Stephen BURRELL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Mike McILROY; Glen C. Rector; Jeff Thorpe, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 02-15114.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Sept. 19, 2005.
Amended Sept. 20, 2006.
467 F.3d 1169 | 423 F.3d 1121 | 853
Argued and Submitted Sept. 13, 2004.
VI.
In the end, this is a case of a young man suffering expulsion from this country for a crime he committed when he was a child. Let there be no doubt about it: his behavior was indisputably wrong and deeply troubling. But also troubling is Oregon‘s abandonment of individualized analysis and the withholding of children‘s due process rights.
It is difficult to discern who in this case has benefitted from such a constitutionally offensive law. Certainly not Mendez, who lost six years of his life and the right to live in the United States. Certainly not the people of Oregon, who spent large amounts of tax dollars to incarcerate an individual with no prior criminal record, whose psychological evaluation found a young man with a low likelihood of recidivism that “acknowledge[d] the wrongfulness of his behavior, [was] capable of generating victim empathy, and asserte[d] that he [was] willing to participate in corrective counseling.”
Ten years ago, the victim‘s father, seeking treatment for Mendez rather than incarceration, told an investigator, “We just do not want to see Tomas’ life messed up.” Measure 11, by rejecting the foundational tenets of our juvenile justice system and violating the Fourteenth Amendment, did just that.
on the defendant and gives the district attorney great power in negotiations. [Deschutes County Circuit Court] Judge [Michael] Sullivan notes that Measure 11‘s mandatory sentences ‘are so severe that defendants with an arguable defense will almost always take a negotiated plea and forego the trial.’ “).
Defendants-appellees were represented by Peter Angulo of Las Vegas, Nevada, at oral argument, and by Thomas D. Dilliard, Jr., and Lilli C. Hitt of Rawlings, Olson, Cannon, Gormley & Desruisseaux of Las Vegas, NV, on the briefs.
ORDER AND AMENDED OPINION
CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge.
ORDER
The opinion and dissent filed on September 19, 2005, and published at 423 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2005) are hereby amended. An amended opinion and dissent are to be filed concurrently with this order.
With the filing of the amended opinion and dissent, Judges Kleinfeld and Callahan have voted to deny the petition for rehearing and suggestion for rehearing en banc. Judge Oakes voted to grant the petition for rehearing.
The full court has been advised of the suggestion for rehearing en banc and no active judge has requested a vote on whether to rehear the matter en banc.
The petition for rehearing is DENIED and the suggestion for rehearing en banc is DENIED. No subsequent petitions for rehearing or petitions for rehearing en banc may be filed.
OPINION
Stephen Burrell (Burrell) appeals the district court‘s grant of summary judgment on behalf of various detectives of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department in this
I
Burrell, a felon with a lengthy history of arrests, was suspected by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department of possessing illegal weapons and drugs. On February 4, 1999, Detective McIlroy applied for a search warrant to search Burrell‘s apartment on 1750 Karen Avenue. In the affidavit in support of the search warrant, Detective McIlroy stated that he had obtained current and past information from reliable informants that led him to believe that Burrell was trafficking in drugs and possessed firearms.
Detective McIlroy indicated that, in December of 1998, he was contacted by a reliable informant, who told him that “Burrell often travels to California and purchases cocaine which he in returns [sic] brings back to Las Vegas for resale.” On December 19, 1998, police arrested Burrell after he shot his then-girlfriend in the leg during a domestic dispute. Burrell admitted to officers to possessing a gun and shooting his girlfriend. Detectives recovered two handguns and more than four grams of cocaine during this incident. Burrell was ultimately charged with trafficking cocaine, battery with a deadly weapon, and two counts of being an ex-felon in possession of a firearm.
On February 3, 1999, the day before Detective McIlroy applied for the search
On February 4, 1999, a third informant told Detective McIlroy that Burrell was back in Las Vegas, that he had been inside Burrell‘s apartment, and had observed Burrell cooking approximately one ounce of rock cocaine over the stove. The informant told Detective McIlroy that Burrell possessed a handgun, which he kept in his bedroom. The informant also identified Burrell‘s car by its license plates and stated that it was parked outside his apartment at 1750 Karen Avenue. Detective McIlroy sent Detective Rector to provide surveillance of Burrell‘s 1750 Karen Avenue apartment. Detective Rector confirmed that a car matching those plates was indeed parked outside of that apartment and communicated this to Detective McIlroy, who then sought to obtain the search warrant.
Before the warrant had issued, Detective Rector continued to provide surveillance of Burrell‘s 1750 Karen Avenue apartment. At some point, Burrell left his apartment at 1750 Karen Avenue and drove to his other apartment at 1500 Karen Avenue. Detective Rector followed Burrell to the second apartment, where he claims that he then stopped and detained Burrell after Burrell attempted to exit the vehicle and enter the apartment.
