Steckler v. United States
7 F.2d 59
2d Cir.
1925
Check Treatment
HAND, Circuit Judge.

Stеckler was a druggist with a permit to possess liquor. It was therefore essential to a сonviction under count 2 to show that his possession, prima facie legal, had beеn abused, and that he was holding the liquors for sale contrary to the regulation under which hе did his business. This the prosecution tried to do by proving sales of liquor at the defendant’s shop. Two of such sales were laid in counts 3 and 4, and proved as of that day. A third was not laid at all. but proved as of April 11. The jury acquitted the defendant on the sale counts and оn count 1 for maintaining a nuisance. The defendant’s possession would not he protected under his permit, if it were shown that he was engaged habitually in unlawful sales. We accept the ruling in Lipschutz v. Quigley (D. C.) 287 F. 395. Francis Drug Co. v. Potter (D. C.) 275 F. 615, and In re Alpern et al. (D. C.) 280 F. 432, are to be read as depending upon the fact that a single sale was not enough to prove that all liquors were intended for sale. Yet, аs in the ease of a nuisance, a single sale may be enough to show that ‍‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‍it was an instаnce of a habitual practice; that depends upon the circumstances which attended it. The evidence at bar would have justified a jury in concluding that the whole stock was held for *60 illicit sale, whenever there was an. opportunity.

The real point in the case is the inconsistency in the verdict. Count 2 conld have been proved only by showing that the defendant had been guilty of unlawful sales, and the verdict in counts 3 and 4 showed that the jury were not willing to find the defendant guilty on the salеs of April 8. It is theoretically possible' that they might still have found that the sale of April 11 toоk place, especially as the defense was not so strong in respect of that. But, if that had been the jury’s reasoning, it is impossible to account for their verdict on thе nuisance count. There is a plain inconsistency in saying that the liquors were kept fоr sale, and in saying that the shop in which they were was not one in which the same liquors werе kept for sale. We cannot, therefore, avoid the question whether this inconsistеncy invalidated the verdict of guilty on count 2.

The point has -usually arisen where the verdiсt was in ‍‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‍fact not inconsistent. Thus in Panzich v. United States, 285 F. 871 (C. C. 9), acquittal on the sale count cоuld stand with a conviction on the count for a nuisance. The general charaсter of the business might have persuaded the jury though they had doubts about the sale. The samе was true of Carrignan v. United States, 290 F. 189 (C. C. A. 7), though the court took a broader ‍‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‍ground. In Woods v. United States, 290 F. 957 (C. C. A. 9), the acquittal on the possession count, could be reconciled with a conviction for selling because a single sale might not color the whole possession. In American Socialist Society v. United States, 266 F. 212, 214 (C. C. A. 2), w.e reconciled the verdicts between two defendants. No doubt it has generally been assumed that, if the verdict was ratiоnally ‍‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‍inconsistent, the conviction ought not to stand, and probably that was the common law, though it is hard to find a ease squarely so holding.

In any event, our decision in Marshallo v. United States, 298 F. 74, rules here. That case was the cоnverse of that at bar now, for the defendant was convicted for maintaining a nuisance and acquitted of possession. It was obviously as impossible to say that the house was one where liquors were illegally kept or sold, and to doubt that the liquors were themselves kept in the same way. In Dimmick v. United States, 121 F. 638, 642 (C. C. A. 9), 57 C. C. A. 664, the court declined to consider the effect of an acquittal upon counts identical in substance, and while ‍‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌​​​​​​‌‌‍it is probable that there were formal differences between the counts in Boone v. United Stаtes, 257 F. 963, 169 C. C. A. 113 (C. C. A. 8), that does not appear. Both in that case and in Carrignan v. United States; supra, the court declined, as we did in Marshallo v. United States, supra, to consider the inconsistency. The most that can be said in such eases is that the verdict shows that either in the acquittal or the. conviction the jury did not speak their real conclusions, but that does not show that they were not convinced of the defendant’s guilt. We interpret the acquittal as no more than their assumption of a power which they had no light to exercise, hut to which they were disposed through lenity.

That the conviction may have been thе result of some compromise is, of course, possible; but to consider so is to сonsider too curiously, unless all verdicts are to be upset on speculation. That it represented their deliberate judgment seems to us beyond any reasonable doubt.

Judgment affirmed.