8 Port. 155 | Ala. | 1838
— The points made at the argument arise out of the bill of exceptions, and present these questions:
Second. — If aa endorser has. secured himself by a mortgage or lien on the property of the maker, does he thereby waive his right to notice of a demand and refusal?
Third. — Can a room to which a man is accustomed to resort, but in which it is not shown, that he carries on any regular trade or employment, be considered his place of business — and if the holder of paper call at a room thus resorted to, for the purpose of giving notice to its occupant of the dishonor of a 'note, endorsed by him, at a time when he is absent, is tiro holder excused from giving notice; especially where it appears that the endorser has a dwelling house and livery stables within-the same city, the latter of which he personally superintends?
First. — Every endorsement of a promissory note, constitutes in itself a new and substantive contract. According to the law merchant, the endorser stipulates with the endorsee, and each subsequent holder, (in the ordinary course of business,) that if a demand of payment is made of the maker at its maturity, and due notice of the non-payment to given him, then, lie himself will pay[the note. The undertaking of the endorser is conditional: contemplating some act to be done on the part of the holder; and before his liability becomes absolute, it must be shewn, either that a performance of the condition
No precise form is required in giving notice to an endorser. Its object is to inform him of the failure of the maker to meet Ms engagement with promptness, and to advise him that he will he looked to, for payment, in order that he may take measures for his indemnity; and any means of communicating this information, whether verbally or in writing, will be sufficient— (Shed vs. Brett, 1 Pick. Rep. 401; Mills vs. the Bank of the United States, 11 Wheat. Rep. 431; Reedy vs. Seixas, 2 Johns. Cases, 337; Smith vs. Whiting, 12 Mass. R.6; Cowles vs. Harts, 3 Conn. Rep. 516; Solarte vs. Palmer, 7 Bingh. Rep. 629.)
1" the case before us, the note was made payable at the Bank of Mobile. The parties both resided in that city, so that according to a well established rule, it was necessary in order to fix the endorser’s liability, that he should have been personally informed of the dishonor of the note, either verbally or in writing; or a notice should have been left at his dwelling house, or place of business. Either mode would have been sufficient, but one or the other was essential, unless the plaintiff, by his own act, prevented it— (Williams vs. the Bank of the United States, 2 Pet. Rep. 96; Ireland vs. Kip, 10 Johns. Rep. 490; 11 ibid. 231; Bank of Columbia vs. Lawrence, 1 Pet. Rep. 578; Smedes vs. the Utica Bank, 20 Johns. Rep. 372; 3 Kent’s Com. and cases'there cited.) It is not pretended that a personal notice was given tO' the plaintiff, but only that a room'inthe city (understood
In Shed vs. Brett and Trustees, (1 Pick. Rep. 413,) a notary public testified, that when the note became due, he went with it, at the request of, the endorsee, to the place of business of the promisors, and: found it closed, no person being there, of whom he could make a demand. It was objected, that the testimony did not prove a demand, nor a sufficient excuse for it. The court consid
In Crosse vs. Smith and others, (1 M. & S. 545,) an effort was made to give notice to the drawers, of the nonpayment of a bill of exchange, by sending it to their counting-house during hours of business, on two successive days, knocking there, and making sufficient noise to be heard by persons within, and waiting there several minutes — the inner-door being locked. This was considered sufficient, without leaving a- written notice, or sending it by the post.
And in Goldsmith and others vs. Bland and others, (Bailey on Bills, 127, or late ed. 224, note 1,) with the view of charging the defendants as the endorsers of two foreign bills, and to prove notice, it was shown by the plaintiffs, that they sent a clerk to th'e defendant’s counting-house, between four and five o’clock in the evening —-nobody was in — the cleric saw a servant girl, who said no one was there, and he returned, having left no message with her. Lord Eldon, who presided on the circuit, told the jury, that if they thought the defendant ought to have had somebody in the counting-house at the time, he was of opinion that the plaintiffs had done all that was necessary, by sending their clerk- — that the notice was in law sufficient, if the time was regular, &c. The learned Lord doubtless intended to refer to them the question of fact, whether the call was made at the defendant’s counting-house, within business hours, and no
Goldsmith and others vs. Bland others, says Mr. Justice Washington, (2 Peters’ Rep. 101,) decides “that it was sufficient to send a verbal notice to the defendant’s counting-house, and if no person he there in the ordinary hours of business to receive it, it is not necessary to leave or send a written one. “The principle of this decision is,” says that learned judge, “ that the counting-house of the defendant, is the place in which the holder was entitled, during the regular hours of business, to look for the person for whom the notice was intended, or for some one authorised by him to receive it”— (See further, Bowes vs. Howe, 5 Taunt. R. 30; 4 T. R. 456; 1 B. & Pul. 394.)
