delivered the opinion of the Court.
In
State v. Clawans,
38
N.J.
162,
Plaintiff Stephanie Washington claims that she was injured in a motor vehicle accident in New York City as the result of the negligence of defendant Carlos Perez (Perez) and his employer, defendant Olympia Trails Bus Company, Inc. (Olympia Trails). Prior to trial, defendants served the expert reports of two physicians, both of whom opined that plaintiff had sustained injuries in a prior accident, but acknowledged that plaintiff was also injured in the accident from which this case arose. In his opening statement to the jury, defendants’ counsel argued that the evidence would show that plaintiff was not injured in the accident at issue in this case. Defendants did not call either of their expert witnesses to the stand.
At the request of plaintiffs counsel, and over defendants’ objection, the trial court issued an adverse inference charge. It instructed the jury that if it found that the two experts were witnesses whom defendants would naturally be expected to call at trial, it could infer that the experts’ testimony, if presented, would have been adverse to the interests of defendants.
The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff. An Appellate Division panel reversed and remanded the matter for a new trial, holding that the trial court abused its discretion when it gave the adverse inference charge, and that the charge prejudiced defendants.
Washington v. Perez,
430
N.J.Super.
121, 131,
We affirm the Appellate Division’s judgment. We hold that given the significant distinctions between fact and expert witnesses, and the array of reasons why a party may choose not to call a previously designated expert witness to testify, an adverse inference charge should rarely be invoked to address the absence of an expert. We concur with the Appellate Division that the record did not support an adverse inference charge under the standard set forth in Hill. Accordingly, we remand this case to the trial court for a new trial.
I.
Our review of the facts is based on the testimony and evidence presented by the parties at trial.
On December 20, 2006, when the accident that gave rise to this action occurred, plaintiff was an administrative assistant at the New Jersey Department of the Treasury, Division of Pensions and Benefits. Plaintiff had previously sustained injuries during a 2003 motor vehicle collision. As a result of that accident, plaintiff missed approximately ten weeks of work and pursued a personal-injury action.
When her 2006 accident occurred, plaintiff was driving eastbound on 42nd Street in New York City on her way to an appointment. At a stoplight at the intersection of 42nd Street and 8th Avenue, plaintiff
Plaintiff testified that she declined a police officer’s offer to call an ambulance because she had no apparent injuries from the accident and was not bleeding. She stated, however, that she began to experience aching, stiffness and soreness when she returned home that evening. Plaintiff testified that her symptoms worsened overnight but did not prevent her from going to work the following day. She stated that she attempted to see her primary care physician promptly but could not get an immediate appointment.
In February 2007, about seven weeks after the accident, plaintiff was examined by an orthopedic surgeon, Craig H. Rosen, M.D. Based on the results of an MRI scan performed in May 2007, Dr. Rosen diagnosed plaintiff with a herniated disc in her cervical spine that necessitated pain management. Thereafter, plaintiff was treated by a pain specialist, who administered trigger-point injections to her spine. Her primary-care physician also performed epidural-injection therapy on her neck and thoracic spine. In addition to her primary-care physician, Dr. Rosen and the consulting pain specialist, plaintiff was treated by a neurologist and a chiropractor for her injuries. Although initially she did not miss work as a result of the 2006 accident, she eventually began taking days off due to her condition. Subsequently, plaintiff applied for and was granted disability early retirement from her employment in 2009, citing the injuries that she sustained in her 2006 accident as the source of her disability.
Plaintiff filed this action in the Law Division, asserting claims for negligence against defendants and seeking compensatory damages. Defendants, represented by a different law firm from the firm representing them in this appeal, retained two experts, Scott R. Sharetts, M.D., a neurologist, and Gerald D. Hayken, M.D., an orthopedist. Dr. Sharetts examined plaintiff on June 14, 2010. In his report of the same date, Dr. Sharetts opined that as a result of the 2006 accident, plaintiff “sustained an exacerbation of [the] thoracic symptomatology” that she had suffered in the 2003 accident, “as well as cervical and to a degree lumbar musculoskeletal symptomatology.” Dr. Hayken evaluated plaintiff on June 25, 2010. In his report prepared that day, Dr. Hayken opined that plaintiffs “present thoracic back pain [was] indistinguishable on clinical grounds and objectively from her pre-accident back pain,” but that her “cervical and radicular symptoms [appeared] to be significantly more pronounced than they were prior to her [December 20, 2006] injury.” 1
Citing
Skibinski v. Smith,
206
N.J.Super.
