29 Ala. 127 | Ala. | 1856
(After stating the facts above set forth.) It will be observed that we have made no distinction between the water which Stein attempted to restore to the creek by his return ditch, and that portion which entered his pipes to be consumed in Mobile. No question was raised in reference to the latter.
The entire question in the case resolves itself into the inquiry, what property has a riparian proprietor in the water which flows through or by his land ? “ He has no property in the water itself, but a simple usufruct while it passes along.” Aqua currit, et debet currere. — 3 Kent’s Com. 439. He may use the water while it runs over his land, but he cannot unreasonably detain it, or give it another direction ; and he must return it to its ordinary channel when it leaves his estate.”- — lb.
In Beissell v. Sholl, 4 Dallas, 211, it was held, that the owner of land,, through which a stream flowed, had an unquestionable right to use the water passing through his land as he pleases ; subject, among other things, to the condition, that after using the water, he returns the stream to its ancient channel.
In two other controlling cases in Pennsylvania, McCalmont v. Whitaker, 3 Rawle, 84, and Howell v. McCoy, ib. 256, the right to the use of the water is distinctly stated ; but it is added, that the person using it is bound to return the water,
The old maxim, “ Sic utere tuo ut alienum non Icedas,” is a cherished principle of the common law. It was early applied to the use of water flowing in a steam. As early as 32 Edw. Ill, where a proprietor had diverted water from its accustomed channel, to the injury of a land owner on the stream below him, it was adjudged, that “the water should be removed into the ancient channel, at the cost of the defendant.” The same doctrine, in substance, was again asserted in Brown v. Best, 1 Wilson’s Rep. 174. See, also, Bealey v. Shaw, 6 East, 208; Wright v. Howard, 1 Sim. & Stu. 190 ; Mason v. Hill, 5 Barn. & Adolph. 1.
In Tyler v. Wilkinson, 4 Mason, 397, Justice Story laid down the same doctrine, in a well considered and forcible opinion. So also, in Gardner v. Tillage, &c., 2 Johns. Ch. 162, Ch. Kent, with his accustomed clearness, has given to the same side of this question the sanction of his splendid intellect. To the same effect, are Coalter v. Hunter, 4 Rand. 56 ; Hutchinson v. Coleman, 5 Halst. 74 ; King v. Tiffany, 9 Conn. 162; Blanchard v. Baker, 8 Greenl. 253 ; Martin v. Jett, 12 Louisiana Rep. 501 ; Smith v. Adams, 6 Paige, 435 ; Colburn v. Richards, 13 Mass. 420 ; Cook v. Hull, 3 Pick. 269 ; Tan Berger v. Tan Berger, 3 Johns. Ch. 282 ; Merritt v. Brinkerhoff, 17 Johns. 306 ; Arnold v. Foot, 12 Wend, 330 ; Hart v. Evans, 8 Penn. 1; Hill v. Sayles, 4 Cush. 553.
To this long list of authorities,, I might add others, almost without limit. I have not been able to find one authority, which conflicts with them in principle. All hold the uniform language, that he who diverts water from its natural course, must restore it to its original channel, without material diminution. — 2 Hill, on Real Prop. 99-100.
In a well considered opinion, Ch. J. Ruffin, after endorsing, in substance, the above doctrine, proceeds to mention the uses to which all men may apply water; namely, ad lavandum et potandum.- — Pugh v. Wheeler, 2 Dev. & Bat. 50. To these uses, other authorities have added, that he may use so much as may be wanted for his cattle. — Brown v. Best, 1 Wils. 174 ; Smith v. Adams, 6 Paige, 435. He cannot, however,
This subject has been considered in this court. In Hendricks v. Johnson, 6 Porter, 472, our predecessors said : “ All proprietors of lands have precisely the same rights to waters flowing through their domains, and one can never be permitted so to use the stream, as to injure or annoy those who are situated on the course of it, either above or below him.” * * * One occupying a position as a land holder above another, and on the same stream, “ would be protected by the common law in the use of any dam he might choose to erect, if in so doing he caused no injury to [the proprietor below] by withholding the water of the stream from him.”
In a case between the parties to this suit; for a former diversion of the water of the same stream, and by the same means disclosed in this record, this court used the language, “ That a riparian proprietor has the right to consume even the whole of the water of a stream, if absolutely necessary for the wants of himself and family,” * * “ but this doctrine can have no application” to a case like the present. — Stein v. Burden, 24 Ala. 130.
In a still later case between these parties, commenced by bill in chancery, it was said by this court, that Burden had “ established his right as riparian proprietor to the use of the water in its accustomed flow, by proving that he is the owner of the lands on both sides of the creek, and that Stein [had] diverted the water in pipes to the city of Mobile.” — Burden v. Stein, 27 Ala. 104.
