Petitioner C. Stephen Babin appeals the judgment of the Tax Court finding him liable for federal tax deficiencies for the year 1978, among others. 1 On appeal, the sole issue is whether the Tax Court erred in failing to increase the adjusted basis of petitioner’s interest in a partnership under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A) by the amount of the discharge of indebtedness income that petitioner did not have to recognize by reason of the judicially created insolvency exception. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I.
A.
In 1974, the Lakewood Center Medical Construction Associates (“Partnership”), an Ohio limited partnership, was formed. Petitioner, one of two general partners of the Partnership, held a 51% interest in the income and loss of the Partnership and a 75% interest in the Partnership’s liabilities. The other general partner and the six limited partners held the remaining interests of the Partnership. The Partnership’s primary asset was a 70,000 square foot medical office building adjacent to Lakеwood Hospital. Construction of the medical office building was financed by the Cleveland Trust Company (“Cleveland Trust”), which held both a first and second mortgage on the building and also debtor’s certificates. All the debt held by Cleveland Trust was recourse as to the two general partners.
Upon the failure of the Partnership to maintain the debt service payments, Cleveland Trust instituted foreclosure proceedings on the medical building, and the Partnership filed a petition in April 1977 under Chapter XII оf the Bankruptcy Act. During the bankruptcy proceedings, the Partnership agreed to sell all its assets to a third party for $2,850,000. In addition, the Partnership and Cleveland Trust discussed the settlement of the Partnership’s debts. At the time, the Partnership was indebted to Cleveland Trust in the amount of $5,170,019.
*1034 The Partnership and Cleveland Trust subsequently agreed to the resolution of the Partnership’s debt. Under the settlement agreement, the Partnership agreed to pay Cleveland Trust $2,750,000 in full satisfaction of the two mortgages and the debtor’s certificates. In return, Cleveland Trust agreed to forgive $2,420,019, the remaining portion of the "debt owed by the Partnership. In January 1978, a bankruptcy court approved the settlement and dismissed the proceedings.
B.
In April 1989, respondent Commissioner of Internal Revenue issued a notice of deficiency to petitioner for three tax years: 1978, 1979, and 1982. The notice informed petitioner of several determinations made by respondent, including the determination that petitioner must recognizе an increased amount of income as a result of the transactions involving the Partnership and Cleveland Trust. As relevant to this appeal, respondent determined that the Partnership received a total of $5,270,019 from the sale of its assets and the discharge of its indebtedness; $100,000 from the sale proceeds from the third party and $5,170,019 from discharge of the indebtedness to Cleveland Trust. Respondent also determined that petitioner’s share of this amount, $3,952,514 (75% of $5,270,019), exceeded the adjusted basis of petitioner’s interest in the Partnership, $2,663,180, by $1,289,334. Accordingly, respondent determined that petitioner had to recognize $1,289,334 in capital gain. See 26 U.S.C. § 731(a). Because the year at issue in this case antedates the Tax Reform Act of 1986, our statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954.
Petitioner thereafter filed a petition in the Tax Court challenging, among other things, the calculation with respect to capital gain. Petitioner argued that before respоndent calculated capital gain, respondent should have increased the adjusted basis of petitioner’s interest in the Partnership, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A), by petitioner’s distributive share of the income the Partnership realized upon the forgiveness by Cleveland Trust of the $2,420,019 owed by the Partnership. Had respondent increased petitioner’s adjusted basis in the manner urged by petitioner, petitioner would have recognized little or no capital gain as opposed to recognizing $1,289,334 in capital gain as determined by respondent. The Tax Court, however, rejected petitioner’s argument and affirmed respondent’s calculations in this respect. This timely appeal followed.
II.
Resolution of whether the Tax Court erred in failing to increase the adjusted basis of petitioner’s interest in the Partnership pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A) is a question of law.
Estate of Newman v. Commissioner,
We begin with the rule that the discharge of a debt below face value accords the debtor an economic benefit functionally equivalent to income. This rule was first articulated by the Supreme Court in
United States v. Kirby Lumber Company,
*1035
Accompanying the discharge of indebtedness income rule, however, is a judicially created exception, commonly referred to as the “insolvency exception.” Under the insolvency exception, “a debtor will not recognize income under section 61(a)(12) if he is insolvent following the discharge of indebtedness.” Gers
hkowitz v. Commissioner,
The theory of this, exception is that no accession to income has occurred if after the debt cancellation, the taxpayer remains insolvent since no assets have been freed. To the extent the cancellation renders the taxpayer solvent, however, he is deemed to have realized income in the amount by which his assets exceed his liabilities immediately after the cancellation.