349,
Plaintiffs counsel designated her treating physician, Dr. Rosen, as her expert witness. In his report, Dr. Rosen opined that although plaintiff had sustained injuries in her 2003 accident, the 2006 accident at issue in this case had aggravated a pre-existing cervical sprain and caused a small herniation in a cervical disc. In testimony videotaped for use at trial, Dr. Rosen was asked about Dr. Hayken’s opinion regarding plaintiffs alleged injuries. He testified that Dr. Hayken had opined “that the cervical herniated disc and radiculopathy [were] related to the accident [of December 20, 2006].” This testimony was challenged prior to trial by defendants, who contended that Dr. Rosen had mischaracterized Dr. Hayken’s opinion, and sought a redaction of Dr. Rosen’s videotaped testimony to remove what they considered to be misleading statements about the defense expert’s opinion. Although plaintiffs counsel acknowledged that Dr. Rosen had not accurately characterized Dr. Hayken’s opinion, the trial court denied defendants’ motion, noting that defendants could call Dr. Hayken as a witness to refute Dr. Rosen’s comments. At the pretrial hearing, defendants’ counsel advised the trial court and plaintiffs counsel, for the first time, that defendants did not intend to call Dr. Hayken to the stand.
During jury selection, the trial court represented to prospective jurors that defendants’ experts, Dr. Sharetts and Dr. Hayken, would testify. In determining whether prospective jurors were acquainted with witnesses who would appear at trial, the court identified both physicians as witnesses who would be called by defendant, first describing them as “the physicians who examined the plaintiff,” and then identifying the expert witnesses by name. The record does not reflect any objection by defendants to the trial court’s reference to Dr. Sharetts and Dr. Hayken, or an indication during jury selection that defendants had decided not to present the testimony of their experts.
During his opening statement, defendants’ counsel told the jury that it would hear plaintiffs expert witness, Dr. Rosen, testify on videotape that plaintiff was treated for neck pain for three years prior to her 2006 accident. Defendants’ counsel did not mention either Dr. Sharetts or Dr. Hayken, or indicate to the jury whether defendants would present expert testimony. He concluded his opening statement by stating, “[ljadies and gentlemen, the evidence will show that [plaintiff] was not injured in the accident of December 20, 2006.”
During plaintiffs case-in-ehief, plaintiff testified and presented the videotaped testimony of Dr. Rosen, including the expert’s characterization of Dr. Hayken’s opinion. Shortly before plaintiffs counsel completed his presentation of evidence, he acknowledged that plaintiff was on notice that Dr. Hayken would not testify on defendants’ behalf. He informed the trial court and defendants’ counsel that he intended “to seek a negative inference or a
[Clawans]
charge with respect to the non-production of Dr. Hayken.” The trial court did not immediately respond to plain
tiffs statement regarding Dr. Hayken. It then granted an application by defendants for access to MRI films, so that the films could be shown to Dr. Sharetts
Despite the trial court’s ruling regarding the MRI, defendants did not call Dr. Sharetts as an expert witness at trial. According to plaintiffs counsel, defendants’ counsel advised him just before commencing defendants’ case that defendants did not intend to present the testimony of Dr. Sharetts. Defendants’ sole witness was defendant Perez, the bus driver. They presented no expert testimony.
At the charge conference conducted following the close of the proofs, plaintiffs counsel renewed his request for an adverse inference jury charge pursuant to Clawans, premised on defendants’ failure to call either of their experts as witnesses at trial. Defendants’ counsel objected, arguing that a Clawans charge would be inappropriate because the experts’ testimony would be cumulative. 2 With little discussion, the court granted plaintiffs request for a Clawans charge with respect to defendants’ failure to call their two expert witnesses. Neither the trial court nor plaintiffs counsel suggested that a Clawans charge was necessary because of defense counsel’s claim in his opening statement that the evidence would demonstrate that plaintiff sustained no injuries in her December 20, 2006 accident. Instead, the charge was justified solely by the absence of Dr. Sharetts and Dr. Hayken from trial.