If these numerous citations settle any thing, they certainly establish, at least, the following propositions :
1. That each riparian proprietor has the right to use the water which flows from or through his lands, for all ordinary purposes, and for the gratification of natural wants, even though, in such use, he consume the entire stream ; that this right extends to the use of the water ad lavandum et potandum,
2. That such proprietor has also the right to the extraordinary or artificial use of the stream and the water composing it, provided that, by such use, the water is not forced back on the lands of the proprietor above, is not unreasonably and injuriously precipitated on the lands of the proprietor below, and, after its use, is restored, without jj¡fl.to.r.in1 diminution, and before it leaves the lands of the person diverting, to its accustomed channel.
3. That if water be diverted for artificial use from its natural channel, in quantity sufficient to affect injuriously the rights of the proprietor below, and the water be not returned to its channel before it reach the lands of such proprietor, he may recover damages therefor of tho party who causes the injury.
It is thus shown, that the right of a riparian proprietor, to divert water from its channel, is conditional ; qualified by a corresponding duty, to restore the water thus diverted to the stream from which it was taken. The question is presented in this case, what is the extent of this obligation to restore the water ? Is it continuing ? If so, how long does it continue ? Will any, and what excuse, avail to relieve a party from this obligation to return the water ?
Evidently, as to such portion of the water as a party, under the above rules, may use in the gratification of ordinary wants, and a portion of which, in the nature of things, will perish-in the using, no question can arise on .the duty to restore. This is, generally, a use of the water itself, as severed and contra-distinguished from the stream. This use is one of the incidents of riparian proprietorship, and does not trench on the freehold interests of the owners below.
The right to the stream, or the water in its aggregate character, is a different question. It consists of the body of water which at any and all times rests on and flows over the lands of the claimant. ' The stream is a part of the freehold.— Burden v. Stein, 24 Ala. ; same parties, 27 Ala. 104. This freehold character is not lost, though the particular water which composes the stream is continually changing. Every owner has a property in the stream, that flows through his
A right to the use of a stream being a part of the freehold interest, that right is co-existent with the right to the land over which it flows. Diversion of the water of the stream is an act continuous íd its character ; and each effluence of the water, resulting from the unauthorized act of another, is a wrong done to a proprietor below, if thereby the flow of the streafn to him is materially diminished. — Burden v. Stein, 27 Ala. 113. It is a continuing nuisance ; and an action lies for the damages, toties quoties. — Burden v. Stein, 24 Ala. 147, and authorities cited. The maxim of the law is, aqua currit, et debet currere ut solébat. Each successive flow being a new wrong, a nuisance continued, imposes a corresponding cotem-poraneous obligation to return such water to the channel of the stream.
The argument, then, that a party who diverts water, and provides the means for its return, may then rest — that.he may then continue to abstract large quantities of water, which water is not in fact restored to its accustomed channel, cannot be supported. It is no answer that the water would have continued to flow back into the stream, had not a stranger, by his unauthorized interference, rendered the means provided powerless to accomplish the object. He abstracts the water at his peril. His right to do so is not an absolute, but a qualified right. It only becomes a right, when by restoration, it ceases to work an injury to another. The diversion is ■prima facie a nuisance ; and each continuance places the party under obligations to abate it. It is no defense, in such case, that the author of the act was willing to apply the corrective, but was prevented. This rule, under the circumstances, is not a severe one. It only enjoins that the assumed right to abstract shall be abandoned, whenever the water cannot be returned.
The argument against these views rests on the fallacy, which places the diversion of water among the absolute rights of parties. It is contingent; made absolute only so long as the diverted water flows back.
The charge as asked should not have been given. Both it,
It was contended in argument, that the averments of the complaint and the proofs did not correspond ; that the gravamen of the complaint is the act of Stein, while the testimony shows the injury to be the result of the act of another. It was also urged, that the damages proved are too remote from the act of Stein to justify a recovery against him. The numerous and respectable authorities cited, fully establish the legal principles contended for, if the facts of this case brought it within the influence of those decisions. But they do not. The liability in this case rests on the naked fact, that Stein, after diverting' the water, did not return it; noton the reasons why he did not. His excuse for not returning, as we think we have shown, is wholly insufficient; and we not only know no rule of pleading which requires that such excuse or pretext should be stated, but we cannot conceive of any form or mode of expression, by which suchimmaterial fact could be presented in the complaint, without marring the proceedings, while it could not affect the result. — Shears v. Wood, 7 J. B. Moore, 345.
The ai’gument that the damages are too remote, is answered, when it is shown to be the duty of Stein to restore the water to the stream. Thus viewed, the injury to Burden is the direct result of Stein’s wrongful act.
There is no error in the record of which appellant can complain, and the judgment of the city court is affirmed.