Estate of Delman v. Commissioner,
In addition to providing for the rules governing whether a partner realizes income under 26 U.S.C. § 61(a)(12) as a result of the discharge of indebtedness, the Internal Revenue Code also provides separate and distinct rules governing whether a partner recognizes capital gain under 26 U.S.C. § 731(a)(1) as a result of the discharge of indebtedness. Under the partnership provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, “a partner’s interest in the partnership is itself a capital asset, subject to gain or loss like any other capital asset.”
Stackhouse v. United States,
Applying these principles, the Tax Court made two conclusions. First, it concluded that because petitioner was insolvent both before and after the discharge of the debt held by Cleveland Trust, the insolvency exception mandated that petitioner recognize no income under 26 U.S.C. § 61(a)(12) from the discharge of indebtedness income. Neither party argues on appeal that the Tax Court erred in this conclusion. Second, the Tax Court concluded that because petitioner was insolvent both before and after the discharge of the debt held by Cleveland Trust, and thus did not recognize income, petitioner was barred from increasing the adjusted basis of his interest in the Partnership under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A). Accordingly, the Tax Court determined that petitioner had to recognize capital gain. Whether the Tax Court erred in failing to increase the adjusted basis of petitioner’s interest in the Partnership under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A) is the issue on appeal.
Section 705(a)(1)(A) provides that the adjusted basis of a partner’s interest in a partnership shall be increased by the partner’s “distributive share ... of ... taxable income of. the partnership.” In this case, pеtitioner argues that when Cleveland Trust forgave $2,420,019 of the debt the Partnership owed, that amount constituted “taxable income of the Partnership.” Petitioner ' then argues that because he was a general partner holding '51% of the income of the Partnership, he received his “distributive share” of that taxable income of the Partnership; specifically, $1,234,210 (51% of $2,420,019). As a result, petitioner argues that under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A) he should be able to increase the adjusted basis of his interest in the Partnership by $1,234,210.
*1036
We disagree with petitioner and conclude that because petitioner was insolvent at the time the Partnership received $2,420,019' in income as a result of Cleveland Trust’s agreement to forgive that amount, petitioner did not receive his distributive share of that taxable income of' the Partnership. The unique nature of a partnership as it relates to the Internal Revenue Code was described by the Supreme Court in
United States v. Basye,
Section 703 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, insofar as pertinent here, prescribes that “[t]he taxable income of a partnership shall be computed in the same manner as in the case of an individual.” 26 U.S.C. § 703(a). Thus, while the partnership itself pays no taxes, 26 U.S.C. § 701, it must report the income it generates and such income must be calculated in largely the same manner as an individual computes his personal income., For this purpose, then, the partnership is regarded as an independently recognizable entity apart from the aggregate of its partners. Once its income is ascertained and reported, its existence may be disregarded since each partner must pay tax on a portion of the total income as if the partnership were merely an agent or conduit through which the income passed.
Id.
at 448,
Under the framework provided in Basye, when Cleveland Trust forgave $2,420,019 of the -debt the Partnership owed, the Partnership received that amount as discharge of indebtedness income. Because the Partnership was not a tax paying entity, hоwever, the discharge of indebtedness income received by the Partnership was to pass through to each partner in proportion to each partner’s distributive share of the income of the Partnership. But in this case, petitioner was insolvent both before and after the forgiveness of the $2,420,019. As a result, no taxable income passed through to petitioner as a result of the discharge of that debt. Since petitioner did not receive any taxable income, there was no distributive share of taxable income of the .Partnership within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A) which would have entitled petitioner to increase the adjusted basis of his interest in the Partnership. Accordingly, petitioner is not permitted to increase the adjusted basis of his interest in the Partnership.