In his summation, defendants’ counsel acknowledged that defendants had retained experts but elected not to call them. He attributed that decision to plaintiffs failure to “prove his case.” Plaintiff counsel’s summation focused on the defendants’ failure to call their expert witnesses. Prompting no objection from defense counsel, plaintiffs counsel stated to the jury that, “instead of bringing forth to you evidence^] [defendants have] hid evidence from you, [have] avoided you hearing what Dr. Hayken has to say.” He speculated to the jury that the expert was not called because his testimony “[did not] support what [defendants would] like you to believe.” Plaintiff’s counsel also commented to the jury that Dr. Sharetts was not called to testify despite defendants’ statement that the evidence would show that plaintiff sustained no injuries in her 2006 accident.
After asking counsel to state the experts’ names, the trial court gave the following adverse inference charge:
Anyway, reference has been made to those doctors as being witnesses in this case and that [defendants have] failed to call him — them to testify. If you find that if those doctors are people or — or a person whom you would naturally expect the defendant to produce to testify, you have a right to infer from the non-production of the witness, that his testimony would be adverse to the interests of the ... defendant. The basis for this rule is that where a party fails to p2-oduce a witness who probably could clarify certain facts in issue, it raises a natural inference that the non-pi’oducing party fears that the testimony of the witness on the issue would be ... unfavorable to him or her. Howevei-, an advei’se inference should not be drawn if [Hayken] or [Sharetts] is not a witness whom the defendant would naturally be expected to produce, nor if theie ... has been a satisfactory explanation for his non-pr-oduction nor if he is equally available to both parties, nor if his testimonywould be comparatively unimportant, cumulative in nature or infei-ior to that which you already have before you. Whether or not an adverse inference should be drawn is for your determination based upon the principles that I have just set forth.
The jury returned a verdict in plaintiffs favor, awarding $500,000 to compensate her for pain, suffering, disability, impairment and loss of enjoyment of life, and $242,000 to compensate her for lost wages.
Defendants filed a motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, remittitur. For the first time, defendants’ counsel disclosed to the trial court and plaintiff’s counsel that his pretrial telephone calls to Dr. Hayken had not been returned, and that Dr. Hayken had been unavailable to testify during the scheduled trial. Defendants’ counsel provided no explanation for defendants’ failure to present the testimony of Dr. Sharetts.
The trial court responded that it was unhappy with plaintiff counsel’s argument to the jury that the defense experts were not called because defendants intended to conceal evidence. The court commented that it “should probably grant a new trial,” but would not, given the lack of experts testifying for the defense. The court denied defendants’ motion.
Defendants appealed, and the Appellate Division reversed the trial court’s determination.
Washington, supra,
430
N.J.Super.
at 123,
The Court granted plaintiffs petition for certification. 215
N.J.
487,
II.
Plaintiff argues that the Appellate Division improperly reversed the trial court’s determination. She contends that the Appellate
Division failed to apply a sufficiently deferential standard of review, and urges the Court to review the trial court’s determination under an abuse of discretion standard. She asserts that she provided adequate proof to satisfy the test articulated by this Court in
Clawans
because defendants’ expert witnesses were clearly witnesses who would be expected to testify at trial, defendants had the power to produce them by live testimony or by videotape, and the experts’ testimony would have been superior to a defense presentation devoid of expert testimony. Citing
Graham v. Gielchinsky,
126
N.J.
361,
Defendants counter that the Appellate Division properly reviewed the trial court’s determination de novo, and that the Clawans charge constituted reversible error in this ease. They note that the trial court did not apply the four-factor analysis adopted by this Court in Hill when it agreed to give the Clawans charge, and that an application of those factors to the setting of this case demonstrates that no adverse inference instruction was warranted. Defendants contend that Dr. Sharetts and Dr. Hayken were not solely under defendants’ control, and that plaintiff could have called the expert witnesses to testify had she considered their opinions helpful to the jury. Defendants urge the Court to affirm the Appellate Division’s determination.
III.
Our law has long recognized the critical importance of accurate and precise instructions to the jury. “It is fundamental
that ‘[appropriate and proper charges to a jury are essential for a fair trial.’ ”
Velazquez v. Portadin,
163
N.J.