This, we think, authority ample to show that a drawer or endorser of a bill or note, may be sought within the regular time after the dishonor of either, at their places of business, for the purpose of giving them a notice, and if absent during the hours of business, without leaving any one to attend to their interest, the holder will be excused from giving notice. In the case before us, it does not appear that either of the visits to the room in which the plaintiffs carried on business, was made within business hours, and as the excuse for omitting to give notice was incomplete, without proof of that additional fact, the judge of the County court, in not thus qualifying his instructions to the jury on this point, mistook the law.
Second. — If an endorser has used the precaution to oh-
As the effect of an assignment of property, or a collateral security, upon the general rights of an endorser, is for the first time brought before this court,-it may not be out of place to enquire how the question stands upon authority. Corney vs. Da Costa, (1 Esp. R. 302,) is the earliest case that has fallen under our notice. In that case, it appears that the defendant was sued as the endorser of a promissory note. To secure him against the makers default, he had taken of their effects, an amount equal in value to the note. Mr. Justice Buller said it was undoubtedly true, that an endorser should have notice of
Bond and others vs. Farnham, (5 Mass. R. 170,) was a case in which the plaintiff, to obviate the necessity of notice to the endorser, proved, that before the note was payable, the maker had assigned all his property to the defendant, for his security against his endorsement. The court considered, that notice was not essential to the plaintiff’s right of recovery, and say, “ The case most analagcus to this, is, where a drawer of a bill had no effects in the drawee’s hands. He cannot insist upon a demand upon the drawee, for he could not expect an acceptance, and he suffers no injury by the want of it. The endorser of a note resembles the drawer of a bill. Although once having effects, as he had a demand on the maker, yet he has afterwards withdrawn from the maker all his property, to enable himself to meet his own endorsement, and had not, when the bill was payable, any remedy, unless, perhaps, the miserable one of seizing the body of a man worth nothing.” In Barton vs. Baker, (1 Serg. & Rawle’s R. 334,) the court cite, with approbation, Bond and others vs. Farnham, and thought
Prentiss vs. Danielson, (5 Conn. Rep. 176,) was a case in which the maker of a note had conveyed certain property to the endorser, to indemnify himself against his liabilities and endorsements on account of the maker the property conveyed was an insufficient security. The qourt held, that if an endorser receives security to meet a particular endorsement, he waives a demand and notice in respect to that endorsement, but not as to any other. ■ But inasmuch as the defendant was implicated for the maker to the full amount of the property conveyed, aside from the note in question, and as his liability growing out of the endorsement of the note was extinguished, before the security was given, the conveyance of the property for his indemnity, did not have the effect of reviving it. And in Tower vs. Durell, (9 Mass. R. 332,) the principle decided in Bond and others vs. Farnham, is recognised; but the court determine, that where an endorser of a promissory note, believes a demand to have been duly made on the maker, and that notice has been duly given to himself, and believing himself therefore liable, takes measures for his indemnity, this will not excuse the holder from proving a regular demand and notice.
The court also said, that the facts presented a stronger case for the plaintiff, than Bond and others vs. Farnham. There, the property pledged was not a sufficient indemnity, but it was all the maker had — while in the case before them, the security was ample — (See also Chitty on Bills, 203; 3 Kent’s Com. 79.)
The inferences dcducible from the cases cited, are — ■
1. Where an endorser, before the maturity of the note, obtains an assignment of all the maker’s property, to meet his responsibility, he impliedly waives his right to insist on a demand of payment, and notice of non-payment.
2. Where the endorser receives of the maker a collateral security, whether by mortgage or otherwise, to indemnify him against the consequences of his endorsement, if the security be sufficient, the maker’s default will fix the endorser’s liability% without the previous steps of a demand and notice.\ The judge of the County court stated the law to the jury as we have laid it down in our second inference, so that the verdict could not have been influenced by any consideration growing out of
3. The term “•business,” in common parlance, means that employment which occupies ¿he time, attention and labor. That which a man occasionally engages in, as opportunity offers, or inclination prompts, is, for the time being, his business; yet, so far as the question we ar.e examining is concerned, the law .uses that term, to indicate a regular and legal employment — not one that is occasional,' irregular-or illegal, .And a place of business must be understood’to be a.place actually, occupied, either continually' or at regular periods, by a person or his_ clerks, or those in his employment. If business is trans- • acted there sometimes, but át ho statéd periods, the occupant, his clerks, &c., cannot be-supposed to be there at any other time to receive nqtice of the dishonor of paper. To make a room a place' of business, in contemplation of law5 the employment must be of a nature not criminal. Thus, a place at which a band of'freebooters are accustomed- regularly to assemble to divide their unholy thrift, or at which the gambler■ statedly exhibits his arts, to allure the idle and incautious, cannot be regarded as their places of business: for their employments being de-1 nounced as criminal, the law will nót preáume that they should be at the places, at which they are carried on, when they are absent; and consequently, does not consider an ineffectual effort to give them notice there, equivalent to personal notice.
It was shown at the trial, that the only business pursued by the plaintiff, was that of keeping a livery stable
Judgment reversed, and cause remanded.