Petitioner argues, however, that if he were not allowed to increase the adjusted basis of his interest in the Partnership under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A), he effectively would end up' paying tax on the discharge of indebtedness income. Petitioner suggests that if he were required to pay tax on the discharge of indebtedness income, the insolvency exception would be rendered meaningless. To illustrate his point, petitioner sets forth three variations of the facts in this ease and describes the applicable tax consequences. In each example, the hypothetical partner’s adjusted basis in the partnership prior to the discharge of indebtedness is $2,663,180; the partner’s distributive share of thе partnership’s discharge of indebtedness income is $1,234,210; and the partner’s share of the partnership’s discharged liabilities is $3,877,-514.
In petitioner’s first example, the partner at issue is solvent as opposed to insolvent as in this case. Because the partner is solvent, when the partnership realizes $2,420,019 in discharge of indebtedness income due to the forgiveness of a debt in that amount, the partner cannot invoke the insolvency exception and thus realizes his distributive share of that amount under 26 U.S.C. § 61(a)(12). In petitioner’s example, the distributive share of the partner is $1,234,210. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A), the partner must then increase the adjusted basis of his interest in the partnership by $1,234,210, thus increasing the adjusted basis from $2,663,180 to $3,897,390. Moreover, as noted by petitioner, the discharge in partnership liabilities not only generates discharge of indebtedness income but also results in a deemed distribution of money under 26 U.S.C. § 752(b) dn the amount of the partner’s share of the discharged liabilities, which in this hypothetical is $3,877,514. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 733 and 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(2), this deemed distribution reduces the partner’s adjusted basis from $3,897,390 to $19,876. Consequently, the ultimate tax effect in this exam- *1037 pie is that the partner pays tax on $1,234,210 related to the discharge of indebtedness income and the partner’s adjusted basis has been reduced to $19,876. Under this example, no capital gain is recognized.
In petitioner’s second example, the partner is insolvent but is allowed to increase his basis. Under this scenario, because the insolvency exception applies, the partner •will not pay tax on his distributive share of the discharge of indebtedness income, $1,234,210. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1)(A), however, the partner will still be able to increase the adjusted basis in his interest in the partnership by the discharge of indebtedness income. Thus, in this scenario, the adjusted basis would be $3,897,390, the same as in the first example. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 752(b), the discharge of liabilities by the partnership results in a deemed distribution of money to the partner in the amount of $3,877,514. Under 26 U.S.C. § 733 and'26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(2), this deemed distribution of money reduces thе partner’s adjusted basis from $3,897,390 to $19,876. The ultimate tax effect in this example is’ that under the insolvency exception the partner has paid no tax on the discharge of indebtedness income and the partner has reduced his adjusted basis to $19,876. Additionally, as in the first example, no capital gain is recognized.
The third and final example also assumes that the partner is insolvent. Thus, as in the second example, the partner will not pay tax on his distributive share of the discharge of indebtedness income, $1,234,210, because of the insolvency exception. But unlike the second example, the partner is not permitted to increase his adjusted basis under 26 UiS.C. § 705(a)(1)(A). Accordingly, the partner’s adjusted basis remains at $2,663,180. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 752(b), the discharge of the partnership’s liabilities results in a deemed distribution of money to the partner in the amount of $3,877,514. However, because there has been no adjusted basis increase, the taxpayer must recognize capital gain in the amount of $1,214,334 ($3,877,514 minus $2,663,180) under 26 U.S.C. § 731(a). Additionally, the partner’s remaining adjusted basis will be zero. The ultimate tax effect in this example is that the partner ends up paying tax on $1,214,334 and his remaining adjusted basis has been reduced to zero.
Petitioner argues that this case should be resolved as set forth in the second example, not the third which respondent seeks to defend; Petitioner argues that if-we were to accept respondent’s argument and approve of the calculations set forth in example three, petitioner would be forced to pay tax on virtually the same amount as if he had been solvent. According to petitioner, this is not the result intended by the insolvency exception.
Petitioner’s argument, however, overlooks the fact that in this case, as in example three, he is not paying tax on the discharge.of indebtedness income, but rather, he is paying tax’ on the deemed distribution of money as a result of the decrease in the Partnership’s liability. As evident in petitioner’s own examples, the amount generated from the discharge of indebtedness and the amount generated from the deemed distribution of money as a result of that discharge require completely separate analyses. Thus, if petitioner were correct in arguing that he is allowed to increase the adjusted basis of his interest in the Partnership by the discharge of indebtedness income that he was not, and will never be, required to recognize and pay tax on, then not only will petitioner avоid the ordinary income tax on his share of the partnership’s discharge of indebtedness income, but he will also avoid tax on the deemed distribution of money to him of his interest in the liabilities that he previously used to increase his adjusted basis. We refuse to sanction such a windfall to petitioner.
