. The case in this aspect is ruled by Stomne v. Hanford Co., 108 Iowa, 137; Vohs v. Shorthill Co., 124 Iowa, 471; Calloway v. Agar Co., 129 Iowa, 1; Meier v. Way, 136 Iowa, 302; Anderson v. Railroad, 109 Iowa, 524; Brusseau v. Lower Brick Co., 133 Iowa, 245, and other like cases.
VI. Upon the question of damages the court gave the' following instructions:
(14) If you find for the plaintiff, you will determine from all the evidence before you what amount you will allow him as damages, resulting to the estate of the deceased by reason of his death, and, in determining what amount you will so allow, you should take into consideration the age of the deceased at the time of his death, his occupation at said time, the wages he was and had been earning, the condition of his health at the time, and his ability, if any, to earn ■ money, his expectancy of life, and all these in connection with all the evidence before you, and determine therefrom the probable pecuniary loss to the estate of the deceased caused by his death, and allow the plaintiff such sum, and only such sum, as will compensate -the estate for such loss.
This is not complained of; but it is argued that error was committed by the court in refusing to give the following request made by defendant:
(2) If under the evidence you find that plaintiff is entitled to recover, you will then proceed to determine *382from the evidence the amount of his recovery; and the measure of recovery, if any, will be the present worth or value of the estate which the said Malcolm Gillott would reasonably be expected to have saved and accumulated if he had lived the natural term of his life. The measure of recovery in cases of this character is not the sum which, when placed at interest, will yield an amount equivalent to the income of the deceased at the time of his death, nor the amount necessary for the support of his family; nor are you permitted to give any consideration to pain and suffering which the deceased may have suffered after his injury and before his death; nor are you permitted to consider in estimating the damages, if any, the grief of his relatives, but, as already stated, it is the amount estimated at its present worth which, under all the circumstances disclosed in the evidence, you believe would have come to his estate at the end of his natural life. In estimating such damages, if any, you award the plaintiff, you may and should consider, so far as is shown by the evidence, the age and occupation. of the said Malcolm Gillott, at the time of the injury which caused his death, his bodily health, and ability to earn money, his habits as to industry, thrift, and economy, if any such have been shown, the contingencies of life, such as ill health, non-employment, increase or diminution in earning capacity as age advances, and all other facts and circumstances in evidence tending to show the amount, if any, that the estate might have accumulated if he had lived out the term of his natural life, and award the plaintiff such a sum, and such sum only, as will be the present worth or value of the loss sustained by his estate by reason of his premature death.
8. Same: damages: instructions. In a general way the one given covers the matters included in the one requested; the 'difference being that in the one requested the jury was instructed to capitalize the amount awarded as damages. That , there was no error m denying the request, -r T> -7 u ’ see Lowe v. Railroad Co., 89 Iowa, 433, which is directly in point, and also Andrews v. Railroad Co., 86 Iowa, 677.
*383s. Evidence: res gestae. VII. The only remaining points relate to rulings on the admission and rejection of- testimony. Complaint is made of the admission of the testimony as to what was said by deceased almost immediately after ke receive¿ hig injuries. That this testimony was admissible as part of the res gestae is too clear for argument. Keyes v. Cedar Falls, 107 Iowa, 509; Dunn v. Railroad, 130 Iowa, 580; Rothrock v. Cedar Rapids, 128 Iowa, 252; Sutcliffe v. Ass’n, 119 Iowa, 220; Alsever v. Railroad, 115 Iowa, 338.
io. Same: conclusion. Defendant produced a witness by the name of Smith and asked him to tell the jury as to whether or not the machine was properly guarded. Objection to í this question was properly sustained. The question was for the jury, and not a matter of opinion for a witness to settle.
ii Same- use of chfnesrby8" oíhers. The following is taken from the record, which indicates the only doubtful point with reference to rulings on testimony: “Q. What do you say as to whether or not that a guard that was in general use on machines of this kind at that time? (Objected to as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant. Objection sustained. Defendants except.) Q. Do you know what kind of a guard for set screws on machines of this kind was in general use on February 2, 1909? (Objected to as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, and because the defendant can not establish diligence or due care or excuse itself from negligen.ce by showing that other companies use the same apparatus for its protection. Objection sustained. Defendants except.) Q. Was this such a guard as was in general use at that time? (Objected to as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant. Objection sustained. Defendants except.)”
The witness had been speaking of the angle bar to which reference has already been made, and, if it had been such a contrivance as to operate reasonably as a *384guard, we should be disposed to hold- that the rulings shown by this record were erroneous. But, as already indicated, we are inclined to say that this angle bar was not in any true sense a guard. At least the jury found that it was not. Under such circumstances, it was immaterial that others were using machines of like character without any other guard than an angle bar. such as was on the machine in question. On the record before us the proposition is ruled by Metzgar v. Railroad Co., 76 Iowa, 387. See, also, Bryce v. Railroad Co., 119 Iowa, 274.
We have gone over the record with care, and, finding no prejudicial error, it follows that the judgment must be, and it is, affirmed.
Evans, I., takes no part.