Burrell, however, alleges that Detective Rector followed him to the second apartment, stopped Burrell in his car, and forcibly removed him from the car at gunpoint. Burrell asserts that Detective Rector handcuffed him, read him his Miranda rights, and later informed him he was under arrest for suspicion of being under the influence of a controlled substance.
It is undisputed that thereafter the police transported Burrell back to his 1750 Karen Avenue apartment, where Burrell refused to allow officers to search that apartment, but he agreed to allow them to wait inside the entrance until they obtained the warrant. After the officers were notified by phone1 that a search warrant had issued, they searched the apartment. During the search, Detective Rector and another police officer returned to the 1500 Karen Avenue apartment. Courtney Johnson, who shared the 1500 Karen Avenue apartment with Burrell, provided the officers with oral and written consent for the officers to search the 1500 Karen Avenue apartment.
The search at the 1750 Karen Avenue residence yielded a .38 caliber revolver and a shotgun, as well as 2.73 grams of cocaine. The search at the 1500 Karen Avenue apartment led to the recovery of two scales commonly used to weigh narcotics for sale, a Mosberg 12 gauge shotgun, a yellow bag filled with shotgun shells, and two boxes of .38 caliber bullets, which were similar to the bullets used in the gun recovered at the 1750 Karen Avenue apartment. Burrell was charged with two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm and for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Burrell was indicted by a federal grand jury of being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm on May 13, 1999.
On December 8, 1999, Burrell sued the detectives under
II
Burrell first argues that the district court erred in granting Detective Rector‘s motion for summary judgment. He contends that Detective Rector used excessive force and falsely arrested him outside the 1500 Karen Avenue apartment. In its briefs, the government disputed whether the encounter was an arrest, but conceded at oral argument that, if the encounter was an arrest, Detective Rector lacked probable cause to arrest Burrell.
Assessing the evidence in a manner most favorable to Burrell, see Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 309 (1996), this encounter was an arrest. Burrell was removed from his car at gunpoint, handcuffed, Mirandized, and told that he was under arrest. Under our case law, this confluence of circumstances leads us to conclude that he in fact was under arrest. See Rohde v. City of Roseburg, 137 F.3d 1142, 1144 (9th Cir. 1998) (holding restraint of suspects “necessarily crossed the line from investigatory stop to arrest because both were told that they were under arrest“); Allen v. City of Portland, 73 F.3d 232, 236 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that a police officer‘s statement to a suspect that she was “under arrest” helped to create sense of restraint necessary to effect an arrest); United States v. Del Vizo, 918 F.2d 821, 824 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding the combination of the police‘s order to exit vehicle, hand-cuffing, and brandishing of weapons created an arrest); United States v. Delgadillo-Velasquez, 856 F.2d 1292, 1295 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding an arrest occurred based on detention at gunpoint by police officers who stated they were making an arrest and gave Miranda rights). Given the government‘s concession that it lacked probable cause, the arrest was unconstitutional. Nonetheless, we hold that a reasonable officer in Detective Rector‘s position would have believed that he had probable cause to arrest Burrell and to use force in doing so.
The particularized facts known by the officers at the time of the encounter amply show that a reasonable officer in Detective Rector‘s position could have believed that he was authorized to use force to take Burrell into custody. See Reynolds v. San Diego County, 84 F.3d 1162, 1170 (9th Cir. 1996) (“The inquiry is not whether another reasonable or more reasonable interpretation of events can be constructed ... after the fact.... Rather, the issue is whether a reasonable officer could have believed that his conduct was justified.“) (internal quotations and citations omitted), overruled on other grounds by Acri v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 114 F.3d 999 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc).2
At the time of the encounter, the officers were aware that Burrell was a felon who had recently confessed to shooting his former girlfriend, and that it was highly likely that he continued to deal
There was no reason to think that the gun in the bedroom was the only firearm that Burrell possessed, or that he did not carry it, or other weapons, when he was outside the apartment. When a drug dealer has shot someone and continues to commit the crime of possessing a firearm, the police may be permitted to act on the assumption that he may be armed and dangerous. See United States v. Post, 607 F.2d 847, 851 (9th Cir. 1979) (“It is not unreasonable to suspect that a dealer in narcotics might be armed.“); see also Cunningham v. Gates, 229 F.3d 1271, 1290 (9th Cir. 2000) (“A police officer‘s right to make an arrest necessarily includes the right to use some degree of force.“).
Thus, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable officer in Detective Rector‘s position could have believed there was probable cause to arrest Burrell and to use force in doing so. We, therefore, affirm the district court‘s grant of summary judgment on this issue. See McCray v. State of Illinois, 386 U.S. 300, 304 (1967); see also Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307 (1959).