677, 688,
Appellate review of a challenged jury instruction entails not only scrutiny of the charge itself, but an inquiry as to whether an erroneous charge may have affected the trial’s result. Notably, “in construing a jury charge, a court must examine the charge as a whole, rather than focus on individual errors in isolation.”
Viscik, supra,
173
N.J.
at 18,
A.
When “a party fails to produce a witness who is within its power to produce and who should have been produced,” the adverse inference rule permits the factfinder “to infer that the witness’s evidence is
Our courts first acknowledged the adverse inference charge more than a century ago:
[T]he rule seems to be, according to the weight of authority, that the non-production of a witness, either by the state or the defendant, may be considered by the jury in weighing the effect of evidence applicable to the subject in dispute, but it will not justify an arbitrary presumption of suppression of evidence, nor does it raise any presumption of guilt or innocence.
[State v. Callahan, 76 N.J.L. 426, 428,69 A. 957 (Sup.Ct.1908), aff'd, 77 N.J.L. 685,73 A. 235 (E. & A.1909).]
Similarly, in
State v. Elliott,
it was held that the failure of both the State and the defendant to call certain witnesses entitled the jury to infer “that [the witnesses] would not testify favorably” for either party. 129
N.J.L.
169, 170-71,
Notwithstanding the expansive reach of the adverse inference rule articulated by the United States Supreme Court in
Graves,
and followed by New Jersey courts for many years, this Court has consistently applied the rule with caution, requiring a case-specific analysis to determine whether an adverse inference charge is warranted in a particular setting. The Court first addressed the adverse inference charge in
State v. Cooper,
10
N.J.
532,
The Court’s case-specific approach to the adverse inference charge was explained in
Clawans, supra,
38
N.J.
at 170-72,
This Court noted that the theoretical basis for the inference— the non-producing party’s purported concern that the missing witness would elicit testimony harmful to its case — only exists in the absence of an alternative explanation for the witness’s failure to appear:
[The] failure of a party to produce before a trial tribunal proof which, it appears, would serve to elucidate the facts in issue, raises a natural inference that the party so failing fears [that] exposure of those facts would be unfavorable to him. But such an inference cannot arise except upon certain conditions and the inference is always open to destruction by explanation of circumstances which make some other hypothesis a more natural one than the party’s fear of exposure.
[Id. at 170-71,183 A.2d 77 (internal citations omitted).]
The Court commented that an adverse inference charge would be improper if the witness were unavailable, if the witness were biased against the party who would otherwise be expected to call him or her, or if the witness’s testimony “would be cumulative, unimportant or inferior to what had been already utilized.”
Id.
at 171,
[T]he more logical approach views this situation as posing a possible inference against both [parties], the questions of the existence and strength of the inference against either being dependent upon the circumstances of the case, including whether one party has superior knowledge of the identity of the witness and what testimony might be expected from him, as well as the relationship of the witness to the parties.
[Id. at 171-72,183 A.2d 77 .]
Applying these principles to the case before it, the Court held in
Clawans
that the defendant was not entitled to the jury charge that she had requested — a charge that would have mandated, not simply authorized, an inference that the disputed conversation never occurred.
Id.
at 170, 174-75,
Thus, in
Clawans,
the Court confirmed that the adverse inference charge should not be a reflexive response whenever a party fails to call an expected witness.
Id.
at 170-71,
The principles of
Clawans
were refined in
Hill, supra,
which arose from a defendant’s conviction for robbery on a theory of accomplice liability. 199
N.J.
at 550,
This Court observed that “ ‘[i]t is one thing for counsel in his summation to point to the absence of particular witnesses; it is quite another when the court puts the weight of its authority behind such a summation by telling the jury it may draw an adverse inference from their absence.’ ”
Id.
at 561,
When making a determination about a Clawans charge, a court must demonstrate that it has taken into consideration all relevant circumstances by placing, on the record, findings on each of the following:
“(1) that the uncalled witness is peculiarly within the control or power of only the one party, or that there is a special relationship between the party and the witness or the party has superior knowledge of the identity of the witness or of the testimony the witness might be expected to give; (2) that the witness is available to that party both practically and physically; (3) that the testimony of the uncalled witness will elucidate relevant and critical facts in issue[;] and (4) that such testimony appeal's to be superior to that already utilized in respect to the fact to be proven.”