In urging us to conclude that the Tax Court erred in failing to increase the adjusted basis, petitioner relies on the following passages of the Tax Court decision'in
Gershkowitz v. Commissioner,
“In general, gross income includes incоme from the discharge of indebtedness. Income realized by a partnership on the discharge of indebtedness is passed through to each partner under section 702, and the partner’s basis in his partnership interest is increased by his. distributive share of such income. Under a judicially created exception to this rule, however, a *1038 debtor will not recognize income under ■ section 61(a)(12) if he is insolvent following the discharge of indebtedness.”
* * * * * #
“Under section 61(a)(12), the [partnerships] realized income from the discharge of indebtedness when [the creditor] discharged the loans. This income was then passеd through to the individual partners pursuant to section 702(a)(8).”
Reply Brief for Appellant at 3-4 (quoting
Gershkowitz,
We are unpersuaded by petitioner’s selective reading of
Gershkowitz.
In
Gershkowitz,
the Tax Court was faced with whether to increase the adjusted bases of
solvent
partners, as opposed to an
insolvent
partner as in this case, where the partnerships at issue were insolvent after the discharge of indebtedness. In the course of setting forth the applicable Internal Revenue Code provisions, the Tax Court acknowledged that, as a general rule, income realized by a partnership on the discharge of indebtedness is passed through to each partner and that under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1),' thе partner’s adjusted basis is-inereased by his distributive share of that discharge of indebtedness income. However, these statements, upon which petitioner relies, do not constitute the holding of the Tax Court. Instead, the holding of the Tax Court appears later in the opinion where the Tax Court concluded that because each partner was solvent at the time the partnerships’ debts were discharged, each of the partners were required to recognize the dischargе of indebtedness income and correspondingly increase their adjusted bases under 26 U.S.C. § 705(a)(1).
Gershkowitz,
Thus, contrary to petitioner’s suggestion, the Tax Court in Gershkowitz did not hold that the partners were required to increase their adjusted bases simply because the partnership realized discharge of indebtedness income which was passed down to the partners. Rather, in reaching its conclusion, the Tax Court found it.crucial that the partners were solvent, thereby rendering the insolvency exception inapplicable. Accordingly, we decline to read Gershkowitz in the manner suggested by - petitioner.
In further support of his position, petitioner relies'on Revenue Ruling 71-301, 1971-
We decline to apply the reasoning of Rev. Rui. 71-301 to the facts in this case. Revenue rulings are not binding on this court.
Foil v. Commissioner,
Finally, petitioner argues that had he owned the Partnership assets as a sole proprietor or as a co-tenant and had he engaged in the same transactions as the Partnership, he would not have recognized any income as a result of the discharge of the Cleveland Trust debt. Relying on the principle that “the ideal mode of taxing partnership earnings is to tax each partner as though he were directly conducting his proportionate share of the partnership business,” Reply Brief for Appellant at 21 (quotation marks and citations omitted), petitioner argues that if we were to adopt his position, insolvent partners would merely be placed in the same tax position as if the partnership activities had been conducted in a sole proprietorship or held as a tenancy in common. Accordingly, petitiоner argues that his argument should prevail because there should be no material distinction in the tax treatment that results from the discharge of the Cleveland Trust debt simply because of the form he chose to hold the property.
We refuse to speculate as to the tax implications petitioner would have faced had he held the Partnership assets as a sole proprietor, as a tenant in common, or, for that matter, in any other type of relationship. When tаxpayers select a particular form to hold property, they may not enjoy the tax benefits offered by that form and at the same time seek to avoid the adverse tax consequences.
United States v. Scornavacco’s Restaurant, Inc.,
III.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Tax Court is AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Although the Tax Court determined that petitioner Betty Boehm Babin also was liable for certain deficiencies, the issue on appeal only concerns C. Stephen Babin. Accordingly, the term petitioner solely relates to C. Stephen Ba-bin.