Burrell next argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the other detectives as to the search of the 1750 Karen Avenue apartment. He contends that
The parties dispute whether Rule 41 applies to the search conducted by detectives of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department because the search was “federal in character.” United States v. Palmer, 3 F.3d 300, 303 (9th Cir. 1993). Our review of the record fails to reveal that federal officers were so involved in the investigation and search so as to render it “federal in character.” Moreover, even if Rule 41 were applicable to the search, at the time of the search the failure to serve a warrant at the outset of a search was not a clearly established violation of the constitution. See United States v. Woodring, 444 F.2d 749 (9th Cir. 1971); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 356 n. 16 (1967); Nordelli v. United States, 24 F.2d 665 (9th Cir. 1928). Our decision in Gantt, 194 F.3d 987, on which Burrell relies, was not decided until six months after the search in this case. Accordingly, Burrell has not shown that the failure to deliver a warrant at the outset of the search was a constitutional violation. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001).
Burrell argues that Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543 (1968), is controlling. In Bumper, law enforcement officials gained entrance to a residence by falsely asserting they had a warrant to search, and the court found no consent. Bumper, however, states that consent is invalid where it is only given as a submission to legal authority. Here, by contrast, there is no indication that Rector made any indication that he had immediate authority to search the apartment without first obtaining Johnson‘s consent.
Although the record suggests that Johnson may have misunderstood Detective Rector‘s statement that the detectives were awaiting a search warrant for the 1750 Karen Avenue apartment as referring to the 1500 Karen Avenue apartment, there is nothing in the record that indicates that Detective Rector was aware of Johnson‘s misinterpretation.4
Thus, a reasonable officer in his position would not have been on notice that Johnson‘s consent was in any way involuntary. Furthermore, the fact that an officer states that a search warrant is on the way is but one factor to consider amidst the totality of the circumstances. See United States v. Castillo, 866 F.2d 1071, 1082 (9th Cir. 1988). Here, the police made no threat of violence or false charges against Johnson, and she twice consented—both orally and in writing—to the search of the apartment. The fact that Johnson may have consented to avoid casting suspicion on herself if contraband was found on the premises does not vitiate her consent. See United States v. Agosto, 502 F.2d 612, 614 (9th Cir. 1974); see also United States v. Culp, 472 F.2d 459, 462 n. 1 (8th Cir. 1973) (“Many cases imply that where law enforcement officers indicate only that they will attempt to obtain or are getting a warrant that such a statement cannot serve to vitiate an otherwise consensual search.“) (emphasis added).
Thus, on the facts of this case, the district court did not err in finding that the detectives were entitled to qualified immunity on this issue.
III
Accordingly, the district court‘s grant of summary judgment on behalf of the detectives is AFFIRMED.
OAKES, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I respectfully dissent from the majority‘s holding that “a reasonable officer in Detective Rector‘s position would have believed that he had probable cause to arrest Burrell and to use force in doing so.”
Not one of the defendants’ submissions forming the record on this appeal contains a sworn statement or assertion by defendants that they had specific information, as the cases require, that Burrell was personally armed when he was approached by Detective Rector. Defendants assert, in lieu of the argument based upon Michigan v. Summers advanced in the district court, that the facts supporting their yet-unapproved application for the search warrant, alone and without the need for any other suspicion-engendering event, provided legal justification for the arrest tactics used in seizing Burrell. The record, however, is devoid of any particularized facts or objective bases justifying the type of seizure effected here.1
Furthermore, while defendants’ counsel contended at oral argument that the officers believed Burrell to be armed, counsel‘s argument does not constitute record evidence of the specific “information” which the cases cited in Washington v. Lambert require. Likewise, it is inappropriate for an appellate court to assume or infer purported beliefs not actually articulated in the record, particularly where defendants have been represented by counsel from the beginning of this litigation and have had the opportunity to introduce evidentiary material supporting their motions for summary judgment below.2
Nevertheless, the majority holds that Detective Rector had arguable justification for the seizure and is, therefore, entitled to qualified immunity. Since it is clear from the record that Burrell was arrested without probable cause, Detective Rector can only be entitled to qualified immunity if a reasonable officer in his position would have an arguable basis to believe probable cause existed to arrest Burrell. The defendants have not identified any specific facts in the record which could form the basis for an objectively reasonable belief that probable cause existed for an arrest. Moreover, on appeal, the defendants have limited their argument to the vague claim that there was “at least a colorable basis for Detective Rector to believe there was probable cause for an arrest prior to the execution of the search warrant” because he “constitutionally relied upon facts yielded from Detective McIlroy‘s investigation and his own observations during the surveillance to reach this conclusion.” Def. Br. at 23. However, there is nothing in Detective McIlroy‘s arrest report, or in any of the documents forming the record on this appeal, that indicates that the officers had particularized information that Burrell was personally armed at the time of the arrest by Detective Rector and prior
Therefore, I would reverse the district court‘s grant of summary judgment for Detective Rector and would remand for further proceedings on Burrell‘s claim based upon his unconstitutional seizure. At minimum, the fact that the record is devoid of any sworn statements or any factual submissions by the defendants that could support a finding of qualified immunity warrants remand for expansion of the record and for consideration by the district court of qualified immunity in the first instance.