[Id. at 561-62, 183 A.2d 77 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Hickman, 204 N.J.Super. 409, 414, 499 A.2d 231 (App.Div.1985), certif. denied, 103 N.J. 495,511 A.2d 667 (1986)).]
Finally, noting the risk that a
Clawans
charge could mislead or confuse the jury about the State’s burden of proof, the
Court held “that it would be the rare case, if any, that would warrant” such a charge against a criminal defendant.
Id.
at 566-67,
As the Court observed in
Clawans, supra,
the adverse inference charge may be given in civil as well as criminal trials. 38
N.J.
at 171,
In
Wild, supra,
the Appellate Division noted that our courts have not construed
Clawans
to “always compelí ] the giving of [the adverse inference] charge when a possible witness does not appear, even upon request and even if the rules laid down in
Clawans
... are complied with.” 91
N.J.Super.
at 414,
Nothing in the Court’s decision in
Hill, supra,
limits the four-part test set forth in that case to criminal trials. 199
N.J.
at 561-62,
B.
In this case, the witnesses whose absence prompted the Clawans charge were not fact witnesses, as were the witnesses disputed in Clawans and Hill, but were experts retained by a party. This Court has not previously analyzed the adverse inference charge in the expert witness setting. 5
As the Appellate Division noted in the instant case, prior Appellate Division panels have reached divergent results regarding the propriety of a
Clawans
charge as
There are significant distinctions between the testimony of expert witnesses and the testimony of fact witnesses, which are pertinent to the adverse inference charge. First, the content of an expert witness’s testimony is unlikely to be a mystery to the parties and their counsel when a case proceeds to trial. Expert witnesses in civil cases are subject to disclosure and discovery rules that do not apply to fact witnesses. Pursuant to Rule 4:10— 2(d)(1), the identity of an expert witness whom a party “expects to call at trial,” is discoverable through interrogatories. Interrogatories served upon a party pursuant to Rule 4:10-2(d)(l) “may also require, as provided in [Rule ] 4:17-4(a), the furnishing of a copy of that person’s report.” “If an interrogatory requires a copy of the report of an expert witness or treating or examining physician as set forth in [Rule ] 4:10-2(d)(l),” the proffered report must state the expert’s “opinions and the basis therefor,” identify “the facts and data considered in forming the opinions,” set forth the expert’s qualifications, including a list of publications for the preceding ten years, and disclose “whether compensation has been or is to be paid for the report and testimony and, if so, the terms of the compensation.” R. 4:17-4(e). The expert witness may be deposed “as to the opinion stated” in his or her report, with the party conducting the deposition responsible for the payment of “a reasonable fee for the appearance.” R. 4:10-2(d)(2).
In short, our rules afford to a civil litigant broad discovery of the expert witnesses whom an adversary expects to call to testify at trial. In contrast to the testimony of a fact witness, the opinion of an expert witness is rarely a surprise to opposing counsel in a civil trial.
Second, an expert is unlikely to be in exclusive possession of factual evidence that would justify an adverse inference charge. Depending upon the nature of the case and the strategy of the party, an
Thus, although an expert may develop factual information and present it at trial, any facts or data that support the expert’s opinion must be disclosed in his or her report.
R.
4:17-4(e). Rarely will an expert be in a position to reveal previously undisclosed factual information, for the first time, on the stand at trial. Given the broad expert disclosures compelled by our rules, it is the unusual setting in which a party’s decision not to call an expert witness will be prompted by the party’s fear that the expert will reveal unfavorable facts that would otherwise not be disclosed.
Clawans, supra,
38
N.J.
at 170-71,
Third, notwithstanding the detailed requirements that govern the development of expert witness testimony and mandate expert discovery, our court rules do not compel a litigant who has disclosed the name and opinion of a particular expert to call that expert to testify at trial. There are, of course, categories of eases in which the testimony of at least one expert is necessary to withstand a motion for summary judgment and to meet the party’s burden of proof. 6 Subject to that constraint, however, our rules do not preclude a party from choosing among multiple experts identified before trial, or foregoing the presentation of expert testimony entirely.
