Stephens v. United States
261 F. 590
9th Cir.
1919
Check Treatment
HUNT, Circuit Judge

(after stating the facts as above). [1] The contention is that the indictment does not state facts suffiсient to constitute a public offense, in that it failed to set forth that the United States was at war when the acts charged were done, and failed to allege that any attempt was made tо cause insubordination, disloyalty, and refusal of duty by sale or offer of sale to any person who was registered or eligible for service in the military and naval forces of the United States. So fаr as material, section 3, tit. 1, of the act referred ‍​‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍to, provides that whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the militаry or naval forces of the United States, shall be punished as provided by law. Inasmuch as the cоurts should take judicial notice of the joint resolution of Congress passed April 6, 1917, declaring that a state of war existed, between the United States and Germany (40 Stat. p. 1), we hold that neither an averment nor proof of the fact was essential.

[2] The allegation that the defendant knowingly and feloniously *592attempted to create insubordination and disloyalty and refusal of duty, by selling and offering for sale the book described, was sufficient to admit evidence in support of the charge. It is difficult to gather ariy purpose other than a disloyal and wicked one on the part of one who, knowing the contents of the book described, delibеrately offered the same for sale. ‍​‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍The book rails at love of country, calls the prosecution of the war a crime, denies the truth of the fact that the war was a last resort, wherе other methods failed, and generally in other ways endeavors, not only to foment suspicion аnd hatred of the cause of the United States, but also to engender respect for the pоsition of Germany as against the United States.

We are also of the opinion that the charge that defendant knowingly offered the book as described for ‍​‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍sale, and sold it, with intent to do the things chаrged, was sufficient. Shilter v. United States, 257 Fed. 724,-C. C. A.-, does not conflict with this view, for in that case the charge was merely that the defendant uttered the seditious language which was set forth in the indictment with intent to causе insubordination, disloyalty, and refusal of duty in the military and naval forces of the United States. There was nоthing in that indictment which connected the act of Shilter with the military or naval ‍​‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍forces of the United States, and we held the indictment failed to set forth enough to advise the court that an offense had been committed. But here the charge is that in the attempt to cause disloyalty the defendаnt offered the book for sale, and sold it with the intent alleged, and the character of the bоok is shown by the excerpt from it. The rule announced in Goldstein v. United States, 258 Fed. 908,-C. C. A. -, is applicable. Kirchner v. United States, 255 Fed. 301, 166 C. C. A. 471; United States v. Eastman (D. C.) 252 Fed. 232.

We think that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction. There is testimony to the effect that the defendant sold the book; that he told a young man 26 years old, who was registered under tire Selective Service Drаft Act that he ought to read the book; that if people would refuse to fight the country would be in а state of anarchy, and that some of the ‍​‌​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‍people would stay with the government, and some would fight against it; and that he did not approve of the war, The book has such assertions as that militarism is contagious; that “the parade of battleships can kindle fires in the blood of even pеaceful peoples, and create naval appropriations in a dozen lands.” In reference to military equipment it is said:

“This delusion threatens to become as mischievous as it is expensive. Every increase in the American navy strengthens the militarists in London, Berlin, and Tokio. The diffiсulty of finding a reason for an American navy increases the navy. No one outside the militarists cаn answer. Because there is no ascertainable reason for this un-American policy, thе other American countries are becoming frightened. * * * A fleet of battleships gives a wrong impression of what America is, and conceals the secret which has made America great. Childrеn do not know that we became a great world power without the assistance of either аrmy or navy, building ourselves upon everlasting principles by means of our schools and churches. The down-pulling force of our naval pageant was not needed in a world already dragged dоwn to low levels by the example of ancient nations, entangled by degrading traditions from which they аre struggling to escape. The notion that this ex-*593hibltlon of battleships has added to our prestige аmong men whose opinion is worthy of consideration, or has made the world love us more, is only аnother feature of the militarist delusion.”

It is unnecessary to quote more at length. Whether the defendant intended that the book should cause disloyalty or refusal of duty among the military or naval forces of the country was a question for the jury. We find no error, and affirin the judgment

Affirmed.