Fourth, in contrast to the fact witness setting, there are many strategic and practical reasons that may prompt a party who has retained an expert witness to decide not to present the expert’s testimony at trial. Expert witnesses are almost always compensated for their time; a party may decide against calling a particular expert at trial to save resources. A litigant may retain and identify multiple expert witnesses in the same field of expertise, reserving
There are, in short, many explanations for a party’s decision not to call a particular expert that may have nothing to do with a party’s fear that the expert will reveal prejudicial information.
See Anderson, supra,
158
N.J.Super.
at 395,
Thus, when the witness whom a party declines to call at trial is an expert rather than a fact witness, the factors that may necessitate an adverse inference charge addressing the absence of a fact witness are unlikely to be germane. Accordingly, a Clawans charge will rarely be warranted when the missing witness is not a fact witness, but an expert. 7
C.
In determining whether this case presents the exceptional situation in which the absence of an expert witness warrants a
Clawans
charge, the Court is guided by the four-part standard adopted in
Hill, supra,
199
N.J.
at 561-62,
In accordance with
Hill,
a trial court considering an adverse inference charge must first determine whether “the uncalled witness is peculiarly within the control or power of only the one party,” whether “there is a special relationship between the party and the witness” and whether “the party has superior knowledge of the identity of the witness or of the testimony the witness might be expected to give.”
Id.
at 561,
In this case, there is no evidence that either Dr. Sharetts or Dr. Hayken were in defendants’ exclusive control and thus unavailable to testify for plaintiff. As the Court held in
Fitzgerald v. Stanley Roberts, Inc.,
“no party to litigation has ‘anything resembling a proprietary right’ to any witness’ evidence.” 186
N.J.
286, 301,
Here, by virtue of the expert witnesses’ reports, plaintiff was on notice prior to trial of the results of the physical examinations conducted by the experts, and of their respective opinions. Following defendants’ pretrial announcement that they would not call Dr. Hayken to testify, and their notification to plaintiff during the trial that Dr. Sharetts would not testify on their behalf, plaintiff was in a position to contact the experts and seek to present their testimony at trial, but did not do so. Accordingly, the first factor identified in Hill weighs against the grant of an adverse inference charge.
The second consideration set forth in
Hill
is whether “the witness is available to [the party against whom the adverse inference charge is sought] both practically and physically.”
Hill, supra,
199
N.J.
at 561,
The third consideration identified in Hill is whether the missing witnesses’ testimony would have “elucidate[d] relevant and critical facts in issue.” Ibid, (internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, each expert witness examined plaintiff, each independently developed factual information and opinions regarding this case, and each disclosed factual information as well as his opinion in his report. Significantly, plaintiff was also examined by Dr. Rosen, and was available to be examined again at her counsel’s direction or by court order. Nonetheless, there was sufficient evidence in the experts’ reports to support a finding that the testimony of Dr. Sharetts and Dr. Hayken would have elucidated certain relevant facts. Accordingly, the third factor of Hill weighs to some extent in favor of an adverse inference charge.
Finally, the Court directed in
Hill
that trial courts must consider whether the missing witness’ “testimony appears to be superior to that already utilized in respect
Accordingly, the Court concurs with the Appellate Division that the trial court erred when it granted plaintiffs application for an adverse inference charge pursuant to Clawans. The four factors identified in Hill do not support a Clawans charge when applied to the record before the Court. This case does not present the rare circumstance in which a party’s decision not to call an expert witness justifies a Clawans charge. The trial court erred when it granted plaintiffs request for an adverse inference charge in this case.
Moreover, that error was not harmless, but reversible. The trial court’s adverse inference charge strongly suggested to the jury that defendants did not call their witnesses because they feared their testimony. 10 That error was compounded when plain tiffs counsel argued to the jury in summation that defendants had declined to call Dr. Hayken because they feared his testimony. We agree with the Appellate Division’s observation that by virtue of the authority of the trial judge supporting the adverse inference, “the harm to defendants was palpable.” Ibid.
Accordingly, the Appellate Division properly reversed the trial court’s judgment. Defendants are entitled to a new trial.
IV.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed, and the case is remanded to the trial court for a new trial in accordance with this opinion.
For affirmance and remandment — Chief Justice RABNER, Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZVINA, and Judge RODRÍGUEZ (temporarily assigned) and Judge CUFF (temporarily assigned) — 7.
Opposed — None.
Notes
Dr. Hayken later supplemented his report after reviewing additional records, but his opinion did not change.
The trial court initially suggested that, in addition to giving an adverse inference instruction under Clawans against defendants, it would give a Clawans charge against plaintiff because she had not called one of her treating physicians. However, plaintiff objected to the trial court's suggestion on the ground that a treating physician is a witness who can be called by any party. As a result, the trial court gave a Clawans charge only with respect to defendants’ expert witnesses.
The panel noted divergent opinions in the Appellate Division regarding whether an adverse inference charge would ever be appropriate when the witness in question was an expert, but declined to address that issue because the parties had not briefed it.
See Washington, supra,
430
N.J.Super.
at 129-30,
In the instant case, the trial court substantially followed a section of the Model Jury Charge (Civil) 1.18, "Witness — Failure of a Party to Produce; Adverse Inference" (Revised Aug. 2011) [hereinafter "Model Civil Charge 1.18”], entitled "Alternative A." This portion of Model Civil Charge 1.18 instructs the jury to determine whether an adverse inference should be drawn, based upon the following factors: (1) whether the witness is one "whom the plaintiff/defendant would naturally be expected to produce;” (2) whether “there has been a satisfactory explanation for [the witness's] non-production;” (3) whether the witness "is equally available to both parties;” and (4) whether the witness’s "testimony would be comparatively unimportant, cumulative in nature or inferi- or to that which you already have before you.” In contrast to Model Jury Charge (Criminal), "Witness — Failure of the Defendant to Produce" (June 14, 2010), and Model Jury Charge (Criminal), "Witness — Failure of the State to Produce” (June 14, 2010), Model Civil Charge 1.18 does not direct the trial court to conduct the inquiry required by Hill before giving a Clawans charge. Moreover, Model Civil Charge 1.18 directs the jury — not the trial court — to determine why a particular witness did not appear at trial. Such an inquiry inappropriately compels an attorney for a party seeking to avoid an adverse inference charge to explain to a jury his or her efforts to locate or communicate with a witness, and invites counsel to argue before the jury as to whether a witness is available to testify on behalf of either side. We urge the Model Civil Jury Charge Committee to review Model Civil Charge 1.18 to ensure that it complies with Hill, and that it does not allocate to the jury determinations that are properly conducted by the trial judge.
Neither of the two prior cases decided by the Court involving adverse inference issues in the expert setting directly raised the issue that is now before the Court.
See Bender
v.
Adelson,
187
N.J.
411, 435,
See, e.g., Rosenberg v. Cahill,
99
N.J.
318, 327,
If a
Clawans
jury instruction is not given with respect to a witness, counsel should not be permitted to argue to the jury that it should draw an adverse inference from the absence of the witness.
State v. Hill,
199
N.J.
545, 560-61,
In the instant case, the trial court did not require plaintiff to make a showing with respect to the factors set forth in
Hill,
and did not discuss them when it granted plaintiffs application for a
Clawans
charge. On appeal, the Appellate Division applied the
Hill
standard to reverse the trial court's determination.
Washington, supra,
430
N.J.Super.
at 130-31,
The rule of
Fitzgerald
applies only to expert witnesses who are designated by a party to testify at trial, not to consulting experts who are not named as trial witnesses. In
Fitzgerald,
the Court reaffirmed the rule articulated in
Graham, supra,
126
N.J.
at 373,
If the trial court intended the Clawans charge to serve as a sanction for defendants' trial counsel’s representation to the jury in his opening statement that the evidence would establish that plaintiff sustained no injuries in her December 20, 2006 accident, it gave no such indication in its brief discussion of the charge. In any event, an adverse inference charge would not be an appropriate remedy for a mischaracterization of the evidence in an opening statement. Given the evidence before the jury that plaintiff was injured in the 2006 accident, any claim to the contrary by defendants' counsel was subject to effective rebuttal by plaintiff's counsel in summation.